Secondary laws of learning.pptx

Secondary laws of learning by Thorndike

1. By: Muhammad Fayaz

2. Learning Secondary Laws of

3. Learning Secondary Laws of Introduction Edward Thorndike (American psychologist) introduced the concept of secondary laws of learning Purpose To provide more detailed explanations of how learning occurs in specific contexts and situations . To help the educators and trainers to design and deliver more effective instruction that meets the needs of learners And enhances their ability to acquire and retain new knowledge and skills.

4. Law of Recency Law of Intensity Law of Multiple Response Law of Associative Learning Law of Frequency Learning Secondary Laws of Law of set Attitude Law of Primacy Law of Analogy Law of Partial Activity

5. Learning Secondary Laws of 1 Law of Primacy ‘Learning that takes place in the beginning is the best and lasting’. Make the right start, and be most serious even from the first day Learning should be done correctly for the first time since it is difficult to “unlearn” or “change” incorrectly learned material. The teacher also should be most serious on the first day of teaching. He must impress his students on the very first day. Positive impression can then help to establish a strong foundation for future learning

6. Learning Secondary Laws of 1 Law of Primacy Imagine a teacher is introducing a new subject, such as astronomy, to a group of middle school students. To create a positive first experience with the subject, the teacher might start by showing the students visually appealing images of the stars and planets, and engaging them in a discussion about their prior knowledge and interest in the subject.

7. Learning Secondary Laws of 2 Law of Analogy New knowledge is best understood and learned when it can be related to something that a learner already knows. When learner finds the similarities and dissimilarities in the lesson with daily experiences he earns better. Hence teaching must be correlated with life experiences.

8. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy Suppose a student is learning about how the human heart works. The teacher might use an analogy to explain how the heart functions by comparing it to a pump. The teacher might say, "The heart is like a pump that circulates blood throughout the body. Just like how a pump pushes water through a pipe, the heart pushes blood through our blood vessels." 2 Law of Analogy

9. Learning Secondary Laws of 3 Law of Recency ‘Recent acts are lasting’ Things most recently learned are best remembered. Frequent review and summarization help fix in the mind the material covered. Hence the learner should revise his entire course just before the examination.

10. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy Suppose you're studying for a history exam that covers several time periods. You've been studying for a few weeks and have just finished reviewing the most recent period in your textbook. According to the law of recency, the information you've just learned about that period is more likely to be remembered than information you learned several weeks ago about an earlier period. 3 Law of Recency

11. Learning Secondary Laws of 4 Law of Set Attitude The best learning is possible if the learner set a positive attitude toward the task. And negative attitude leads to poor and slow learning. So, attitude has its own importance.

12. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy If a person believes that math is boring and difficult, they may approach math classes with a negative attitude and be less motivated to learn. On the other hand, if the person believes that math is interesting and useful, they may approach math classes with a positive attitude and be more motivated to learn. 4 Law of Set Attitude

13. Learning Secondary Laws of 5 Law of Multiple Response When a learner faces a new situation, he/she will try different ways to respond before finding the correct one. Learning through trial and error (i.e. learning from mistakes) When one response does not bring the desired results then the learner will initiate a new response.

14. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy Puzzle solving is a good example of the law of multiple response because it involves trying different approaches or strategies until the correct solution is found. By trying different strategies and methods, individuals are using the principle of varied practice, which is one of the key components of the law of multiple response. 5 Law of Multiple Response

15. Learning Secondary Laws of 6 Law of Associative Learning By creating associations between a situation and a particular response, we can shape a learner's behavior and help them develop new skills or behaviors. We learn by associating different things together. When two things are frequently paired, the mind starts to associate them with each other, and the presence of one will trigger the thought of the other.

16. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy A child learns to associate the sound of a doorbell with the arrival of a visitor. The sound of the doorbell becomes associated with the expectation of social interaction. 6 Law of Associative Learning

17. Learning Secondary Laws of 7 Law of Intensity ‘If a stimulus (experience) is strong, the response (learning) will be strong’ A student will learn more from the real thing than from a substitute.  If something is taught in a way that is exciting, engaging, and memorable, it is more likely to be retained in the learner's memory.

18. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy Imagine a teacher is introducing a new subject, such as astronomy, to a group of middle school students. To create a positive first experience with the subject, the teacher might start by showing the students visually appealing images of the stars and planets, and engaging them in a discussion about their prior knowledge and interest in the subject. 7 Law of Intensity

19. Learning Secondary Laws of 8 Law of Partial Activity By creating a supportive learning environment and breaking down material into manageable parts, teachers can help students develop the skills and knowledge needed to succeed. The law of partial activity suggests that it's better to break down learning into smaller parts, especially for children.

20. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy When teaching a child to read, start with individual letters and sounds before moving on to complete words and sentences. 8 Law of Partial Activity

21. Learning Secondary Laws of 9 Law of Frequency This law highlights the importance of repetition and reinforcement in the learning process. The more often a response is reinforced, the stronger it becomes. The more frequently a behavior is followed by a positive outcome, the more likely it is to be repeated in the future.

22. Learning Secondary Laws of Law of Primacy For example, if a dog is rewarded with a treat every time it performs a certain trick, such as rolling over or sitting, it is likely to repeat that behavior in the future. The more frequently the dog is rewarded for the behavior, the stronger the association becomes between the behavior and the reward, making it more likely that the dog will continue to perform the trick in the future. 9 Law of Frequency