SEJARAH PEMIKIRAN EKONOMI SEBELUM ZAMAN KLASIK

pre classic economic thoughts

1. PRE-CLASSIC ECONOMIC THOUGHTS The 2 nd meeting

2. A. ECONOMIC THOUGHTS IN ANCIENT GREECE PLATO (427 – 3 5 7 BC ) Around 400 BC there have been thoughts about money, interest, labor services, and trade. Evidence: Book "Respublika" by Plato (427 – 347 BC) An economic discussion is not specifically. Part of the moral philosophy. The economic thought is often associated with a sense of justice, worthiness or appropriateness to create a fairly prosperous society equally. Thoughts on the shape of a perfect society or Utopia

3. ..... Plato In an ideal country, progress depends on the division of labor that arises naturally within the community. There are three different types of human work that is work as a regulator or ruler, soldier, and workers, farmers, merchants. According to Plato: the laborers worked to collect treasures, while the rulers and soldiers did not work for the sake of property and had no possessions. They should devote themselves to the country Plato feared the economy and politics ruled by the nobles (aristocrats). They mastered and exploited the numerous slaves (proletariat)

4. ..... Plato The Plato theory that is still relevant now is the money function. In his book " Politika ", money serves as a means of exchange; measuring instruments; and a hoard of wealth. The ancient Greek period was known as Hedonism = a materialistic understanding of materialistic development in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries. Hedonism is a mechanistic understanding of materialism, which considers the ultimate goal of human life to be egoistic pleasure. Initiated by Aristippus.

5. He was the first who saw the economy is a field of independent discussion - that puts the basic thinking about the theory of value (value) & price. Aristotle's contributions in economics are his thoughts on the exchange of commodities and the use of money in the exchange of goods. 2. Aristoteles (382-322 BC )

6. Aristotle differentiates between needs (man's needs) with his desire (man's desire). Aristotle distinguishes the economic process into usability (use) and profit (gain). Distinguishing oeconomia and chrematistic , which is trading is an economic activity that is not driven by the interest (use) motive but profit (gain). Aristotle agreed with the Oeconomia but disagreed with Chrematistike . Aristotle supports barter and condemns the profit-oriented trade 2. Aristoteles (382-322 BC )

7. 3. Xenophone (440-355BC) Xenophone is considered to have found the term Oikos and nomos. His work: On the Means of Improving the Revenue of the State of Athens. In his book, he reveals to increase the revenue of the state, Athens resources can be optimized to become a trading center a  ” s eedlings mercantilism”

8. 3. Xenophone (440-355BC) Xenophon also has a sense of tourism. He encourages the public to serve the visitors who come to be served as well as this will bring prosperity to the community visited.

9. B. SCHOLASTICISM The 12th-century European farmers began the process of industrialization. Economic thought emerged from the Scholastics (scholasticism) The main characteristic of scholastic are: The strong relationship between economics and ethical problems and the amount of attention to the problem of justice This doctrine can be a powerful influence of church doctrine.

10. Two Key Scholastic Leaders St. Albertus Magnus (1206 – 1280) was a religious philosopher from Germany. His thoughts on the fair and just price are: The price is as big as the costs and energy sacrificed to create the goods. Ethical elements in trading. St. Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274) was an Italian theologian and philosopher. His book Summa Theologica, explains the picking up interest from the money lent is unfair because it is the same meaning by selling something that does not exist.

11. C. THE ERA OF MERCANTILISM The term mercantilism comes from the merchant word, meaning trader According to Mercantilism, every country that wishes to advance must trade with other countries. Source of wealth obtained through foreign trade surpluses which will be received in the form of gold or silver. Money as a result of a trade surplus is a source of power.

12. ....Mer c antilis m Era The understanding of Mercantilism is widely embraced by European countries such as Portuguese, Spanish, English, French, Dutch, in the XVI century. During the time of the mercantilism of trade and the rapidly advancing economy, the development of literature has also increased rapidly, economic writings are very advanced, both in number and quality. From these writings, Adam Smith gained many resources for writing The book: The Wealth of Nations.

13. MERCANTILISM FIGURES Jean Bodin (1530 – 1596) was a French scientist, the first person to systematically present theories about money & prices. Based on Boudin's theory, Irving Fisher developed the money quantity theory. Thomas Mun (1571 – 1641) a wealthy merchant from England wrote about the benefits of foreign trade.

14. Jean-Baptist Colbert (1619 – 1683) was a French official who was the chief minister in Economics & Finance in the reign of King Louis XVI. At this time, trading is considered a major source of prosperity, consequently, the position of the merchants is increasingly important. There was an alliance between merchants & authorities. The merchants strengthened & to support the position of rulers. The rulers gave assistance & protection in the form of monopoly, protection, and other privileges. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES

15. Sir William Petty (1623 – 1687) taught at Oxford University and wrote a lot about politics. Petty considers the important meaning of work (labor) to be far more important than land resources. It is not the number of workdays that determines the value of an item, but rather the cost needed to keep the worker's still working. David Hume (1711-1776), who wrote the book of the balance of trade, talked about prices partially influenced by the number of goods and partly determined by the amount of money. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES

16. David Hume (1711-1776) who wrote The book " On The Balance of Trade ". It suggests that prices are partially influenced by the number of goods and some are determined by the amount of money. …..MERCANTILISM FIGURES

17. D. PHYSIORATIC SCHOOL Physioratic people thought that a tangible source of wealth is a natural resource. They called the physiocratism , which is a merger of two words physic = nature and cratain , or Catos = power, which means those who believe in the laws of nature. According to the physiocrats - give human freedom, and let them do their best to each of them. The government does not need to intervene, and nature will organize all parties will be happy and happy, human action will run harmoniously, automatically, and self-regulating. This is the forerunner of laissez-faire-laissez-passers.

18. Physiocratism Figures The main figure of the physiocrat was Francis Quesnay (1694-1774). In 1758 Quesnay wrote the book Tableau Economique , according to him, the process and the phenomena of economic, when viewed in a relationship between one another and others, formed a whole with its own laws.

19. Physioratic thought: Quesnay Quesnay divides society into four groups: Productive society class. They are active to cultivate soil such as agriculture and mining. Landlord class. An unproductive or sterile class, consisting of merchants and craftsmen. Class of Labour /Labor society that receives wages and salaries from the energy.

20. Law of the economy in accordance with natural law. It makes nature (in this case is the land), as the only source of people's prosperity. It includes agriculture, livestock, and mining. The landlord class is considered a community exploiter because they do not get results through work. Industrial and trade activities are considered unproductive because industrial activities only change the shape or nature of goods. Physioratic thought: Quesnay

21. Trading activities are considered unproductive. This is because he sees the merchants just moving things from one place to another. Quesnay recommends that the wisdom taken by the Government should be aimed primarily at improving the living standards of the farmers. The patterns and lines of thought posed by Quesnay have been arranged in a basic framework of the specific analysis of the symptoms, events, and economic problems faced by the community. Physioratic thought: Quesnay

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