seminar on Critical Thinking and decision making presented by SANJANA AAGATE.E

PRESENTED BY SANJANA AAGATE.

1. D Y PATIL SCHOOL OF NURSING NURSING MANAGEMENT CRITICAL THINKING & DECISION MAKING BY, Ms. SANJANA AAGATE.

2. GENERAL OBJECTIVE: At the end of the seminar, the learner will be able to integrate and exhibit the knowledge and skill of critical thinking including; definition, levels, stages, methods, process, techniques, benefits of critical thinking and about the decision making including; definition, stages, principles, steps, techniques, types, theory, factors affecting decision making and qualities of successful decision maker.

3. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE At the end of the seminar students will be able to Define critical thinking. List down the levels of critical thinking. Explain the stages of critical thinking. Describes the methods of critical thinking. Illustrate the process of critical thinking. Review techniques of critical thinking. Enlist the benefits of critical thinking.

4. CONTI…. Define decision making. Explain the stages of decision making. Discuss the principles of decision making. Enlist the steps in decision making. Review the techniques in decision making. List down the types of decision making. Explain the theory of decision making. List down the factors affecting decision making. Discuss the qualities of a successful decision maker & how to improve decision making skills.

5. INTRODUCTION "Critical" as used in the expression "critical thinking" connotes the importance or centrality of the thinking to an issue, question or problem of concern.

6. THINKING Can be casual, unstructured, and spontaneous. CRITICAL THINKING Structured, purposeful, and reflective.

7. Critical thinking is the intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action . National Council for Excellence in Critical Thinking, 1987 Definition

8. Critical thinking is reasonable, reflective thinking that is focused on deciding what to believe or do . -Robert Ennis

9. Levels of Critical Thinking According To Bloom Bloom identified six thinking levels: Comprehension (understanding things) Application (being apply to apply knowledge in the real world) Analysis (ability to pull things apart intellectually) Synthesis (ability to see through the clutter to the core issues) Evaluation (the ability to make good judgments) Knowledge (knowing things) 1 2 3 4 6 5

10. KNOWLEDGE (KNOWING THINGS)

11. COMPREHENSION (UNDERSTANDING THINGS)

12. APPLICATION (BEING APPLY TO APPLY KNOWLEDGE IN THE REAL WORLD)

13. ANALYSIS (ABILITY TO PULL THINGS APART INTELLECTUALLY)

14. SYNTHESIS (ABILITY TO SEE THROUGH THE CLUTTER TO THE CORE ISSUES)

15. EVALUATION (THE ABILITY TO MAKE GOOD JUDGMENTS)

16. Stage One: We Begin as Unreflective Thinkers . Stage Two: We Reach the Second Stage When We Are Faced with The Challenge Of Recognizing the Low Level at Which We and Most Humans Function as Thinkers. Stage Three: We Reach the Third Stage When We Accept the Challenge and Begin to Explicitly Develop Our Thinking Stage Four: We Reach the Fourth Stage When We Begin to Develop A Systematic Approach to Improving Our Ability to Think Stage Five: We Reach the Fifth Stage When We Have Established Good Habits of Thought Across the Domains of Our Lives Stage Six: We Reach the Sixth Stage When We Intuitively Think Critically at a Habitually High Level Across all the Significant Domains of Our Lives Stages of Critical Thinking

17. Stage One We Begin as Unreflective Thinkers .

18. Stage Two We Reach the Second Stage When We Are Faced with The Challenge Of Recognizing the Low Level at Which We and Most Humans Function as Thinkers.

19. Stage Three We Reach the Third Stage When We Accept the Challenge and Begin to Explicitly Develop Our Thinking

20. Stage Four We Reach the Fourth Stage When We Begin to Develop A Systematic Approach to Improving Our Ability to Think

21. Stage Five We Reach the Fifth Stage When We Have Established Good Habits of Thought Across the Domains of Our Lives

22. Stage Six We Reach the Sixth Stage When We Intuitively Think Critically at a Habitually High Level Across all the Significant Domains of Our Lives

23. CONCEPT OF CRITICAL THINKING

24. METHODS OF CRITICAL THINKING

25. DEBATE

26. PERSUATION

27. COERCION

28. PROPEND

29. Group discussion

30. Individual decision

31. COMBINATION OF METHOD

32.   Step 1: Identify the problem, the relevant information, and all uncertainties about the problem. This includes awareness that there is more than one correct solution. (low cognitive complexity) Step 2: Explore interpretations and connections. This includes recognize one's own bias, articulating the reasoning associated with alternative points of view, and organizing information in meaningful ways. (moderate cognitive complexity)   Step 3: Prioritize alternatives and communicate conclusions. This includes thorough analysis, developing the guidelines used for prioritizing factors, and defending the solution option chosen. (high cognitive complexity)   Step 4: Integrate, monitor, and refine strategies for re-addressing the problem. This includes acknowledging limitations of chosen solution and developing an ongoing process for generating and using new information. (highest cognitive complexity) PROCESS OF CRITICAL THINKING

33. CLARIFY BE ACCURATE BE PRECISE BE RELEVANT KNOW YOUR PURPOSE TECHNIQUES IDENTIFY ASSUMPTIONS KNOW YOUR OWN BIASES BE INDEPENDENT KNOW YOUR OWN IGNORANCE . EMPHATHIZE CHECK YOUR EMOTIONS SUSPEND JUDGEMENT CONSIDER THE OPPOSITE BE FAIR, NOT SELFISH RECOGNIZE CULTURAL ASSUMPTIONS THINK THROUGH IMPICATIONS

34. How to cultivate critical thinking? Be curious and inquisitive thinking. Develop analytical skills Evaluate information Practice reflection Embrace intellectual humility Develop your sense of belonging. Align your view and your values.

35. BENEFITS OF CRITICAL THINKING

36. Use of critical thinking skills in nursing: Nurses use knowledge from other subjects and fields. Nurses deal with change in stressful environments. Nurses make important decisions. Nurses provide care according to nursing process.

37. DECISION MAKING

38. DEFINITION :- Decision making can be regarded as the mental processes ( cognitive process ) resulting in the selection of a course of action among several alternative .

39. PRINCIPLES OF DECISION MAKING Purpose-Driven. Inclusive, Not Exclusive. Educational . Voluntary. Self-Designed. Flexible. Respectful. Accountable . Time Limited. Achievable.

40. Stages of Decision making : Developed by B. Aubrey Fisher, there are four stages that should be involved in all group decision making. These stages, or sometimes called phases, are important for the decision- making process to begin

41. STAGES OF DECISION MAKING

42. Orientation stage - This phase is where members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other. Conflict stage - Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out. Emergence stage - The group begins to clear up ambiguity in opinions is talked about. Reinforcement stage - Members finally make a decision, while justifying themselves that it was the right decision.

43. ORIENTATION STAGE This phase is where members meet for the first time and start to get to know each other.

44. CONFLICT STAGE Once group members become familiar with each other, disputes, little fights and arguments occur. Group members eventually work it out.

45. EMERGENCE STAGE The group begins to clear up ambiguity in opinions is talked about.

46. REINFORCEMENT STAGE Members finally make a decision, while justifying themselves that it was the right decision.

47. Characteristics of decision making Analytical Thinking. Strategic Plan. Risk Assessment. Backup Plan. Collaborative Efforts. Communication. Commitment to Execution. Reflection.

48. Element in Decision Making Gather information. Ask clarifying questions . Make a final decision . Review the results of the decision .

49. STEPS IN DECISION MAKING : Establishing goal and objectives Making the diagnosis Analyzing the problem Searching alternative solution Selecting the best possible solution Putting the decision into effect Following up the decision

50. MARGINAL THEORY This theory stress on profit maximization. this theory focused on increases profit from the decision. It related to health care cost and patient outcome.

51. PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORY The trust of this theory is on the maximization of customer satisfaction (patient). The manager acts as a administrative man rather than economic man.  

52. MATHEMATIC THEORY This theory is based on the use of models. This is also known as operational research theory. The techniques generally used include linear programming.

53. CLASSICAL DECISION THEORY Classical decision making faces a clearly defined problem. Knows all possible action alternative and their consequences Choose the optimum alternative .  

54. BEHAVIORAL DECISION THEORY The behavior decision maker faces a problem that is not clearly defined. has limited knowledge of possible action alternatives and their consequences

55. STATISTICAL DECISION THEORY Several statistical tools and methods are available to organize evidence, evaluate risk, and aid in decision making.

56. Factors Affecting the Decision-Making Process . Experience and knowledge Creative thinking Self Concept Interpersonal Conflict Inadequate Staffing

57. SOME COMMON MISTAKES THAT DECISION MAKERS SHOULD BE AWARE OF INCLUDE : Only hearing and seeing what we want . Placing too great a reliance on the information you receive from others . Placing too little emphasis on the information you receive from others. Ignoring your intuition

58. QUALITIES OF SUCCESSFUL DECISION MAKER. 1- Clarity of thought:  2- Confidence:  3- Strategic thinking:  4.Analytical skills:  5- Flexibility:  6- Accountability: 

59. HOW CAN YOU IMPROVE YOUR DECISION-MAKING SKILLS ? Here are five ideas that will help you to improve your decision-making skills 1. Gather all the relevant information:  2 . Consider all the options : 3. Evaluate potential consequences:  4. Align decisions with values:  5. Practice self-reflection:   

60. RESEARCH ARTICLE Critical care nurses' critical thinking and decision making related to pain management Objectives:  The current study aimed to examine nurses' critical thinking and decision-making skills related to pain management and their association with nurses' characteristics. Research methodology/design:  This descriptive correlational study used a convenience sample of 115 critical care nurses working in a university hospital in Jordan. Data were collected using a pain-related vignette and validated questionnaires .

61. CONTI…. Result:  The participating nurses reported poor critical thinking and intuitive decision-making skills related to pain management. Nurses with more clinical experience and higher levels of education reported significantly better critical thinking and intuitive decision-making skills than less experienced and less educated nurses. Conclusion of research:  Critical care nurses were found to have ineffective critical thinking and intuitive decision-making skills related to pain management, which may lead to poor patient outcomes. Gaining more in-depth understanding of nurses' critical thinking and decision-making skills and their associated factors is crucial for achieving effective pain management in critical care settings.

62. DOUBT??

63. METHODS OF CRITICAL THINKING Combination of method Coercion Propend Persuasion Group discussion Individual decision Debate It involve enquiry, advocacy, and reasoned judgment on a proposition. act of influencing someone's beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through communication and reasoning. threat or use of force

64. CONCEPT OF CRITICAL THINKING Perception Assumption Language Argument Fallacy Logic Problem Solving Emotion

65. ANSWER ME?? WHAT ARE THE METHODS OF CRITICAL THINKING ACCORDING TO BLOOMS? WHAT ARE THE CONCEPT OF CRITICAL THINKING? WHAT ARE THE QUALITIES OF SUCCESSFUL DECISION MAKER?

66. ASSIGNMENT Write explaination of models of critical thinking.

67. SUMMARY Here I summarise my seminar on critical thinking and decision making, we have seen definition, levels, stages, component, method, process, models, techniques, benefits of critical thinking and definition, stages, principles, steps. Techniques in decision making type’s theories, models and factors affecting decision making.

68. CONCLUSION Here I conclude my seminar on critical thinking and decision making, we have seen definition, levels, stages, component, method, process, models, techniques, benefits of critical thinking and definition, stages, principles, steps. Techniques in decision making type’s theories, models and factors affecting decision making.

69. THANK YOU!!!