Seminar on green house effect

by zamran khan

1. Seminar on GREEN HOUSE EFFECT Presented by: Zamran Khan M.Sc 2 nd SEM The Oxford College Of Science

2. Contents Introduction History Green house gases Causes Process Consequences of green house effect Evidence Precautions International conventions and laws in India Case study Previously asked questions References

3. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT The greenhouse effect is a natural process that warms the Earth’s surface. When the Sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated by greenhouse gases.

4. History Svante Arrhenius a Swedish scientist  discovered Green house effect in 1896.

5. H ow Green house effect is useful? Without green house effect we can not survive in the planet earth because, The absorbed energy warms the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth. This process maintains the Earth’s temperature at around 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would otherwise be, allowing life on Earth to exist.

6. Without greenhouse gases, the average temperature of Earth’s surface would be about -18°C (0 °F) , rather than the present average of 15°C .

7. GREEN HOUSE GASES Greenhouse gas , any  gas  that has the property of absorbing  infrared radiation  ( heat energy ) emitted from Earth’s surface and reradiating it back to Earth’s surface, thus contributing to the  greenhouse effect . Greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases (CFCS).

8. Causes of green house effect Green House gases Contribution of clouds to Earth's greenhouse effect The major non-gas contributor to Earth's greenhouse effect , clouds , also absorb and emit infrared radiation and thus have an effect on radiative properties of the greenhouse gases.

9. Anthropogenic factors • This includes the man made processes like Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation , paddy cultivation , use of GH gases like CFC and halons in refrigeration and fire suppression systems , and indiscriminate use of fertilizers mostly N fertilizers ,etc…leads to Increase in Green house effect .

10. Burning of fossils fuels

11. Deforestation

12. Process Step 1:  Solar radiation reaches the Earth's atmosphere - some of this is reflected back into space. Step 2:  The rest of the sun's energy is absorbed by the land and the oceans, heating the Earth. Step 3:  Heat radiates from Earth towards space. Step 4:  Some of this heat is trapped by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, keeping the Earth warm enough to sustain life. Step 5:  Human activities such as burning fossil fuels, agriculture and land clearing are increasing the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. Step 6:  This is trapping extra heat, and causing the Earth's temperature to rise.

13. Consequences of greenhouse-effect • The effects due to Green house effect include: • More drought and more flooding • Less ice and snow • More extreme weather incidents • Rising sea level.

14. More drought and more flooding

15. Less ice and snow Ice appears to be melting faster than previously estimated. Glaciers volume is decreased 2/3 in Switzerland . Mount Kenya lost 92% of its ice mass. Mount Kilimanjaro lost 82% of its ice mass.

16. Rhone Glacier - Switzerland

17. Mount Kilimanjaro - Tanzania

18. Mount Kenya 1992 1997 2002

19. More extreme weather incidents The warmer climate will probably cause more heat waves, more violent rainfall and also an increase in the number of storms. The worst hail storm killed 246 people near Moradabad, India, on April 30, 1888, with hailstones as large as “goose eggs and oranges and cricket balls.” The most deaths associated with a tropical cyclone were an estimated 300,000 people killed directly as result of the passage of a tropical cyclone through Bangladesh on Nov. 12-13, 1970.

20. The deadliest  tornado  killed 1,300 people on April 26, 1989 in the Manikganj district of Bangladesh .   Kerala  witnessed the worst  floods  in 100 years in August, wherein the state recorded 821.9 mm of rain during the month against the normal of 419.5 mm , leading to 96% of excess rainfall Phalodi  in Rajasthan witnessed hat trick of maximum temperature soaring above 50°C for the three consecutive days from May 18-20, 2018

21. Tropical Cyclone Fani seen via satellite in the Bay of Bengal

22. Montana thunderstorm

23. Rising sea level some Pacific Island nations are expected to be partially or completely submerged by the end of the century. Coastal and shallow marine plants and animals will be affected, for example mangroves and coral reefs.

24. Sea level observations between 1993 and November 2018.

25. Tuvalu sinking islands

26. FROM THE ABOVE INDICATIONS, WE CAN CONCLUDE THAT THE RISE IN SEA LEVEL WOULD CERTAINLY LEAVE MANY PEOPLE HOMELES!!

27. What evidence is there that the Earth’s climate is changing? According to IPCC • Widespread decreases in glaciers and ice caps have contributed to sea level rise. • Increased sea levels : Since 1961 the average rate has been 1.8 mm per year but since 1993 this has increased to 3.1 mm per year. • Increasing the temperatures over the years Passes. • It has been estimated that now there has been an 2 degree increase in temperature due to Green house effect .

28. • Increased amount of water vapour in the atmosphere : • This is because of the fact that warmer air can hold more water than colder air. This is in turn increase in air temperature is due to Green house effect.

29. CAN WE CONTROL GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

30. Ways to Reduce Greenhouse Gases • Reduce, Reuse, Recycle • Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning • Replace Your Light Bulbs • Drive Less and Drive Smart • Buy Energy-Efficient Products • Use Less Hot Water • Plant a Tree • Use the "Off" Switch

31. International Conventions

32. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for the assessment of climate change, and a source of scientific information and technical guidance for Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) , its Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement. It was formed in 1988.

33. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement linked to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, which  commits  its Parties by setting internationally binding emission reduction targets. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted in Kyoto, Japan, on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16 February 2005. 

34. The Kyoto protocol applies to the six green house gases listed: • Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ); • Methane (CH 4 ); • Nitrous oxide (N 2 O); • Hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs); • Perfluorocarbons (PFCs); and • Sulphur hexafluoride (SF 6 )

35.  Paris Agreement At COP 21 in Paris, on 12 December 2015, Parties to the UNFCCC reached a landmark agreement to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. The Paris Agreement’s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change by keeping a global temperature rise this century well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.

36. Laws in India

37. National Action Plan on Climate Change India released its much-awaited  National Action Plan on Climate Change  (NAPCC) to mitigate and adapt to  climate change  on June 30, 2008, almost a year after it was announced. It includes 8 missions National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change

38. Case Study

39. Floods in Assam

40. The case of Assam According to the State Action Plan for Climate Change , the annual mean temperature in the state has increased by 0.59 degrees Celsius over the last 60 years (1951 to 2010), and is likely to increase by 1.7-2.2 degree Celsius by 2050. Climate projections in the state action plan also predict that extreme rainfall events will increase by 38%.

41. Previously asked questions Discuss various global environmental problems and international approaches to alleviate the problems. (July 2017) 15 marks Discuss the global environmental problems their impact and management.(June 2015) 15 marks Discuss the impact and management of global warming. (June 2016) 5 marks

42. References Thakur I.S. (2011) Global Environmental Problems: Atmosphere and Environmental issues In: Environmental biotechnology, basic concepts and applications, 2 nd Edition. 97-103 Pandve H.T. (2009) India's National Action Plan on Climate Change. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environnemental Médicine. 13(1): 17–19. U.S Environmental Protection Agency(2017) information on Green house emission. National center for Environmental Assessment, office of Research and Development, Washington, DC Saikia T. (2018) Assam and the economic costs of climate change. The Energy and Resources Institute.

43. Thank you