SESSION 1, GRAMMAR COMPONENTS 1 TO4.pptx

GRAMMAR LESSON

1. GRAMMAR STRUCTURE JANUARY, 4TH.2024

2. UNIT 1: 5 COMPONENTS OF LANGUAGE

3. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION:

4. What is grammar to you? What do you understand by grammatical structure? Do you consider that grammar is important for communicating? (Justify your answer.) From your point of view, which grammar is more difficult, the English language grammar or the Spanish language grammar? What is the relationship that grammar has with language?

5. “Grammar is the science that has as its object the study of the components of a language and their combinations. The concept finds its origin in “the Latin term grammatíca and refers, on the other hand, to the art of mastering a language correctly, both in speech and writing.” (Julián Pérez, 2008) Grammar, therefore, can be defined as the group of principles, rules, and precepts that govern the use of a particular language (in this regard, it must be said that each language has its own grammar). As a science, it is considered part of linguistics.

6. Grammar and spelling are two sciences that study language. Although both have the same object of study, there are clear differences between them, which are: Grammar has a broad character; it studies the complete structure of a language and the various ways in which sentences can be organized while classifying them and studying their function. Spelling does not include a full study of the laws that govern the use of a language; it is limited to establishing certain rules for writing correctly; it does not analyze the structure of the sentence or its functions.

7. INTRODUCTION Language - is the ability to produce and comprehend spoken and written words; - language is such a special topic that there is an entire field, linguistics, devoted to its study. Linguistics - is the study of language. - views language in an objective way, using the scientific method and rigorous research to form theories about how humans acquire, use, and sometimes abuse language.

8. FORM SY NTAX SE MANTICS MORPHOL O GY PHONOLOGY PR A GMA T ICS CONTENT & USE Linguists have identified 5 main components of Language: Components of Language

9. MORPH O LO G Y 01.

10. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik MORPHOLO G Y It is the study of structure of the words and word formation. Morphology deals with the syntax of complex words and parts of words, also called “morphemes”, as well as with the semantics of their lexical meanings. It is concerned in the internal structure of words and the rules for forming words from their subparts, which are called morphemes.

11. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik WORD STRUCTURES OF MORPHOLOGY: Morpheme – is the smallest units in the structural analysis of words. Examples: [[[ green ] ish ] ness ]] [un [break [able ]] TYPES OF MORPHEMES: Free Morpheme – is the words with a complement meaning, so they can stand alone as independent words in a sentence. Examples: Jennie wishes to go ther e. ‘go’ is a free morpheme in the sentence

12. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik WORD STRUCTURES OF MORPHOLOGY: Lexical Morphemes - referred as OPEN CLASS because we can add morphemes to these words. These are nouns, verbs and adjectives. Examples: girl(n) jump(v) red(adj.) boy(n) look(v) pink(adj.) Functional Morphemes – are words that do not have clear meaning but has grammatical functions. These are conjuctions, prepositions, articles, auxiliaries and pronouns. And is referred as CLOSED CLASS because it cannot be added to other morphemes. Examples: he she we but nor

13. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik WORD STRUCTURES OF MORPHOLOGY: Contractible Morpheme - these are auxiliary modals such as will, shall, have, had and would. These can be contracted in informal style of language. Examples: I will - I'll They had - They‘d Bound Morphemes - these are AFFIXES that must be attached to the word and it cannot stand alone. Examples: a.) Prefix - un clean b.) Infix - now a days c.) Suffix - adjust ment

14. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik 2 TYPES OF BOUND MORPHEME: Derivational Morpheme - it changes the part of speech of the word when added to the free morpheme but there are some expectations. Examples of Class Changing: pay(v)-payment (n) pay(v)-payer (n) Example of Class Maintaining: pink(adj.) - pinkish(adj.) do(v) - undo(v) Inflectional Morphemes - are used to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word. Examples: boy 's boy s clean ed clean ing clean s tak en simpl est heavi er

15. PHONOLOGY 02.

16. PHONO L OGY is the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages. is the study of the way sounds function in languages, including phonemes, syllable structure, stress, accent, intonation, and which sounds are distinctive units within a language; it pertains to how the way sounds function within a given language.

17. Phonology can be divided into two branches: SEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY is based on the segmentation of language into individual speech sounds provided by phonetics. SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONOLOGY also called prosody, is concerned with those features of pronunciation that cannot be segmented because they extend over more than one segment, or sound.

18. 7 TYPES OF PHONOLOGY: Assimilation Deletion Dissimila t ion Metat h esis Insertion Fortition Lenition

19. TYPES OF PHONOLOGY: Assimilation – a phonological process in which a sound changes to resemble a nearby sound and can occur both forward and backward, within a word or between words. Examples: “Imput” or “Im between.” Handbag to Hambag Dissimilation – a phonological process which close sounds, similar consonants or vowels, change to become less alike. Examples: the word sixth is pronounced as sikst the word fifth is pronounced as fts the word surprise is pronounced as supprise

20. TYPES OF PHONOLOGY: Insertion – is a phonological process in which a sound is added to a word. Examples: Hamster becomes [hampster] Dance becomes [dænts] Deletion – a phonological process in which speech sounds disappear from words. Examples: Police becomes “plice” Friendship becomes “friendship” Methathesis - phonological process in which sounds switch places in the phonemic structure of a word. Examples: Aks becomes aks Brid becomes bird Whipser becomes whisper

21. TYPES OF PHONOLOGY: Strengthening (Fortition) - a phonological process in which a sound is made stronger. Examples: Top is said with an /h/ Beautiful is said as “BEEautiful” Weakening (Lenition) – a phonological process in which a sound becomes weaker. Examples: Flapping is a phonological process of weakening whereby the voiceless alveolar stop consonant phoneme /t/ is pronounced as a voiced alveolar flap [ɾ], like in the word kitty.

22. 03. SYNTAX

23. RULE NO. 1 Syntax – are the rules that determine how words combine into phrases and sentences. – has a predictable, rule-governed order. Syntax rules for the English language include: 1. A sentence must contain a subject and a verb, and the order of those two parts of speech must be subject-verb (S-V). Examples: Jennie loves icecream. She sings softly.

24. RULE NO. 2

25. RULE NO. 3 3 . Ve r b tenses must be consistent t h ro u g h o u t t he p ar a g r aph an d / or document. C ons i s t e n t t e n s e m e a ns us i ng t h e same verb tense whenever necessary w ithin t h e pa r a g ra ph . sa m e s e n t e n c e or C o n s i s t e n t v erb t e n s e s clearly establish the time of the actions being described. Example of Inconsistent Tense Anthony and Kadeem listened to Hip-hop music and practice their dance moves. Anthony and Kadeem listened to Hip-hop music and practiced their dan ce mo v e s . During the meeting, Angelo stood up and then drops his phone. ( P a s t Tens e) During the meeting, Angelo stood up and then dropped his phone. ( P resen t Tens e) During the meeting, Angelo stands up and then drops his phone .

26. RULE NO. 4

27. RULE NO. 5

28. RULE NO. 6

29. RULE NO. 7

30. RULE NO. 7

31. 04. SEMANTICS

32. SEMANTICS is a subfield of linguistics specializing the study of meaning. is also a study of meanings of words and phrases in a language and also meanings of words and phrases in a particular context.

33. ROLE OF SEMANTICS In language, it determines the relationship between signifiers and what they signify. Although images and body language can be included as signifiers in a wider study of semantics deals strictly with words and their meanings. It is the underlying relationship that a participant has with the main verb in a clause.

34. 2 KINDS OF MEANING: Denotation/Conceptual Meaning a word or thing’s literal or main definition. It is a word’s dictionary definition rather than its associated emotion or definition. It is the literal definition of word. Examples: The blueberry is blueberry is blue. He was bull-headed. Connotation/Associative Meaning use of a word to suggest a different association than its literal meaning. It can be either positive, negative, or neutral. It is the emotional and imaginative association sorrounding a word. Examples: This clothing is affordable versus at this clothing is cheap. That woman is a dove at heart.

35. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik 7 TYPES OF MEANING Conceptual/Denotative Meaning – deals with the core meaning of expression. Examples: Woman = +Human, -Male, +Adult Needle = +Thin, -Sharp, +Instrument Connotative Meaning – a word includes the feelings and ideas that people may connect with that word. Examples: the word “home” pertains to a place where someone feels comfortable, safe, and secure.

36. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik 7 TYPES OF MEANING 3. Stylistic Meaning – where the meaning is created specifically by the use of language. Examples: Steed, Horse, and Nag Home, Residence, and House They have different style in words, but they are the same with their meanings. 4. Affective Meaning – the emotive association or effects or words evoked in the reader and listener. Examples: “I hate you, you idiot.” I am terribly sorry to i nterr upt with your discussion, b ut if you don’t mind kindly lower your voice a little.

37. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik 7 TYPES OF MEANING a single word or phrase associated with more than one senwse of 5. Reflective Meaning - meaning. Examples: When the speaker in the talk show use reflected meaning in their speech, its an example of wordplay. 6. Collocative Meaning – word or phrase that is often used with another word or phrase. Examples: Miss the flight or lost the flight. Macbook Laptop or Acer Laptop .

38. CREDITS: This presentation template was created by Slidesgo , including icons by Flaticon and infographics & images by Freepik 7 TYPES OF MEANING se l e ct ing bet w e e n 7. Th em at i c M eani n g – th e m a tt e r of alternative grammatical construction. Examples: Ms. Agoylo donated blood in the hospital. Jennie wrote an appreciation letter to her Filipino fans.

39. 05. PRAGMATICS

40. Pragmatics – is the study of how context contributes to meaning. It encompasses phenomena including implicature, speech acts, relevance, and conversation. – Pragmatics focuses on conversational implicature , which is a process in which the speaker implies and a listener infers. Simply put, pragmatics studies language that is not directly spoken. Instead, the speaker hints at or suggests a meaning, and the listener assumes the correct intention.

41. Examples of Pragmatics: Will you crack open the door? I am getting hot. Semantically, the word "crack" would mean to break, but pragmatically we know that the speaker means to open the door just a little to let in some air. I heart you! Semantically, "heart" refers to an organ in our body that pumps blood and keeps us alive. However, pragmatically , "heart" in this sentence means "love"-hearts are commonly used as a symbol for love, and to "heart" someone has come to mean that you love someone. If you eat all of that food, it will make you bigger ! Semantically, "bigger" in this sentence would mean larger than you are currently. Think about how this sentence, pragmatically , would mean something different depending on the context. If it is said to a young child, pragmatically , it would mean to grow bigger. If it is said to a grown person who is already obese, it would mean something entirely different .

42. CO N V E RSATION A L IMPLICATURE 4 ASPECTS OF PRAGMMATICS: SPEECH ACTS MA N A G EM E NT OF REFERENCE R H ETORIC A L STRUCTURE

43. SPEECH ACTS Are acts that refer to the action performed by produced utterances. People can perform an action by saying something. Through speech acts, the speaker can convey physical action merely through words and phrases. The conveyed utterances are paramount to the actions performed.

44. 2 TYPES OF SPEECH ACTS: In d ir e ct S pe ech Acts – a re comm o nly u sed to reject proposals and to make requests. Examples: Do you know if Jennie got an A on the test? I’d like to know if Jennie got an A on the test? Direct Speech Acts – an utterance is seen as a direct speech act when there is a direct relationship between the structure and the communicative function of the utterance. Examples: If you get all A’s, I’ll buy you a car! If you cross that line, I’ll shoot you!

45. CON V E R S A TIONAL IMPLICATURE is an indirect or implicit speech act: what is meant by a speaker’s utterance that is not part of what is explicitly said. The term is also known simply as implicature; it is the opposite of explicature, which is an explicitly communicated assumption.

46. THE MAXIM OF QUALITY – speaker’s contributions ought to be true. THE MAXIM OF QUANTITY – speaker’s contributions should be as informative as required; not saying either too little or too much. THE MAXIM OF RELEVANCE – contributions should relate to the purposes of the exchange. THE MAXIM OF MANNER – contributions should be perspicuous in particular, they should be orderly and brief , avoiding obscurity and ambiguity. COOPERATIVE PRINCIPLES/MAXIMS:

47. RH E TO RICAL STRUCTURE is a theory of text organization that describes relations that hold between parts of text. It was originally developed b y W i l l i a m of the University M a nn a nd of Sandra S ou th e rn Thompson California’s Information Sciences Institute and defined in a 1988 paper.

48. MANAGEMENT OF REFERENCE the act by which a speaker or writer uses language to enable a hearer or reader to identify something as called reference.

49. REFERENCE – is the words that we use to identify things are in some direct relationship to those things. – it is an act in which a speaker, or writer, uses linguistic forms to enable a listener or reader to identify something. INFERENCE – is connecting prior knowledge to text based information to create meaning beyond what is directly stated. – the role of inference in communication is to allow the listener to identify correctly which particular entity the speaker is referring to.

50. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/spoken-language-disorders/language-in-brief/ Roseberry-McKibbin, C., & Hegde, M. N. 1. (2006). An advanced review of speech-language pathology: Preparation for PRAXIS and comprehensive examination (2nd ed.). Austin, Tex.: PRO- ED. REFEREN C ES:

51. THANK YOUUU!