sex, gender, masculinity, patriarchy.ppt

Sex gender bed ppt

1. Sex, Gender, Sexuality,
Patriarchy, Masculinity &
Feminism

2. Simone de Beauvior in her book,
The Second Sex, says that “one
is not born, but rather becomes
a woman”.

3. Introduction
•Sex 
refers to biological differences;
chromosomes, hormonal profiles, internal
and external sex organs.
•Gender 
refers to the socio-cultural definition
of man and women, the way societies
distinguish men and women and assign
them social roles.

4. Meaning
Sex refers to a person’s biological status
and is typically categorized as male,
female, or intersex. There are a number of
indicators of biological sex, including sex
chromosomes, gonads, internal
reproductive organs, and external genitalia.

5.  Sex refers to physical or physiological differences
between males and females, including both
primary sex characteristics (the reproductive
system) and secondary characteristics such as
height and muscularity.
sex is natural and comes first. Gender is
perceived as a secondary construct which is
imposed over the top of this natural distinction.

6. Definition
The term Sex refers to the biological and
physiological characteristics that define
men and women.
(WHO, 2009)

7. Definition of gender
The term gender refers to the economic, social, political
and cultural attributes and opportunities, associated with
being male and female. In most societies, men and
women differ in the activities they undertake, in access to
and control of resources, and in participation in decision-
making. And in most societies, women as a group have
less access than men to resources, opportunities and
decision-making.
Desprez-Bouanchaud et al. 1987

8. Definition of gender
“Gender can be considered a social and cultural
construct that differentiates females from males
and thus defines the ways in which females and
males interact with each other. These roles and
expectations are learned and they can change
over time as well as vary within and between
cultures."

9. Gender is a concept that describes how
societies determine and manage sex
categories; the cultural meanings attached to
men
 and women’s roles; and how individuals
understand their
 identities including, but not
limited to, being a man, woman,
transgender, and other gender positions.

10. Gender 
refers to the socially constructed
roles, behaviours, activities, and attributes
that a given society considers appropriate for
men and women.

11. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and
behaviors that a given culture associates with a
person’s biological sex. Behavior that is
compatible with cultural expectations is referred
to as gender-normative; behaviors that are
viewed as incompatible with these expectations
constitute gender non-conformity.

12. Some examples of gender characteristics
 :
•In the United States (and most other countries),
women earn significantly less money than men for
similar work.
•In Viet Nam, many more men than women smoke,
as female smoking has not traditionally been
considered appropriate.
•In Saudi Arabia men are allowed to drive cars while
women are not.
•In most of the world, women do more
housework than men.

13. The gender concept implies:
•A rejection of the underlying biological
distinction in the word “sex” and in the
expression “sexual inequality”.
•Grouping together all the differences identified
between men and women-individual
differences, differences in social roles or
cultural representations.

14. The gender concept implies:
contd..
•The non-homogenous nature of the category
of women, which is transcended by
differences of class, ethnicity and age.
•The basic asymmetry and hierarchy between
both groups, sexes and genders – one of
them dominating and the other dominated -
which is the basis of male power.

15. Related terminology and concepts include:
• Gender is a term that refers to social or cultural
distinctions associated with being male or
female.
 
•Gender identity 
is the extent to which one
identifies as being either masculine or feminine
(Diamond 2002).

16. Related terminology and concepts include:
•Gender roles: The particular economic, political
and social roles and responsibilities that are
considered appropriate for men and women in a
culture.
•Gender equality: The absence of discrimination
on the basis of a person's sex in authority,
opportunities, allocation of resources or benefits,
and access to services.

17. Related terminology and concepts include:
Gender equity: The process of being fair to
women and men. Sometimes this involves
measures to redress historical disadvantages that
have prevented men and women from having
equal access to rights and privileges. Equity leads
to equality.

18. Related terminology and concepts include:
Gender Parity: A numerical concept concerned
with the relative equality in terms of numbers and
proportions of women, men, girls and boys. In
education, this means that the same number of
boys and girls receive educational services at
different levels and in diverse forms.

19. Sex(Biological
difference)
 
Gender(Social
difference)
Sex is natural. Gender is socio-cultural
and it is man made.
Sex is biological. It refers
to visible differences in
genitalia and related
differences in procreative
function.
Gender refers to masculine
and feminine qualities,
behaviour patterns, roles
and responsibilities, etc.
Sex is constant, it
remains the same
everywhere.
Gender is variable, it
changes from time to time,
culture to culture, even
family to family.
Sex cannot be changed.Gender can be changed.

20. Sexuality
Sexuality is about sexual attraction, sexual practices
and identity. Just as sex and gender don’t always
align, neither does gender and sexuality. People
can identify along a wide spectrum of sexualities
from heterosexual, to gay or lesbian, to bisexual, to
queer, and so on.
 Asexuality is a term used
when
 individuals do not feel sexual attraction.

21. Sexuality
Gender and sexuality
 are not just personal
identities; they are
 
social identities. 
They
arise from our relationships to other people,
and they
 depend upon social interaction and
social recognition. As such,
 they influence
how we understand ourselves in relation to
others.

22. Sexuality
Sexuality influences social norms and society in
turn influences how sexuality can be expressed.
Since the invention of the mass media, sexuality
has further molded the environments in which we
live.

23. The importance of sexuality education :
Sexuality is a central aspect of being human and
encompasses sex, gender identities and roles,
sexual orientation, eroticism, pleasure, intimacy,
and reproduction. Though it comprises an inevitable
part of the experience of growing up, and a critical
form of self-expression, sexuality has been
perceived as unhealthy, been equated with
promiscuity, and, until recently, been shrouded in
silence and denial, even in the field of education.

24. The impetus to train adolescents in matters of
reproductive and sexual health is limited by
concerns related to population control and disease
prevention. It is important to transform these
parameters of sexuality education and neither
perceive sexuality as a problem associated with
promiscuity, shame, moralising, nor to delimit
discussions of it to questions of population and
disease.

25. Sexuality has to be understood as:
•Extending beyond physical bodily sensations and as
critical to the constitution of self and identity of both
boys and girls, in terms of beliefs, attitudes, values and
self-esteem
•An important form of self-expression
•An integral aspect of the ways in which the power
relations of gender, caste, class and religion are
played out in society

26. Socialisation of sexual attitude

•Our family
•Education system
•Peers
•Media
•Religion

27. Masculinity
Masculinity also called boyhood, manliness
or manhood is a set of attributes, behaviors
and roles generally associated with boys and
men. It is a combination of socially-defined
and biological factors, distinct
 from the
definition of the male biological sex.
 Both
men and women can exhibit masculine traits
and behavior.

28. Masculinity
Raewyn Connell defines masculinity as
a
 broad set of processes which include
gender relations and gender practices
between men and women and
 
“the effects
of these practices in bodily experience,
personality and culture.” 

29. Masculinity

 
Connell argues that culture dictates ways of
being masculine and “unmasculine.” She
argues that there are several masculinities
operating within any one cultural context, and
some of these masculinities are:

30. some of these masculinities are:
1. Hegemonic-dominant form of masculinity in
our society, culturally valued the most, qualities
include heterosexuality, whiteness, physical
strength, suppression of emotions.

31. 2. Subordinate- exhibit qualities that are the
opposite of those values in hegemonic
masculinity, may exhibit physical weakness or
be very expressive with emotions, gay or
homosexual men.

32. 3. Compliant- Man doesn’t fit characteristics of
hegemonic masculinity but doesn’t challenge it,
often admires the characteristics of hegemonic
masculinity
4. marginalised- cannot fit into the hegemonic
because of certain characteristics like race, still
subscribe to norms of hegemonic masculinity like
physical strength and aggression.

33. The cyclical pattern of how hegemonic masculinity is
produced, reproduced, and perpetuated

34. Feminism
•Feminism is a collection of political movements, social
movements, and ideologies that defend the political,
economic, personal, and social rights of women.
•Feminist movements aim at achieving and establishing
equality between women and men.
•Feminists act, speak, write and advocate on behalf of
women's issues and rights and identify injustice to females in
the area of social status.

35. Feminism
Feminist: A person who believes in the social,
political and economic equality of the sexes.
What feminism is NOT
•Feminism is not the belief that women are superior
•Feminism is not hating men
•Feminism is not male oppression

36. Waves of Feminism
•The history of the feminist movements is divided into three "waves".
•The first wave refers to the movement of the 19th through early 20th
centuries, which dealt mainly with suffrage, working conditions and
educational rights for women and girls.
•The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws, as
well as cultural inequalities and the role of women in society.
•The third wave of feminism (1990s-2000s) is seen as both a
continuation of the second wave and a response to the perceived
failures.

37. First-Wave Feminism
First-wave feminism involved a period of feminist activity
during the 19th and early 20thcenturies, especially in
Europe and in the United States.
Key concerns:
•women's suffrage (the right to vote)
•the right to education
•better working conditions
•marriage and property laws
•reproductive rights

38. Second-Wave Feminism
Second-wave feminism is a period of feminist activity and thought
that first began in the early 1960s in USA and spread all over the
western world and beyond.
Key concerns:
•raising consciousness about sexism and patriarchy
•raising consciousness about gender-based violence, domestic
abuse, and marital rape
•inequalities in the workplace
•legalizing abortion and birth control
•sexual liberation of women

39. Third-Wave Feminism
The third wave of feminism (1990s-2000s)arose
partially as a response to the perceived failures of
second-wave feminism
Key concerns:
•Intersectionality
•The diversity of "women" is recognized and emphasis
is placed on identity, gender, race, nation, social
order, and sexual preference
•Changes in stereotypes, media - portrayals,
and language used to define women.
•Sexual identities

40. Patriarchy
Simply, the term means “the absolute rule of
the father or the eldest male member over
his family”.
Patriarchy is the rule of the father over all
women in the family and also over younger
socially and economically subordinate males.

41. •Patriarchy is a social system in which
males hold primary power and
predominate in roles of political leadership,
moral authority, social privilege, and
control of property. In the domain of the
family, fathers hold authority over the
women and children

42. •A patriarchal system is a social system in which
the father is the head of the household. This,
however, is not confined to the household alone. It
can be extended to the entire society where males
dominate in all social, political, economical, legal
and cultural roles. For instance, in most patriarchal
societies women were very much confined to the
domestic sphere, where they were completely cut
off from the realities of the society.

43. Patriarchy
•Patriarchy automatically privileges men over women
such that women have little or no claims to material,
sexual and intellectual resources of the society.
•In a patriarchal society women have to struggle to be
educated, to have property or to make choices
regarding marriage and other aspects of life. For
men, these resources are a matter of right and can
make choices that affect their lives.

44. Examples
• When a man raises his voice in the course of an
argument and insects on his point of view, without
letting others especially women get to utter a single
word, his actions are likely to be described as
“aggressively patriarchal”.
• If a women complains of sexual harassment at her
work place, and all the men in her office deny that
this could ever happen. The reasoning of men can be
described as being “typically patriarchal”.

45. Patriarchy
Different areas of women’s lives under patriarchal
control:-
1.Women’s productive or labour power
2. Women’s reproduction
3. Control over women’s sexuality
4. Women’s mobility
5. Property and other economic resources