Shock_Presentation_BSc_Nursing ahn 1st .pptx

Shock

1. Shock B.Sc Nursing – Full Teaching Content

2. Definition Shock is a life-threatening condition in which there is inadequate blood flow to the tissues, resulting in cellular dysfunction and organ failure.

3. Classification of Shock 1. Hypovolemic Shock – due to loss of blood or fluids 2. Cardiogenic Shock – due to failure of heart to pump effectively 3. Distributive Shock – due to abnormal distribution of blood flow (septic, anaphylactic, neurogenic) 4. Obstructive Shock – due to physical obstruction to blood flow

4. Causes • Hemorrhage or fluid loss • Myocardial infarction • Severe infection (sepsis) • Spinal cord injury • Allergic reactions • Pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade

5. Pathophysiology Shock leads to decreased tissue perfusion → cellular hypoxia → anaerobic metabolism → lactic acid buildup → cell injury → multiple organ dysfunction → death if untreated.

6. Stages of Shock 1. Initial Stage – cellular hypoxia begins 2. Compensatory Stage – body activates mechanisms (SNS, RAAS) 3. Progressive Stage – worsening perfusion and acidosis 4. Irreversible Stage – multiple organ failure and death

7. Clinical Manifestations • Hypotension • Rapid weak pulse • Cold, clammy skin • Pallor • Restlessness or confusion • Oliguria • Tachypnea • Weakness and fatigue

8. Investigations • Blood pressure monitoring • Arterial blood gases (ABG) • Serum lactate levels • ECG • Chest X-ray (if cardiogenic/obstructive) • Complete blood count and cultures

9. Management – Medical • Maintain airway and oxygenation • IV fluids (crystalloids, blood transfusion) • Vasopressors (dopamine, norepinephrine) • Treat underlying cause (e.g., antibiotics, surgery) • Monitor urine output and vital signs

10. Nursing Management • Assess vital signs frequently • Maintain airway and administer oxygen • Maintain IV lines and fluids • Monitor urine output • Provide emotional support • Prevent complications (pressure ulcers, infection) • Record and report any changes promptly

11. Complications • Multiple organ failure • Acute renal failure • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) • Death if untreated

12. Prevention • Early recognition and treatment of underlying causes • Maintain fluid balance • Control bleeding promptly • Monitor high-risk patients closely

13. Conclusion Shock is a medical emergency requiring immediate recognition and management. Early intervention can prevent irreversible organ damage and save lives.