Social Development Issues and �Role of Development Professionals

Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential.
-The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people.

1. Social Development Issues and Role of Development Professionals Bibhuti Bhusan Gadanayak ​ Senior Technical Advisor, DRM & Emergency ​ UNDP – MINEMA, Kigali – Nyarugemge ​ KN 3 Rd. – KN 1 Av – Pension Plazza ​ Rwanda Saturday Lecture Series (SLS) of Gyanalok 17 th June 2023

2. Contents What is social development Understanding social issues in Development Educational Issues in Development Educational issues and concern Health issues in development Some alarming facts about status of healthcare infrastructure in rural areas vis- A-vis urban areas are Nutritional issues in development Nutrition status in India Nutrition and SDG Gender issues in development Sex ration in India Issues of marginalization and eexclusion in development The Most Vulnerable Marginalized and Excluded Groups Cultural issues in development Cultural barriers Role of developmental professionals Thank U

3. Social development is about improving the well-being of every individual in society so they can reach their full potential . -The success of society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. Social development means investing in people . Social development is measured through elements that affect the well-being of people , so indicators of Health Education Employment, and Gender equality are used and can be quantified through measurements such as life expectancy and the adult literacy rate. Social development is about the way society is changing.

4. Understanding social issues in Development The development discourse initially focused on economic growth in terms of sustained increase in average incomes. Evidences have indicated many regions, communities, and sections of population remained marginalized, and even excluded from the benefits of economic growth. They are increasingly becoming vulnerable to:   1.Poverty,  2. Social injustices,  3. Human rights abuses, and  4. Violence;  5. Education 6. Health 7. Nutrition 8. Gender Reports of the United Nations Development Programme), the human development paradigm focused on Enhancement of people's freedoms, capabilities, and wellbeing ( Foa , 2011).

5. Educational Issues in Development Gender Equity – Access to various levels of education – Ex. Gambia Income Equity - opportunities for financially disadvantaged groups, in terms of their income and access to various levels of education – Ex. Gambia Region Equity - opportunities for people living in disadvantaged regions Ex. rural and urban, economically backward regions  Socio-cultural Equity  - educational opportunities of socio- culturally disadvantaged groups. In most cases, they are marginalized groups within the economy, but sometimes women are also regarded as "marginalized" in certain respects as their educational opportunities are (Lee, 2002).

6. Educational issues and concern Around 23.5 % of children in Bihar and 18 % in AP have to cover more than 1 km to reach primary school. Situation of accessibility for upper primary level students is even worse with access of 27 % and 42% in Orissa and Bihar respectively. More than half of the total girls enrolled are in schools with no provision for separate toilets; Orissa faring worst with 74 %. Majority of the students, despite availability of furniture, are forced to sit on floors. Poverty and economic backwardness - the condition being especially worse in case of SC/ST across all the states and Muslims in Bihar. Lack of participation among parents in the decision-making at the village and school level is a major reason for inefficacy of government programmes in education. The lack of access is also manifested in terms of out-of-pocket expenditure incurred by the parents for their child's education (High in Odisha) Source: MishraYamini.2007. 'Education forA11'Not Necessarily!. New Delhi: Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA). Also See www.cbgaindia.org/pressrelease~.php?id=6

7. Health issues in development

8. Some alarming facts about status of healthcare infrastructure in rural areas vis- A-vis urban areas are:

9. Nutritional issues in development Nutrition is an outcome, a result of access to food, dietary intake, health and care of the individual. It is also a precondition to the development of human resources; fulfilling most human aspirations as individual development, good health, and self-fulfillment . The development policies since 1990s have explicitly emphasized three-fold principles.  - First, economic growth, that deliberately involves participation of the poor, is the long-term solution to poverty.  - Second , social security is required to maintain a basic level of living ("safety net") for the poor; sustained access to adequate food ("food security") is a central feature of this.  - Third , development of human resources is an essential underpinning of the first two (UN,1991)

10. Nutrition and SDG SDG Target 2.2 End all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under 5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls, pregnant and lactating women and older persons. As of 2021, the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) index score for zero hunger (SDG 2) ranges between 97 and 19 for Indian states and union territories. Chandigarh had the highest score of 97 and among the states, Kerala was the front runner with a score of 80

11. Nutrition status in India According to the  NFHS 2019-21 , the 5th in the series India has seen no significant improvement in health and nutritional status  The latest data shows, 7.7% of children are severely wasted,  19.3% are wasted and 35.5% are stunted.  At the same time, 3.4% children are overweight which was 2.1% in NFHS-4 (fig 2). Anemia among children under-5 has become significantly worse with the current prevalence as 67.1% compared to 58.6% according to NFHS-4. 57% of women of reproductive age are anaemic in the country. NFHS: National family Health Survey NFHS: National Family Health Survey https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/global-nutrition-report-2021/

12. Gender issues in development Like race, ethnicity and class, gender as a social category shapes and establishes one's life chances in society and development. The term gender refers to a set of roles, attributes behaviours expected from women and men by their societies. Gender relations represent the ways in which the socially constructed categories of women and men relate over a wide range of social interactions within family, community as well as in all economic and political relations in a given society. Gender relations are institutionally constructed . It creates and reproduces systemic differences in the positioning of women and men in the society. Rules, norms and practices of gender relations have a strong ideological content as it reflects the normative or prescriptive version of female and male roles. Gender relations are constituted in terms of relations of power and dominance; therefore, the nature of gender relations is one of opposition and conflict and often takes the form of male dominance and female subordination (Pant and Farrell, 2007).

13. Sex ratio in India Sex ratio - The sex ratio in India as per the 2011 Census is 943, and the child sex ratio is 919 . -Kerala has the highest sex ratio of 1084, and -Haryana has the lowest sex ratio of 879. -There were 108.18 males for every 100 in the total population of Indian women by 2020. -In India, there are 662,903,415 or 662.90 million females and 717,100,970 or 717.10 million males. Male population 51.96 % Female population 48.04 %. India has the highest male population worldwide. https://byjusexamprep.com/upsc-exam/what-is-the-sex-ratio-in-india

14. Issues of marginalization and e exclusion in development Marginalization refers to the process of becoming or being made marginal (especially as a group within the larger society). -Individuals and groups are often ignored or relegated to the sidelines of political debate, social negotiation, and economic bargaining and are kept there. Marginalization combines discrimination and social exclusion. Exclusion is a process through which certain segments of the population are disability, age, language, employment status, migrant status, HIV status, educational status, skill, race, and religion are some of the criteria that marginalize and exclude people. -Discrimination occurs in public institutions, such as the legal system or education and health services as well as social institutions like the household (Department for International Development, 2005).

15. The Most Vulnerable Marginalized and Excluded Groups Women People with disabilities Minority Caste Tribes Elderely Source: IGNOU. 2010. "Unit 3 Marginalization" in Block 4 Development Imperatives. MEDS-002 Dynamics of Extension and Development. See http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/34923/1/Unit3.pd

16. Cultural issues in development Culture refers to full range of learned human behavior patterns which Includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Tylor, 1871). Culture influences development from the moment we're born, making an impact on us as we grow. For instance, culture can affect how children build values, language, belief systems, and an Understanding of themselves as individuals and as members of society . Ex. Gambia with Rum in TOBASKY

17. Cultural barriers Cultural barriers are a significant factor in impeding economic development in developing countries. Cultural barriers can be defined as the cultural norms, practices, and beliefs that hinder economic growth, either by limiting access to resources, or by impeding the adoption of new technologies or practices . – Ex. Temple in hindu’s habitation

18. Role of developmental professionals Capacity building – Ex. DM Policy with elected representatives in Gambia for CC policy Knowledge Management: E x. DM Policy with elected representatives in Gambia  Advocacy:  Advocacy is an important part of the social worker's role in the process of social change, which is critical for social welfare and development . As an advocate, he examines the essence of a given issue, provides advice to the public, and advocates on their behalf for the public good. – Ex. Ministrial conference on Social Protection at ECA area (Barbados) Give people ways to voice their opinions   Raise awareness about local and global issues. Help local people to take united action Research existing projects aimed at similar problems

19. References https://byjusexamprep.com/upsc-exam/social-issues-in-india#toc-1 Gadanayak , BB and Routray , JK (2010), A path to Disaster resilient Communities, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany https://www.lap-publishing.com/catalog/details/store/hu/book/978-3-8433-6666-3/a-path-to-disaster-resilient-communities?search=Bibhuti%20Bhusan%20Gadanayak https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/geography/changing-economic-world/social-development-of-india/#:~:text=Social%20development%20is%20measured%20through,the%20way%20society%20is%20changing . https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2023/04/04/indian-economy-continues-to-show-resilience-amid-global-uncertainties ADB-UNICEF. 2010. Non-State Education and Public-Private Partnerships. Background Report. http://www.adb.org/documents/events/201O/ADB-UNICEF- Regional-Workshop/ Education-background-paper.pdf Accessed in June 20 11. IGNOU. 2010. Unit 3 Marginalization. 12345678913492311IUnit3.pdf-Accessed in June 201 1. IGNOU. 2010a. Unit 2 Health and Development. http://www.egyankosh.ac.in/ bitstread 123456789/34934/1/Unit2.pdf -Accessed in June 201 1. https://cmoe.com/blog/learning-development-challenges/