Social-Group-13-lecture-24042025-101314am.pptx

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1. SOCIAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS: Lecture #12 Dr.Sakina Riaz 1

2. SOCIAL GROUPS AND ORGANIZATIONS: 2

3. Understanding Groups: The Nature of Groups : This is a universal fact that : An individual can not survive independently. Why ? An individual can not fulfills all his needs. Therefore : Throughout life people belongs to a temporary & permanent groups. Social group is the real foundation of human society. 3

4. Understanding Groups: Elements/Conditions/Components of Group Formation : A social group consists of a number of people who have : Common identity Some feeling of unity Certain common goals Shared norms 4

5. Understanding Groups: The Nature of Groups : In everyday speech the term is used for almost any occasion when two or more people come together. 5

6. Understanding Groups: In Sociology : we use several different terms for various collections of people, not all of which are considered groups. DEF : Most sociologists define a group as “ two (or three) or more people who maintain a stable pattern of interactions and share a common identity ”. Example : Students of Bahria University/National University (FAST). 6

7. Characteristics of Social Group: Group members interact on a fairly regular basis through communication. Members should develop a structure where each member assumes a specific status and adopts a particular role. 7

8. Characteristics of Social Group: The members of the group feel a sense of identity. Certain orderly procedures and values are agreed upon. 8

9. Types of Social Groups: According to Social Ties Primary Groups It is the most fundamental unit of human society. A long-lasting group. Characterized by strong ties of love and affection. Do’s and Don’ts of behavior are learned here. Examples : Families, Gangs, Cliques, Play Groups, Friendship Groups 9

10. Secondary Groups Groups with which the individual comes in contact later in life. Characterized by impersonal, business-like, contractual, formal and casual relationship. Usually Large in size, not very enduring and limited relationships. People needed other people for the satisfaction of their complex needs. Examples : Industrial Workers; Business Associates, Faculty Staff, Company Employees. According to Social Ties: 10

11. The Continuum from Primary to Secondary Group: Primary groups Secondary groups Family Room-mates Friends Sports Team Religious Group Office University Corporation City 11

12. According to Self-Identification: IN-GROUP : A social unit in which individuals feel at home and with which they identify.(My/Our group) OUT-GROUP : A social unit to which individuals do not belong due to differences in social categories and with which they do not identify.( Your group) 12

13. According to Self-Identification: REFERENCE/PSYCHOLGICL GROUP : Groups to which we consciously or unconsciously refer when we evaluate our life situations and behavior but to which we do not necessarily belong. It serve a comparison function It has a normative function 13

14. - Special Interest Groups : Groups which are organized to meet the special interest of the members. Task Groups : Groups assigned to accomplish jobs which cannot be done by one person. 14 According to Purpose:

15. Influence or Pressure Groups : Groups organized to support or influence social actions. 15 According to Purpose:

16. According to geographical location and degree or quality of relationship: Gemeinschaft : ( Communiy ) A social system in which most relationships are personal or traditional. It is a community of intimate, private and exclusive living and familism . Culture is homogeneous and tradition-bound. 16

17. According to geographical location and degree or quality of relationship: Gesselschaft : (Society) A social system in which most relationships are impersonal, formal, contractual or bargain-like. Relationship is individualistic, business-like, secondary and rationalized. Culture is heterogeneous and more advanced. 17

18. Formal Groups : Deliberately formed and their purpose and objectives are explicitly defined. Their goals are clearly stated and the division of labor is based on member’s ability or merit. 18 According to Form of Organization:

19. Informal Groups : Arises spontaneously out of the interactions of two or more persons. It is unplanned. Has no explicit rules for membership and does not have specific objectives to be attained. It has the characteristics of primary groups and members are bound by emotion and sentiments. According to Form of Organization: 19

20. Relationship Groups : Groups organized to fulfill the feeling of companionship. According to Form of Organization: 20

21. FUNCTIONS OF GROUP: To function properly, all groups, both primary and secondary, must : Define Boundaries Choose Leaders Make Decisions Set Goals Assign Tasks Control Members’ Behavior 21

22. Defining Boundaries : A method for determining who belongs to the group and who does not (symbols, language, etc) Choosing Leaders : A leader is someone who occupies a central role or position of dominance and influence in a group. 22

23. The process of influencing the activities of individuals in a group towards the attainment of group goals in a given situation. It implies the existence of particular influence relationship between two or more persons . 23 Group Leadership:

24. Qualities of a Leader: 24

25. 2 - Types of Group Leadership: Both types are crucial to the success of a group. 25

26. Leadership Roles: Instrumental leadership : In which a leader actively proposes tasks and plans to guide the group toward achieving its goals. OR Instrumental leadership emphasizes the completion of tasks. 26

27. Leadership Roles: Expressive leadership : A leader works to keep relations among group members harmonious and morale high. OR Expressive leadership emphasizes collective well-being. 27

28. 3-Styles of Decision Making: Decision making : There are three styles of decision making in groups: Authoritarian leadership focuses on instrumental concerns, takes personal charge of decision-making, and demands strict compliance from subordinates. Democratic leadership is more expressive and tries to include everyone in the decision making process. Laissez-faire leadership allows the group to function more or less on its own. 28

29. Understanding Organizations: What is an Organization : According to the Dictionary of Sociology : “An organization means technical arrangement of different parts of any body”. Example : Human body, chair & table, etc. 29

30. Social Organizations: DEF : T he relatively stable pattern of social relationships among individuals and groups in society. Social Relationships are based on systems of statuses, social roles, norms, and shared meanings that provide regularity and predictability during social interaction. Example : The whole society is a big social organization. 30

31. Main Features of Social Organizations: Unanimity among the members of society : The existence of unanimity among the members of society is the main feature of a social organization. In its absence conflicts will arise between different groups & social disorganization will set in. Example : Ethnic riots in Karachi. 31

32. Main Features of Social Organizations: Promptness in accepting status & roles : Unanimity among members of a society can be maintained only so long as people are prompt & ready to accept their status & roles within the social organization. Example : Edhi Trust 32

33. Main Features of Social Organizations: Control of activities of individuals in society : Society exercise this control through the media of habits, customs, traditions, mores & institutions. Example : Law enforcement agencies. 33

34. Formal Organizations Formal organizations are large, secondary groups that are organized to achieve goals efficiently. Formal organizations are groups that are created deliberately to achieve specific goals. Example : Schools, hospitals, voluntary associations, corporations, government agencies, etc. 34

35. Characteristics of Formal Organizations First :- They have some purpose or goal : The purpose may be nothing more than to have fun. Example : A social club. 35

36. Characteristics of Formal Organizations Second :- Organizations are self-perpetuating : This means that they have a life above & beyond that of individual members. Old members may leave & new members may join, but the organization continues. Example : Bahria University/National University(FAST). 36

37. Characteristics of Formal Organizations Third :- The presence of a leader or leaders : Often organizations try to institutionalize the presence of leaders by creating an authority structure, a set of positions, each of which carries some recognized functions & decision-making power. Example : Any type of organization. 37

38. 3 - Types of Formal Organizations: Amitai Etzioni identified three types of formal organizations, distinguished by the reasons people participate. Normative Organizations/Voluntary Associations Coercive Organizations Utilitarian Organizations 38

39. Normative Organizations/Voluntary Associations: People join normative organizations in order to pursue some goal they believe to be morally worthwhile. Receiving personal satisfaction & social prestige for their efforts rather than monetary reward. Example : Edhi Trust, Red Cross, etc 39

40. Coercive Organizations: People are forced to join coercive organizations as a form of punishment (prisons) or treatment (psychiatric hospitals). The goal of coercive organization is to segregate/isolate people as “ in-mates ” or “ patients ” for a period of time. Coercive organizations attempt to radically alter people attitudes & behaviors. Example : Jail, Mental Hospital, etc 40

41. Utilitarian Organizations: Utilitarian organizations provide material benefits to their members. Joining utilitarian organization is largely a matter of individual choice. Membership in utilitarian organizations is generally full time & may last for many years, sometimes for a person’s entire working life. Example : Large business enterprises are organized to generate profits for their owners & income in the form of wages for their employees. 41

42. Most Important Note: We must keep in mind that a particular formal organization may be any one of these three types from the point of view of people holding different statuses. Example : A psychiatric hospital is a coercive organization to a patient, a utilitarian organization to a psychiatrist, & a normative organization to a part –time hospital volunteer. 42

43. T h a n k y o u F o r y o u r a t t e n t i o n ! 43