Social Science History Chap1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10

Social Science History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe Class 10 ppt best for Students and teachers.

1. The Rise of Nationalism
in Europe
Social Science (History)
Chapter 1
Class 10

2. Subtopics
•The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation
•The making of Nationalism in Europe
•The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
•The Making of Germany and Italy
•Visualizing the Nation
•Nationalism and Imperialism

3. Main theme of the Chapter
Nationalismemerged as a new idea of thought and brought about sweeping changes in the
political and mental world of the Europe.
The ultimate result of these changes was the introduction of nation-state in the place of
multinational dynastic empiresof the Europe.
The concept of state where the centralised power was exercised with the sovereign control over a
clearly defined territory prevailed in the Europe.
But the modern concept of Nation-State had considered the ideas of local citizens and not only the
rulers, and made a sense of common identity with the same history or decent.
The commonness did not came from the ancestors but it came through common way of their
struggle, the actions of leaders and the problems faced by the local common people.

4. Introduction
•The first expression of Nationalism came with the
French Revolution in 1789. The Artist of that point of
time personified women figure as Liberty.
•It was the first introduction of changing power relations
from absolutist institutions to the liberal one.
•In Sorrieu,a French Artist, in his Utopian vision, the
people of the world are grouped as distinct nations with
their own flags and national costume. The change towards
liberal states was leaded by the United States and
Switzerland which was that time already Nation-State.
The Dream of Worldwide Democratic
and Social Republics-The pact between
the Nations, a print by Sorrieu,1848

5. The French Revolution and the Idea of Nation
•Before 1789 France was under the rule of monarch. The change in the political and constitutional
power came with the emergence of French Revolution, led to the change in power of sovereignty from
the monarch to the local citizens.
•The basic idea behind this change was to make powerful local citizens who therefore constitute the
nation and shape its destiny.
•The ideas of la patrie(the fatherland) and le citoyen(The citizen) gave importance to the common united
community enjoying equal rights under a rule of one nation.
•. New uniformed laws for all citizens was created by centralized administrative system within the territory of
the Nation. Uniform system for internal customs, duties and dues for all citizens was created and adopted by
the Nation
•The revolutionaries also wanted to abolish the despotismand make other countries of Europe liberalised.

6. Nepoleon: Re-emerged Monarchy to France
•The democracy of the France was gone for the toss due to reintroduction of
monarchy by him, but the principles of administrative field remained same by him
because it was more efficient and rational.
•The civil code of 1804 also known as Napoleonic Code, carried away all advantages
based on birth, established equality before law and secured the right to property.
•This code was mostly ruled on the regions of the French Rule. In different places
like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and Germany, Napoleon made easy laws for
administrative divisions, put an end to the Feudal system, and freed the peasants
from serfdom and manorial dues.
•In the towns guild restrictions were abolished and the transport and communication
systems were enhanced. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen had a free
opportunity to build their own work.
•New businessmen got equal rights for business and use of one currency helped
them a lot to trade goods one region to another.

7. The making of Nationalism in Europe
•All European countries like Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into small
kingdoms, duchies and cantons what were ruled by its own rulers within its own territory.
•Eastern and Central Europe was under autocratic monarchies and there were different
people lived in one territory.
•The divergence of the people not only due to their ethnicity but sometimes due to their
language and other cultural patterns.
•So the unity in a country feeling was missing at that point of time.
•The only reason behind their binding was common allegiance to the emperor.
•Here the importance of Nation State came into existance

8. The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class
•A landed aristocracy was a dominant class in the European society be it politically or be it socially.
•The way of life for these people are almost same in different regions.
•They were a very small group with a rich lifestyle with two houses in town and in countryside.
•But the majority of the society from peasantry be it small holding of land of the farmers or big
holding of land by the Serfs. With the advent of industrial production, a commercial class was
emerged in the society.
•Though England first witness the industrial revolution but France also experienced it in 19
th
century itself. For this reason a new working middle class came into the existence which is made
up by industrialists, businessmen, professional.
•It was among the educated, liberal middle class that ideas of Nationalism with abolition of
monarchy and aristocracy gained popularity.

9. What did Liberal Nationalism Stand for?
•The new middle class liberalism gave freedom to all the people and equality to all before law. In politics, it gave importance to the concept of
government by consent.
•After French revolution, liberalism had stood for the end of autocracy and clerical privilege a constitution and representative government
through parliament and also stressed the inviolability of private property.
•The right to vote for the country was not given to all. It was only enjoyed by the men who had property. Only for a brief period under the
Jacobins did all adult males enjoy suffrage.
•The Napoleonic Code went back to limited suffrage and reduced women to the status of a minor, subject to the authority of fathers and
husbands.
•Throughout the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries women and non-propertied men organised opposition movements demanding equal
political rights.
•Liberalism also stood for freedom of market and reduction of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.So
economically also middle class people got their importance in 19
th
century and for their freedom liberalism got its momentum into the society.
•The unified measurement system and improved transportation system helped them to do more trade and also got different dues off for their
business. A wave of economic nationalism strengthened the wider nationalist sentiments growing at the time.

10. A New Conservatism after 1815
•In 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon, European government was impelled by the idea of Conservatism.
Conservatives believed that established, traditional institutions of state and society –like the monarchy, the
Church, social hierarchies, property and the family –should be preserved.
•Most conservatives, however, did not propose a return to the society of pre-revolutionary days. The change
towards monarchy to modernisation made the state power more effective and strong. A modern army, and
efficient bureaucracy, a dynamic economy, wipe out of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the
autocratic monarchies of the Europe.
•They did not tolerate criticism and dissent, and sought to curb activities that questioned the legitimacy of
autocratic governments. Most of them imposed censorship laws to control what was said in newspapers,
books, plays and songs and reflected the ideas of liberty and freedom which was evident results of French
revolution. The major issue taken up by the liberal-nationalists, was freedom of press, was criticised by the
new conservative order.

11. The Revolutionaries
•During the years following 1815, the fear of repression drove many liberal-
nationalists underground.
•Revolutionary at this time meant a commitment to oppose monarchical
forms and to fight for liberty and freedom. Giuseppe Mazzini was a
member of Secret society of the Carbonari.
•He was sent into exile in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria.
Mazzini believed that God had intended nations to be the natural units of
mankind. Secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and
Poland.
•Metternich described him as ‘The most dangerous enemy of our social
order’.

12. The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848
•Liberalism and nationalism were increasingly associated with revolution in many
regions of Europe as conservative regimes tried to consolidate their power. The
first upheaval took place in France in July 1830.
•The Bourbon kings who had been restored to power during the conservative
reaction after 1815, were now overthrown by liberal revolutionaries who installed a
constitutional monarchy with Louis Philippe at its head.
•Greek war of independence had a great impact on the elite educated people of
Europe. From 15
th
century Greece was under Ottoman Empire and the revolution
started in 1821. Many people support this revolution and the treaty of
Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent Nation.

13. The Romantic Imagination and National
Feeling
•The concept of Nationalism did not come through the wars and territorial expansion rather it came through the culture,
the feeling for the nation, art and poetry stories and music.
•Romanticism, a cultural movement which was the pillar for the foundation for nationalist sentiment.
•Their effort was to make a sense of shared common heritage, a similar cultural past, as the basis for the nation.
•According to Johann Gottfried Herder (1744-1803) Culture off the people like folk culture recording and collecting was the
essential element to the project of nation-building.
•This process is not only helped in reviving ancient national spirit but also educated the local people about it. Language also
played an important role in nation building.
•Due to wiping out some languages from the official use, local people connected themselves with the language group and
struggle for the language and its own group. This struggle make them united and nationalism came into existence.

14. The Revolution of the Liberals
•The poor, unemployment and starving peasants and workers in many European countries in the years 1848,
a revolution led by the educated middle classes was under way.
•Men and women of the liberal middle classes combined their demands for constitutionalism with national
unification.
•They drafted a constitution for a German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.
Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
•While the opposition of the aristocracy and military became stronger, the social basis of parliament eroded.
The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement.
Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspaper and taken part in political meeting
and demonstrations.
•Women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery. Monarchs were beginning to realize
that the cycles if revolution and repression could be ended by granting concessions to the liberal-nationalist
revolutionaries.

15. The Making of Germany
•Nationalist feelings were widespread among middle-class Germans.
This liberal initiative to nation building was, however, repressed by
the combined forces of the monarchy and the military, supported by
the large landowners of Prussia.
•Prussia took on the leadership of the movement.
•Three wars overseen years-with Austria, Denmark, and France-ended
in Prussian victory and completed the process of unification. The
nation-building process in Germany had demonstrated the
dominance of Prussian state power.
•The new state placed a strong emphasis on modernizing the currency,
banking, legal and judicial systems in Germany.

16. Italy Unified
•Italy had a long history of political fragmentation. Italians were scattered
over several dynastic states as well as the multi-national Habsburg
Empire. Italy was divided into seven states.
•Italian language had not acquired one common form and still had many
regional and local variations.
•Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for
a unitary Italian Republic. Young Italy for the dissemination of his goals.
•The failure of revolutionary uprising both in 1831 and 1848 meant that
the mantle now fell on Sadinia-Piedmont under its ruler King Victor
Emmanuel II to unify the Italian states through war.
•Italy offered them the possibility of economic development and political
dominance. Italy was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat. Italian
population, among whom rates of illiteracy were high, remained blissfully
unaware of liberal-nationalist ideology.

17. The Strange case of Britain
•The model of the nation or the nation-state, some scholars have argued, is Great
Britain.
•It was the result of a long-drawn-out process. There was no British nation prior to
the eighteenth century. ‘United Kingdom of Great Britain’ meant, in effect, that
England was able to impose its influence on Scotland.
•The British parliament was henceforth dominated by its English members. Ireland
was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in 1801.
•British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted and
the older nations survived only as subordinate partners on this union.

18. Visualizing the Nation
•Artists in the 18
th
and 19
th
centuries founded a way out for the rulers
as a personified nation and nation always demarcated as females.
•The female figure or termed as allegory did not chosen to personify
any particular women but to give an abstract idea of the nation in a
concrete form.
•In French revolution women figure personified the Liberty, Justice and
the Republic. Nations were then portrayed as a female figure.
•The female figures became an allegory of the nation. Christened
Marianne, a popular Christian name, which underlined the idea of
people’s nation.
Postage stamp of 1850 of
France, Women Figuer

19. Nationalism and Imperialism
•Nationalism, aligned with imperialism, led Europe to disaster in 1914. But
meanwhile, many countries in the world which had been colonised by the European
powers in the nineteenth century began to oppose imperial domination.
•The anti-imperial movements that developed everywhere were nationalist, in the
sense that they all struggled to form independent nation-states, and were inspired by
a sense of collective national unity, forged in confrontation with imperialism.
•European ideas of nationalism were nowhere replicated, for people everywhere
developed their own specific variety of nationalism.

20. Thank You