SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS STUDY .pptx

This slide show about Cultural Studies a topic is SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS. You can learn from this slide.

1. ពុទ្ធិសាកលវិទ្យាល័យព្រះសីហមុនីរាជា Preah Sihamoniraja Buddhist University Group 2 Subject: Cultural Studies Unit 2: SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS Lecturer: Hoa Ven Nara Student members: Phan saravorn Seng Pisey Maut Yumey Mith Radeth

2. CONTENTS SOCIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY GROUP DYNAMICS 01 02 03

3. Unit 1 SOCIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Social Groups and Societies " Social Groups consists of two or more people who regularly interact on the basis of mutual expectations and who share a common identity. It is easy to see from this definition that we all belong to many types of social groups: our families, our different friendship groups, the sociology class and other courses we attend, our workplaces, the clubs and organizations to which we belong, and so forth. " - Book: Sociology: Understanding and Changing the Social World Social Groups

4. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Social Groups and Societies Societies “ Societies a large group of people who live together in an organized way, making decision about how to do things and sharing the work that needs to be done. All the people in a country, or in several similar countries, can be referred to as a society.“ - Cambridge Dictionary

5. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Hunting and Gathering Societies Hunting and Gathering Societies: Societies with the simplest organization are called hunting and gathering societies. As the name implies, these groups depend on hunting and gathering for their survival. In some, the men do the hunting (of animals), the females the gathering (of plants). In other, both men and women (and children) gather, men hunt the large animals, and both men and women hunt small animals. Beyond this basic division of labor by sex, there are few social divisions. The groups usually have a shaman, or priest, but they too, must help obtain food. Although these groups give greater prestige to the male hunters, the women gatherers contribute much more food to the group, perhaps even four-fifth of their total food.

6. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Horticultural Societies Horticultural Societies: a society based on cultivating plants by use of hand tools. Horticulture apparently first began in the fertile areas of the Middle East. Primitive agricultural technology hoes and digging sticks (to punch holes in the ground for seeds) gradually spread to Europe and China.

7. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Pastoral Societies Pastoral Societies: a society based on the pasturing of animals. Pastoral societies typically domesticate large herbivores and use them for food and labor. Commo animals domesticated in pastoral societies include reindeer, cows, sheep, goats, horses, yaks and camels. Pastoral societies used to be much more common, but there are still a few examples of these groups living and thriving in the world today .

8. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Agricultural Societies Agricultural revolution: the second social revolution, based on the invention of the plow, which led to agricultural society. Agricultural societies: a society based on large-scale agriculture, dependent on plow drawn by animals.

9. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Industrial Societies Industrial revolution: the third social revolution, occurring when machines powered by fuels replaced most animal and human power. The industrial revolution began in Britain, where in 1765 the steam engine was first used to run machinery. Industrial societies: a society based on the harnessing of machines powered by fuels.

10. Unit1 SO CIAL GROUP AND SOCIETIES Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * The Transformation of Societies Postindustrial Societies Postindustrial societies: is one that has transformed itself from one that is based around mass production of goods to one that is focused on providing services. Post-industrial societies also focus on innovating and inventing technologies. American sociologist: Daniel Bell The United States was the first country to have more than 50 percent of its work force in service industries such as education, health, research…

11. Unit 2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Groups within society Groups within society play a crucial role in shaping social life. They differ in terns of size, life, organization, and purpose.

12. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Primary Group First and most basic social group. Most intimate and important groups to people and usually feature a small amount of individuals who are extremely close to one another. Example: - A traditional family, consisting of two parents and their offspring, is the most common primary group. - A Couple - Exceptionally close groups of friends are also considered primary group.

13. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Primary Group Primary groups are essential to an individual’s emotional well-being. Humans have an intense need for ongoing, cooperative, face-to-face associations that provide feelings of self-esteem. By offering a sense of belonging, a feeling of being appreciated, and sometimes even love, primary groups are uniquely equipped to meet this basic need. The relationships provided by the primary group are so significant that the group becomes fused into the individual’s identity. It is difficult, if not impossible, for an individual to separate his or her self from the primary group, for the self and the group merge into a “we.”

14. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Secondary Group Secondary groups can be small, like primary groups, but they can also be much larger. They tend to be made up of people we know through work, school, a volunteer group, etc. Example: - Classmates - Colleagues - Church mates - Sports team mates

15. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * In-Group Are any groups that one belongs to or identifies with. Example: - Imagine you are a member of a soccer team. When thinking of your team members, you would use the team “we.” (We are going to win!) your team is the in-group. Psychological identification: members identify with the group and feel a sense of belonging. Shared characteristics: in-groups are formed around shared attributes such as gender, race, or religion. Socialization: In-groups play a significant role in socialization, helping individuals form roles and statuses.

16. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Out-Group Which is any group that one does not belong to or identify with. Example: - When thinking of the team you’ll be competing against, you would use the term “they.” (They are going to lose!) that team is the out-group. No psychological identification: members do not identify with the group. Differentiation from in-group: out-groups are distinguished from in-groups based on various characteristics. Perception of Homogeneity: out-groups members are often perceived as being homogenous, while in-group members are seen as diverse. Out-Group Derogation: out-groups are often viewed as threatening to the in-group, leading to discrimination and biases.

17. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Reference Group Reference Group is a group to which we compare ourselves. We use reference groups in order to guide our behavior and attitudes and help us to identify social norms. Example: - Suppose that Susie is a 13-year-old female who transfers to a new school. Susie may pay attention to what her schoolmates wear, how they speak, where they hang out, and how they behave. Susie then takes this information and uses it in order to modify her speech, determine what she wears to school, how she does her hair, which shows to watch on television, etc.

18. Unit2 GROUPS WITHIN SOCIETY Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Social Networks A social network is a website or app that allows people to communicate and share information on the internet using a computer or mobile phone. Social network are online communities where individuals can interact, share information, and engage in various activities. Example: - Facebook - LinkedIn - YouTube - TikTok Social interaction: Social networks provide a platform for people to interact and connect with others, which can have significant social and emotional benefits.

19. Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Group Dynamics Group dynamics: the ways in which individuals affect groups and the ways in which groups influence individuals. Group dynamics theory: this theory explains how groups function and how individual actions affect the group as a whole. It is an extension of systems theory, which views groups as complex systems where individual actions are interconnected and influence each other.

20. Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Group ​ Size Group Size has a significant influence on how people interact when a group changes from a dyad (two people) to a triad (three people), the relationships among each of the participants undergoes a shift. How does a group’s size affect its dynamics? - The term group dynamics refers to how individuals affect groups and how groups influence individuals. In a small group, everyone can interact directly with everyone else. As a group grows larger, its intensity decreases and its stability increases. A dyad, consisting of two persons, is the most unstable of human groups, but it provides the most intense or intimate relationships. The addition of a third person, forming a triad, fundamentally alters relationships. Triads are unstable, as they tend to form coalitions, the alignment of some members of a group against others.

21. Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Leadership A leader is someone who influences the behaviors, or attitudes of others. Some people are leaders because of their personalities, but leadership involves much more than this, as we shall see. Types of Leaders Groups have two type of leaders (Bales 1950, 1953, Cartwright and Zander 1968): - Instrumental leader (or task-oriented leader), tries to keep the group moving toward its golds. These leaders try to keep group members from getting sidetracked, reminding them of what they are trying to accomplish.

22. Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Leadership - The expressive leader (or socioemotional leader), in contrast, is not usually recognized as a leader, but he or she certainly is. This person is likely to crack jokes, to offer sympathy, or to do other things that help life the group’s morale. - Both types of leadership are essential the one to keep the group on track, the other to increase harmony and minimize conflicts.

23. Unit 3 GROUP DYNAMICS Chapter 2 SOCIETIES TO SOCIAL NETWORKS * Leadership What are the three main leadership styles? - Leadership styles ways in which people express their leadership: - Authoritarian leaders a leader who leads by giving orders. An authoritarian style appears to be more effective in emergency situations. - Democratic leaders a leader who leads by trying to reach a consensus. A democratic style works best for most situations. - Laissez-faire leaders an individual who leads by being highly permissive. A laissez-faire style is usually ineffective.

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