Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

This ppt explains about Waste, Types of Waste, Waste Management, Solid Waste, Classification, Solid Waste Management, Hazardous Waste Types, Factors affecting generation of waste, Traditional methods of waste collection and disposal

1. Objective, scope and outcome of the course Solid and Hazardous Waste Management

2. Text Books

3. Composition of Solid Waste

4. Pieces

5. Research India Publications

6. Following factors affect Solid Waste Generation Rates Source reduction: The waste reduction may occur through the design, manufacture, and packaging of products with minimum toxic content, the minimum volume of material, and longer useful life. Example: Improve product design to use less materials. Source reduction is the preferred approach. Reuse: Reusing product over and over again reduces the waste generation. Example: Using rechargeable batteries, reusable food containers, reusable glass instead of throwaway water bottles, etc. Recycling: Recycling is collecting materials that can be broken down and reprocessed to new items. Example: Household recycling products are - Paper products, Glass, Aluminium, Steel and Some plastics.

7. 2. Effect of public attitudes and legislation on waste generation Public Attitudes - Significant reduction in the quantities of solid wastes generated occur when and if people are willing to change of their own volition- their habits and lifestyles to conserve natural resources and to reduce the economic burdens associated with the management of solid wastes. A program of continuing education is essential in bringing about a change in public attitudes. Legislation Perhaps the most important factor affecting the generation of a certain type of wastes is the existence of local, state, and federal regulations concerning the use of specific materials.

8. 3. Effect of Geographic and physical factors on waste generation Geographic and physical factors that affect the quantities of waste generated and collected include: Geographical location: related primarily to the different climate that can influence both the amount generated and collection operation

9. What does waste disposal mean? Waste disposal is the method that is employed to destroy or recycle unused, old or unwanted domestic, agricultural, medical or industrial waste. Name a few methods of waste disposal…. There are many methods of waste disposal, some of which are more effective than others. These include: Landfill Incineration Waste compaction Biogas Generation Composting Vermicomposting

10. How is the solid waste disposed of? Solid waste is typically disposed of by the process of incineration – where the waste materials are heated to very high temperatures and reduced to ash, flue gas and heat. We observe heaps of garbage lying along the roads while passing through a highway. Open dumping is the most common method of waste disposal in India. The trash heaps are usually left open to the environment and the elements. These seldom have a sparse covering which can often attract pests or vermin. Sometimes, these dumps are subjected to open burning, which can release toxic fumes and smokes. There have also been instances where enough heat has been generated to trigger a spontaneous combustion. Sometimes, wastes are illegally dumped into rivers and canals or used to fill land depressions without proper consultations. These practices cause a lot of problems in the long run. These can range from the degradation of the soil quality to leaching toxic chemicals into underground water sources. Therefore, to prevent such scenarios,  proper waste disposal methods should be adopted.

11. Improper Waste Disposal

12. Improper Waste Disposal

13. Landfill In this process, the waste that cannot be reused or recycled are separated out and spread as a thin layer in low-lying areas across a city. A layer of  soil  is added after each layer of garbage. However, once this process is complete, the area is declared unfit for construction of buildings for the next 20 years. Instead, it can only be used as a playground or a park.

14. Incineration Incineration is the process of controlled combustion of garbage to reduce it to incombustible matter such as ash and waste gas. The exhaust gases from this process may be toxic, hence it is treated before being released into the environment. This process reduces the volume of waste by 90 per cent and is considered as one of the most hygienic methods of waste disposal. In some cases, the heat generated is used to produce electricity. However, some consider this process, not quite environmentally friendly due to the generation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide

15. Can incinerators help manage India's growing waste management problem?

16. Waste Compaction The waste materials such as cans and plastic bottles are compacted into blocks and sent for recycling. This process prevents the oxidation of metals and reduces airspace need, thus making transportation and positioning easy.

17. Biogas Generation Biodegradable waste, such as food items, animal waste or organic industrial waste from food packaging industries are sent to bio-degradation plants. In bio-degradation plants, they are converted to biogas by degradation with the help of  bacteria , fungi, or other microbes. Here, the organic matter serves as food for the micro-organisms. The degradation can happen aerobically (with oxygen) or anaerobically (without oxygen). Biogas is generated as a result of this process, which is used as fuel, and the residue is used as manure.

18. A biogas bus in Linköping, Swede n A biogas train in Linköping, Swede n

19. Composting All organic materials decompose with time. Food scraps, yard waste, etc., make up for one of the major organic wastes we throw every day. The process of composting starts with these organic wastes being buried under layers of soil and then, are left to decay under the action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. This results in the formation of nutrient-rich manure. Also, this process ensures that the nutrients are replenished in the soil. Besides enriching the soil, composting also increases the water retention capacity. In agriculture, it is the best alternative to chemical fertilizers.

20. Vermicomposting Vermicomposting is the process of using worms for the degradation of organic matter into nutrient-rich manure. Worms consume and digest the organic matter. The by-products of digestion which are excreted out by the worms make the soil nutrient-rich, thus enhancing the growth of bacteria and fungi. It is also far more effective than traditional composting.