Sources and methods of data collection five-2.pptx

7 Habits That Turn Boys into Men

1. Taking Responsibility:

Real men understand the importance of taking responsibility for their actions and decisions. This habit goes beyond simply admitting when they are wrong; it involves owning up to the consequences of their choices and working to make amends. They don't make excuses or blame others for their circumstances. Instead, they face challenges head-on and use their experiences as learning opportunities. By taking responsibility, they build credibility and trust with others, which is foundational for any meaningful relationship. This practice fosters maturity and accountability, setting the stage for personal and professional growth.

2. Developing Self-Discipline:

Self-discipline is a cornerstone habit that men cultivate in all areas of life. They set clear, achievable goals and establish effective routines to reach them. This involves prioritizing long-term benefits over short-term pleasures, such as maintaining a healthy lifestyle, managing finances wisely, or advancing in their careers. By mastering self-discipline, they develop the ability to stay focused and resilient in the face of distractions and setbacks. This habit empowers them to make consistent progress toward their aspirations, ultimately leading to a more fulfilled and purposeful life.

3. Seeking Continuous Growth:

Men are committed to personal growth and lifelong learning. They actively seek new knowledge, skills, and experiences, understanding that growth is a continuous process. They embrace challenges and step out of their comfort zones to push their boundaries. This habit includes reading, attending workshops, learning new hobbies, or seeking mentorship. By constantly pushing themselves to improve, they become more adaptable and innovative, capable of navigating an ever-changing world. This commitment to growth not only enhances their own lives but also positively impacts those around them.

4. Cultivating Emotional Intelligence:

Emotional intelligence is crucial for building strong, meaningful relationships. Men develop self-awareness, allowing them to understand their emotions and the impact they have on others. They regulate their emotions effectively, ensuring that their reactions are appropriate and constructive. By empathizing with others, they build deeper connections and navigate social complexities with ease. Effective communication and mature conflict resolution are key aspects of this habit, fostering an environment of mutual respect and understanding.

5. Showing Respect:

Real men treat others with respect, regardless of their background or status. They listen attentively, value different perspectives, and treat everyone with dignity. This habit is about recognizing the inherent worth of every individual and behaving in ways that reflect this understanding. Respect is earned through actions, not demanded, and men who consistently show respect build strong, supportive networks both personally and professionally

1. Chapter Five Sources and Methods of Data Collection 1

2. Types and Sources of Data Primary vs Secondary Data Primary sources of information: are source of data that provide first hand information for the use of immediate purpose. Primary Data: are collected from primary sources. Gathered by researcher himself and are gathered for the first time, thus, happening to be original. They are gathered by the researcher himself from the field of research direct and for first time. 2

3. Advantages of primary data: The primary data are original and relevant to the topic of the research study so the degree of accuracy is very high. primary data is current and it can better give a realistic view to the researcher about the topic under consideration. Reliability of primary data is very high because these are collected by the concerned and reliable party. 3

4. Disadvantages of primary data: A lot of time and efforts are required for data collection, analysis and report. So the purpose of the research may be defeated. The cost of the data collection goes high. The importance of the research may go down. It has design problems like how to design the surveys. The questions must be simple to understand and respond. The respondents may give untimely, fake, socially acceptable and sweet answers and try to cover up the realities. 4

5. Incomplete questionnaire always give a negative impact on research. Trained persons are required for data collection. In experienced person in data collection may give inadequate data of the research. Secondary sources of Information and Secondary data Secondary sources exist as storage of previously collected information. are not originated by the investigator himself but which he gets from some one’s records. 5

6. gathered them from published and unpublished materials are collected by the individuals and/or institution for their own use. Collection of primary data is not only very costly but also difficult. The secondary data may be used in case the researcher finds them reliable, adequate and appropriate for his research. 6

7. Advantages of Secondary Data: The primary advantage of secondary data is that it is cheaper and faster to access. Thus, it saves time, efforts and money and add to the value of the research study. it provides a way to access the work of the best scholars all over the world. gives a frame of mind to the researcher that in which direction he/she should go for the specific research. 7

8. Disadvantages of Secondary data: The data collected by the third party may not be a reliable party so the reliability and accuracy of data go down. Data collected in one location may not be suitable for the other one due variable environmental factor. With the passage of time the data becomes obsolete and very old Secondary data collected can distort the results of the research. Thus, special care is required to amend or modify for use. Secondary data can also raise issues of authenticity and copyright. 8

9. Qualitative versus quantitative Data Qualitative data is data in the form of descriptive accounts of observations or data, which is classified by type cannot be, or is difficult to quantify Quantitative data is data, which can be expressed numerically or classified by some numerical value. It is more objective and scientific It can often be analysed using standard statistical techniques applicable to phenomena that can be quantified and measured 9

10. Cross sectional data vs. time series data Cross sectional data is a data collected from a sample at a given point in time. it is a set of data values observed at a fixed point in time. Time series data a set of ordered data values observed at successive points in time. Used to examine a given issue over time. 10

11. Methods of primary Data collection Primary data are obtained either through observation or through direct communication with respondents in one form or another. There are several methods of collecting primary data: Observation method Interview method Questionnaire Method Content analysis Focus group discussion Nominal group technique Delphi method 11

12. 1 . Observation involves systematically selecting, watching and recording behavior and non-behavior characteristics. participant or nonparticipant In participant observation , the researcher actually participates in the event or phenomenon being observed. He experiences what the member of the group experience. In nonparticipant observation the observer is outside the social setting of the observed. his presence may be unknown to the people he is observing 12

13. Observation Cont.… Advantages of observation Information obtained under this method relates to what is currently happening. It is not complicated by either the past behavior or future intention or attitude. It is independent of respondents and is not demanding the active cooperation of the respondents. Limitation of observation It is an expensive method The information provided by this method is very limited. Sometimes unforeseen factors may interfere with the observation task Some people or phenomena are rarely accessible to direct observation Subjective Interpretation 13

14. Advantages of Participant Observation The researcher is enabling to record the natural behavior of the group The researcher can even gather information, which could not be easily being obtained if he observes in a disinterested fashion. The research can verify the truth of the statement made by informant in the context of the study. Limitation of Participant Observation The observe may also loss the objectivity to she/he extent participates emotionally The problem of observation control is not solved It may narrow down the researcher’s range of experience 14

15. Advantage of Non-Participant Observation Check and control is possible Since the observer is not a part of a group, he is less subjective Wider range of experience can be obtained Limitation of Non-Participant Observation Internal information cannot be obtained By chance, If the presence of the observer is known, it is very hard to observe the natural behavior of the observed object. 15

16. 2. Interview Involves oral questioning of respondents, either individually or as a group. Interviews can be either unstructured or structured. Structured interviews Involve the use of a set of predetermined questions and highly standardized techniques of recording, Follow procedures lay down and ask the question in the order prescribed. The interviewer in a structured interview follows a rigid procedure laid down, asking questions in a form and order prescribed. 16

17. Unstructured interviews Are characterized by a flexibility. Do not follow a system of pre-determined questions and standardized techniques of recording information. The interviewer is allowed much greater freedom to ask, in case of need, supplementary questions or at times he may omit or may change the sequence certain questions. It is time consuming than that of structured interviews. It also demands deep knowledge and greater skill on the part of the interviewer. Unstructured interview is very important to study sensitive issues. Particularly useful in exploratory researches whereas structured interview is good for descriptive and explanatory researches. 17

18. Cont’d 3. Content Analysis It systematically describes and analyzes the form or content of written such as books, magazines, newspapers and/or verbal material which can be either spoken or printed. . It is tedious process due to analyzed on number of pre-determined dimensions. E.g. the analysis of the contents of articles or various letters that have been published. 4. Questionnaire is a data collection tool in which written questions are presented and given to respondents It has different ways. Mail questionnaires (self-administrated questionnaires) Interview questionnaires (schedules) Questionnaires through internet (through electronic media) 18

19. Mail questionnaires (self-administrated questionnaires) The questionnaires are sent by post to the person concerned with a request to answer the question and return them back. Questionnaires are mailed to respondents who are expected to read and understand the question and write down the answer. Advantage (strength) of this method Low cost even for larger sample size and widely spread geographically. It is free from basis of the interviewer. Answer are in respondent’s world Respondents have adequate time to give through answers Respondents, who are not approachable, can be reached conveniently (especially, in mail and e- mail) 19

20. Limitations of this method Low rate of return It can be only for literature respondent The control over the questionnaire may be lost once it is sent There is inbuilt inflexibility The slowest methods of all 20

21. Interview questionnaires (schedules) Schedules are being filled in by enumerators (interviewers) who are specially appointed for the response. Advantages of this method Interview survey attain higher response rate than mail survey. The presence of interviewer generally decreases the number of “don’t knows” an “no answers” Interviewer can also provide a guard against confusing questionnaires item. (Clarification must be strictly controlled). The interviewer can observe as well as ask question. 21

22. Questionnaires through internet (through electronic media) Is collecting data using questionnaire via internet. The questionnaire is uploaded into internet and the respondent will register on that web address. Based on his account the respondent will login and electronically fill the questionnaire. 22

23. Cont’d Key informants Key informants could be knowledgeable community leaders or administrative staff at various levels and one or two informative members of the target group of your research Is good when the types of data you need are relatively objective. important gain access to potentially available information 23

24. Cont’d 6 . Focus group discussions (FGD) a special type of group in terms of purpose, size, composition, and procedures. It hold seven to twelve participants who are unfamiliar with each other but who share similar characteristics or common interests, and conducted by a trained interviewer. In FGD the facilitator sets the agenda and lets the participants brainstorm on the agenda thereby specifying the points of discussion. The group discussion is conducted several times with similar types of participants to identify trends and patterns. 24

25. In a group situation, members tend to be more open and the dynamics within the group and interaction can enrich the quality and quantity of information needed. Note ticker is required. Focus groups are a qualitative data collection method, meaning that the data is descriptive and cannot be measured numerically. It helps to gain information about their views and experience of the topic. 25

26. Cont’d Nominal group technique (NGT) It identify issues of concern to special interest groups or the public at large Used to gain insight into group issues, behaviors and future research needs. In NGT discussants are given the chance to list down and prioritize their own idea about the topic in question Then each NGT member presents the prioritized points and accordingly group discussion starts 26

27. Encourages all group members to participate, and results in a set of prioritized solutions or recommendations that represent the group’s preferences. 27 Delphi method Is a method for the systematic solicitation and collection of expert opinions Eliminates committee activity of traditional approach toward achieving a consensus through open discussion.

28. Cont’d Used to structure discussions and summarizes options to collect information/expertise from individuals spread out over a large geographic area, and save time through the elimination of direct contact. The technique requires a series of questionnaires and feedback reports. Each series is analyzed and the instrument/statements are revised to reflect the responses of the group. A new questionnaire is prepared that includes the new material, and the process is repeated until a consensus is reached data is valuable but very time consuming 28

29. TOOLS FOR SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION Data collection from available database Data collection from documents It can be used to validate your research Data collection using Meta-Analysis Meta-analysis combines the results of studies being reviewed 29

30. Cont’d The end 30