Sources of drug (easy notes of pharmacology)

Drugs are obtained from six major sources:
1. Plant sources
2. Animal sources
3. Mineral/ Earth sources
4. Synthetic sources
5. Microbiological sources
6. Recombinant DNA technology

1. SOURCES OF DRUGS Prof. Amol B. Deore Department of Pharmacology MVP’s Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nashik

2. SOURCES OF DRUGS Drugs are obtained from six major sources:

3. Plant Sources Plant source is the oldest source of drugs. Most of the drugs in ancient times were derived from plants. Almost all parts of the plants are used i.e . leaves, stem, bark, fruits and roots.

4. Leaves Plant source Drug Activity Digitalis Purpurea Digitoxin and Digoxin cardiotonic Eucalyptus Eucalyptus oil Cough suppressant Atropa belladonna atropine spasmolytic

5. Flowers Plant source Drug Activity papaver somniferum morphine analgesic Vinca rosea vincristine and vinblastine anticancer Rose Rose oil tonic

6. Fruits Plant source Drug Activity Calabar beans physostigmine cholinergic Senna pod anthracine purgative

7. Seeds Plant source Drug Activity Nux Vomica strychnine CNS stimulant Castor castor oil purgative

8. Roots Plant source Drug Activity Ipecacuanha Emetine Emetic Rauwolfia serpentina reserpine antihypertensive

9. Seeds Plant source Drug Activity Nux Vomica strychnine CNS stimulant Castor castor oil purgative

10. Bark Plant source Drug Activity Cinchona bark quinine and quinidine antimalarial Atropa belladonna atropine anticholinergic Hyoscyamus Niger Hyosine anticholinergic

11. Animal sources Byproducts of animals, including humans, are a source for drugs Replacement therapy

12. hormonal replacement source Drug Indication Cattle Pancreas Insulin Diabetes type-1 Sheep thyroid thyroxine hypothyroidism Urine of pregnant women human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) infertility

13. Animal source source Drug Indication Pancreas Insulin Diabetes type-1 Sheep thyroid atropine hypothyroidism Urine of pregnant women human chorionic gonadotropin ( hCG ) Infertility Cod liver vitamin A and D Vitamin deficiency Blood of animals vaccines Infectious disease

14. Mineral Sources Minerals are inorganic crystal substances that are found naturally on earth (or in the soil). Patients lacking an adequate level of these materials may take specific mineral based drugs to raise the level of minerals.

15. Miscellaneous Sources: Drug Indication Fluorine antiseptic Borax antiseptic Selenium anti-dandruff Petroleum liquid paraffin

16. Metallic and Non-metallic sources: Drug Indication Iron iron deficiency anemia Mercurial salts Syphilis Zinc wounds and in eczema Iodine antiseptic Gold salts rheumatoid arthritis.

17. Synthetic Sources A synthetic drug is produced using chemical synthesis, which rearranges chemical derivatives to form a new compound.

18. Synthetic Sources : Drug Indication Paracetamol, Aspirin, ibuprofen, Diclofenac, Piroxicam analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory Methotrexate, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin anticancer Phenytoin, Gabapantine anticonvulsant

19. Microbiological Sources Antibiotics are the chemical substances produces by a microorganism, which on high dilution can inhibit the growth and/or multiplication, or kill another microorganism. Antibiotics

20. Microbiological Sources Bacterial source Drug Actinobacteria Streptomycin Streptomycis and Micromonosporas Aminoglycosides like gentamicin and tobramycin Penicillium notatum Penicillins

21. Recombinant DNA technology Recombinant DNA technology involves cleavage of DNA by enzyme restriction endonucleases. The desired gene is coupled to rapidly replicating DNA (viral, bacterial or plasmid). The new genetic combination is inserted into the bacterial cultures which allow production of large amount of genetic material.

22. Recombinant DNA technology For example- human insulin , tissue plasminogen activator, hematopoietic growth factors like erythropoietin Advantages Huge amounts of drugs can be produced. Drug can be obtained in pure form. It is less antigenic.

23. Assignment Enlist sources of drugs. Name any five plant sources of drugs Name any five mineral drugs with therapeutic uses Name any five synthetic drugs with therapeutic uses.

24. Thanking You