South American Englishes

World Englishes
South American English

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1. Name: Laiba Yaseen World Englishes

2. South American Englishes

3. 1-Introduction: South America is the huge continent of developing nations.It has an immense land mass.This continent is the bastion of natural resources. This land is basically inhabitated by the native Indians. After a five centuries there was a great wave of settlers who came here from Europe,Africa and the far East. This land is the castle of different cultures and races.Now a days it is mostly ruled by democratically elected government.

4. 1.1-Delimiting South America: The term South America becomes ambigious when we talk about this land in two major senses. The first is narrower sense according to which South America is participant of three-way distinctions South,Central and North Americas. A broad sense claims that it surrounds all countries to South of united states. Now there are some interpretation according to these senses

5. Cont..... The first interpretation was made by the guest editors of special issue of “World Englishes”. They point out the linguistic and Ethnic diversity in the continent which is oftenly unnoticed by the rest of world, and a fact that, like Africa, it continues to remain a “forgotton continent” .( Berns and Friedrich 2003) In the final analysis, the term “South America” is the factor of conflict between a linguistic and culture sense on one hand, and economically driven geo-political sense on the other hand. But here the term “South America” will be use as a narrow sense for the purposes of present overview.

6. 2-The status of English in South America: South America contains 12 sovereign states ( Argentina,Bolivia,Brazil,Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname,Uruguay and Venezuela) and three major territories ( Falkland Island,French Guyana, and Galapagos Islands) Spanish is spoken in 9 of 12 countries and it considered as a principal language on the continent, while portuguese is spoken b y roughly 170 million people in Brazil ( which is half of the estimated 350 million people on the continent as whole). English came in this continent through the increasing trade relations with the rest of world and unifying itself as region principal foriegn language.

7. Cont.... The post-World War 2 years have witnessed a tremendous growth in the demand for learning the English language, widely perceived across the continent to be the key to success and career advancement in the new world order.( Alm 2003 ; Bohn 2003) . So in the end the spread of English language in these countries sett off the alarm bells because some were in the favour and most of them were ambivalent about the spread of English language. It is impossible to appreciate the role played by the English in the huge continent withouth considering the geopolitics of the region as whole.

8. 2.1-The geopolitics of the South American continent: South America has historic ties with the United States. On December 6,1904 US president Theodore Roosevelt claimed that “this region was uniquely part of US sphere of influence”. In the 1950 ,during the cold War US president Dwight Eisenhower and Vice president Richard Nixon put forward the so-called “domino theory” according to which the moment the first country in a given geographical region fell into the hands of communist the rest would follow suit in quick succession.

9. 2.2-Politics of language and English: English was trapped in the politics of language because it was playing across the South America continent. There were two perception in the people of continent about the rising of English as a language. Some were percieving it as most visible sign of US hegemony in the region ,while on the other hand some people were considering the English language as coveted (desired) asset. A taxi driver in Peru said that English in today's world is necessary evil, we need it ,one way or another.

10. Cont...... Some countries of this continent like Chile and Cuba show a positive attitude towards learning English language even after having some bad influence of USA policies in these countries.

11. 3-English up to the Mid twentieth century: The history of the presence of English in South America may be traced back to 1795, when scotsman whose name was Nicholas Vansittart wrote a white paper in which he sketched a plan for taking the continent from Spain,in compensation for the loss of North American colonies. After sometimes this paper was replaced by “Maitland plan” named after the scottish Major. The plan was put into action during the Napoleonic war of 1806. British face a stubborn resistance from the population of Argentina and Uruguay.

12. Cont.... The history of English language in the Uruguay dates back to the “Invasiones Inglesa” when the British finally took the city of Montevideo.The first printed newspaper in the province was the bilingual “ The Southern Star”

13. 3.1- The role of English after World War 2: The presence of English language in South America after World War 2 is directly related to the emergence of the Untied states as the most powerful nation in the western world. In Brazile , Argentina and Chile English was practically used in Newspaper advertisement,Bill board and shop windows. While in the countries like Colombia, Ecuador,Peru and Venezuela English was still restricted.

14. 4-Current ELT practices: English language teaching(ELT) practices vary from one country to another.Brazil became the part of selected countries that contributed systematic research on the teaching and learning of language. In 1970, the new policy of language teaching was adapted.The audio-lingual method was also introduced and seems influential in the practical usage of English There was another project named as Brazilian ESP project. This project was leaded by the Brazilian scholar in the response of growing demands for a working knowledge of English among students.

15. 5-Legislation regarding Schools and Universities: In Brazil a new law was introduced in 1996 called (Guidelines and underlying principels for education). This law actually proposed some major change to language teaching policies at primary and secondary level. In Argentina, English language was settled securely in the education system. Chile, another South American country, teach the English language and made it as compulsory subject in the schools. There were a large number of private language centers across the South America . These language centers ensure the quality language teaching.

16. Conclusion: English is today securely established on the continent as foreign language . English has expanded its presence by leaps and bounds in South America in the past 20 or 30 years and no doubt it guaranteed the successful future of this continent.