Specific learning disorder in DSM-V-TR pptx

Learning difficulties (LDs) are often linked to other conditions, and it's essential to consider these conditions while assessing impairment and planning interventions. The identification of these associated difficulties varies based on the child's age and the severity and extent of their learning problems. Although an LD may be detected when a child starts school, it could have been preceded by a language delay that increases the risk of future LDs.
LDs are also linked in complex ways with other issues, including attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorders such as conduct disorder. Children with severe difficulties may experience repeated school failure, which can lead to anxiety and depression in middle childhood and adolescence. They may also be at higher risk of bullying, being bullied, or both. While learning difficulties often persist into adulthood, many individuals develop compensatory strategies and thrive as adults.
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1. Specific learning disorder

2. content Diagnostic criteria Specifiers Onset Causes Assessment Differential diagnosis Comorbidity Treatment

3. Diagnostic Criteria Difficulties learning and using academic skills, as indicated by the presence of at least one of the following symptoms that have persisted for at least 6 months, despite the provision of interventions that target those difficulties: Inaccurate or slow and effortful word reading (e.g., reads single words aloud, incorrectly or slowly and hesitantly, frequently guesses words, has difficulty sounding out words). Difficulty understanding the meaning of what is read (e.g., may read text accurately but not understand the sequence, relationships, inferences, or deeper meanings of what is read). Difficulties with spelling (e.g., may add, omit, or substitute vowels or consonants). Difficulties with written expression (e.g., makes multiple grammatical or punctuation errors within sentences; employs poor paragraph organization; written expression of ideas lacks clarity).

4. Cont.… 5. Difficulties mastering number sense, number facts, or calculation (e.g., has poor understanding of numbers their magnitude, and relationships; counts on fingers to add single-digit numbers instead of recalling the math fact as peers do; gets lost in the midst of arithmetic computation and may switch procedures). 6. Difficulties with mathematical reasoning (e.g., has severe difficulty applying mathematical concepts, facts, or procedures to solve quantitative problems). B. The affected academic skills are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for the individual’s chronological age, and cause significant interference with academic or occupational performance, or with activities of daily living as confirmed by individually administered standardized achievement measures and comprehensive clinical assessment.

5. Cont … C . The learning difficulties begin during school-age years but may not become fully manifest until the demands for those affected academic skills exceed the individual’s limited capacities (e.g., as in timed tests, reading or writing lengthy complex reports for a tight deadline, excessively heavy academic loads). D. The learning difficulties are not better accounted for by intellectual disabilities uncorrected visual or auditory acuity, other mental or neurological disorders, psychological adversity, lack of proficiency in the language of academic instruction, or inadequate educational instruction. Note: the four diagnostic criteria are to be met based on a clinical mixture of the individual’s history (developmental, medical, family, educational), school reports, and psychoeducational assessment

6. SPECIFIERS Coding F81.0 With Impairment in reading: Word reading accuracy, Reading rate or fluency , Reading Comprehensive F81.81 With Impairment in written expression Spelling accuracy , Grammar, and punctuation accuracy, Clarity or organization of written expression F81.2 With Impairment in Mathematics: Number sense , Memorization of arithmetic facts , Accurate or fluent calculation Accurate math reasoning

7. Specifiers Severity: Mild experience some difficulties in learning skills in one or two academic domains. Moderate experience significant challenges in learning skills in one or more academic areas Severe face significant challenges in learning skills across multiple academic domains

8. onset Specific learning disorder is usually diagnosed in elementary school years

9. causes Environmental factors low socioeconomic , Exposure to air pollution, nicotine, flame retardants, lead during pregnancy or early life Genetic and physiological Parents, Preterm delivery , or very low birth weight Course modifier Preschool children with inattentive, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors are likely to face difficulties in reading and math in the future. Language impairment during preschool years may lead to impairment in reading and written expression later in life

10. Causes… Culture-Related Diagnostic Issues symptoms may differ based on the type of written and spoken symbol systems and cultural and educational practices Sex- and Gender-Related Diagnostic Issues specific learning disorder is more prevalent in males than in females, with ratios ranging from approximately 2:1 to 3:1

11. Assessment Academic testing Performance review Medical history Physical and neurological exam Standardized Instruments for Assessment Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children. Woodcock-Johnson IV, Wechsler Individual Achievement Test II, and the Wide Range Achievement Test III. Specialized tests, such as the Comprehensive Test of Phonological Processing and the Test of Word Reading Efficiency

12. Differential Diagnosis Variations in academic attainment that fall within the normal range Intellectual disability Learning difficulties due to neurological or sensory disorders Neurocognitive disorder Attention deficit hyperactive disorder Psychotic Disorder Lanuage disorder

13. Comorbidities attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) disruptive behavior disorders conduct disorder medical conditions

14. Treatment Special education Medication Therapy Other interventions Support groups

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