Steps in nursing research_vipin

steps in nursing research include several points
1) terminologies related to nursing research
2) phases of nursing research
3) conceptual phase
4) planning phase
5) analytic phase
6) communication phase

1. NURSING
RESEARCH
-VIPIN PATIDAR
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2. Terminologies
STUDY:
When researchers address a
problem or answer a question-it is
called study.
It is also referred as investigation or
research project.
The people who are being studied
are referred tosubjects/study
participants.
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3. Contd…
Researcher/investigator: The person who
undertakes the research.
Phenomena: are concepts/abstractions
formulated by generalizing about particular
manifestations of human behavior and
characteristics.
Theory: is systematic abstract explanation.
Concepts: are building blocks of theories.
Conceptual models: virtual representation
of concepts.
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4. Variables: something that varies. E.G. weight, B.P.,
temperature varies and differ person to person.
E.g. smoking causes Lung cancer.
Continuous variable: variable that can take a wide range
of different values.
E.g. when looking at height, one can assume a height of
178, 178.1, 178.2. . . 178.9.
Discrete variable: that has finite number of values
between any two points.
E.g. No. of children. Value is discrete.
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Contd…

5. Dependent Vs Independent variable
Presumed cause –independent variable
Presumed effect –dependent variable
E.g.-Smoking causes lung cancer
Attitude of nurses towards abortion
Multiple independent & dependent
variables:
2 or more dependent & independent
variables:
E.g. Comparing effectiveness of two methods
of nursing care delivery for children with
cystic fibrosis.
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Contd…

6. Heterogeneity:
when an attribute is extremely varied in the
group under investigation, the group is said to
be heterogeneous with respect to that
variable.
homogenous.
If amount of variability is limited, the group is
described as
Eg. Variable height of 2 years children likely
to be more homogenous than group of 18
years adolescents.
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Contd…

7. Operational definitions
Researcher clarifies and defines the
variables under investigation. Definition
specifies how the variable will be observed
and measured in the actual research
situation.
Data: are the pieces of information
obtained in the course of investigation.
Quantitative data –numeric form –using
scoring/scale.
Qualitative data –narrative form
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Contd…

8. Hypothesis:
is a prediction about the relationship
between two or more variables.
Simple hypothesis: expected relationship
between one independent and one
dependent variable.
Complex hypothesis: prediction of
relationship between two /more IV and/or
two/more DV
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Contd…

9. Research /alternative hypothesis:
Research/substantive/declarative/scientific
hypothesis –
statements of expected relationship
between variables.
Null/statistical hypothesis:
expressed as an expected absence of
relationship.
State that there is no relationship between
the IV and DV
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Contd…

10. Directional hypothesis-
directional hypothesis specifies not only the
existence but also the expected direction of
the relationship between variables.
Non directional hypothesis:-
Non directional hypothesis does not stipulate
the direction of the relationship.
E.g.. Older patients are more risk for fall than
younger patients
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Contd…

11. Hypothesis testing:
are formally tested through statistical
procedures to determine whether their
hypothesis have high probability of being
correct.
Hypothesis are never proved but they
are accepted or supported.
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Contd…

12. STEPS IN RESEARCH
PROCESS
In a qualitative study the researcher progresses in
a logical sequence of the pre-determined steps.
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13. PHASES OF RESEARCH PROCESS
I.The conceptual phase.
II.Design & Planning phase.
III.The empirical phase.
IV.The Analytical phase.
V.The Dissemination phase.
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14. 1) THE CONCEPTUAL PHASE.
1.Formulating & delimiting the problem
2.ROL.
3.Defining theoretical framework.
4.Formulating hypothesis
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15. Contd…
1.1 FORMULATING & DELIMITING THE PROBLEM.
1.Develop a good research Question.
2.The RQ should have good clinical
significance, practicability, & satisfy the
ethical dimensions
3.A good RQ should satisfy the requisites
of the methodological dimensions.
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16. 1.2 ROL
1.Quantitative R is typically conducted within
the context of the previous knowledge.
2.The ROL provides the foundation upon
which to base the new knowledge.
3.ROL sometimes precedes the delineation
of the problem.
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Contd…

17. 1.3 DEFINING THE THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK.
1.When research is carried out in the context
of theoretical framework, it can be used as
a basis for generating predictions that can
be tested through empirical research.
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Contd…

18. 1.4 FORMULATING HYPOTHESIS
1.Hypothesis is a statement of
researcher’s expectations about
relationships between the variables of
investigation.
2.Hypothesis predicts the outcomes.
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Contd…

19. 2) DESIGNING & PLANNING PHASE
1.SELECTING RESEARCH DESIGN.
2.IDENTIFICATION OF THE POPULATION TO BE
STUDIED.
3.SPECIFICATION OF MATERIAL & METHODS OF
RESEARCH VARIABLES.
4.DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN
5.FINALIZING & REVIEWING RESEARCH PLAN.
6.PILOT STUDY.
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20. 2.1 SELECTION OF RESEARCH DESIGN .
1.Research design is the overall plan to obtain
answers to RQ.
2.The design specifies the various types of R
approaches that will adopted.
3.As to how the researcher plans to implement
specific controls to enhance the interpretability of
the results.
4.There are two major types of research –
Experimental & Non experimental.
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21. 2.2 IDENTIFYING THE POPULATION TO BE
STUDIED.
1.The term population refers to the aggregate or
totality of all the objects, members that conform to
a set of specifications.
2.The researcher identifies the population during the
planning phase.
3.The researcher must know the characteristics of
the study participants.
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22. 2.3 DESIGNING THE SAMPLING PLAN.
1.As entire population cannot be studied researcher
uses a small fraction of the population.-sample.
2.The researcher employs many methods to obtain
the sample.
3.In applying the methods the researcher ensures
representativeness of the selected sample.
4.Methods of sampling include-probability & non-
probability sampling techniques.
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23. 2.4 SPECIFYING METHODS TO MEASURE THE
RESEARCH VARIABLES.
1.The researcher must develop a method to
observe & measure research variable as
accurately as possible.
2.A variety of quantitative data collection
approaches exist, e.g..bio-physiological
measurements, self reports, observation.
3.Data collection methods vary depending on the
RQ & methodology.
4.The task of measuring research variables & to
develop data collection plan is a complex
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24. 2.5 FINALIZING & RE-VIEWING THE RESEARCH
PLAN.
1.Researchers must finalize the research plan by
individuals, groups before the actual
implementation.
2.The researcher must have their research plan
approved by special committees as to ensure that
the plan does not violate ethical principles.
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25. 2.6 CONDUCTING PILOT STUDY & REVISION.
1.The primary focus of the pilot study is to assess
the adequacy of the data collection plan.
2.The researcher needs to know the adequacy of
the technical equipment.
3.The tool for data collection is validated & is
termed as pre-testing.
4.Pilot study should be carried out with care as a
major study.
5.The pilot study subjects should be chosen from
the same population as of the main study.
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26. 3) THE EMPIRICAL PHASE.
1.COLLECTION OF DATA.
2.TABULATION OF DATA FOR
ANALYSIS.
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27. 3.1 COLLECTING THE DATA.
1.The researcher establishes plans & specifies the
procedure for data collection.
(when, where , how , from whom, consent etc.)
2.Collection of data involves clerical &
administrative works.
3.The researcher ensures confidentiality of the
data collected.
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28. 3.2 PREPARING THE DATA FOR ANALYSIS.
1.The investigator, transforms the data
collected into manageable form (coding)
& categorize the collected data into
meaningful categories.
2.The above said may be done manually or
by transferring the information on to
computer files.
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29. 4) ANALYTICAL PHASE.
1.ANALYSING THE DATA.
2.INTERPRETING THE RESULTS.
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30. 4.1 ANALYSING THE DATA.
1.The data collected do not answer our RQ.
2.The data needs to be processed &
analyses in orderly & coherent fashion.
3.Quantitative information is generally
analyzed through statistical procedures.
4.It involves usage of broad range
techniques. E.g., Descriptive & Analytical
statistics.
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31. 4.2 INTERPRETING THE RESULTS.
1.Before communicating the results, they
must be organized & interpreted.
2.This helps to examine the implications of
findings within a broader context.
3.The researcher reflects, supports his /
her finding with the consistency of the
existing literature.
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32. 5) DISSEMINATION PHASE
1.COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS.
2.UTILIZATION OF THE STUDY
FINDINGS.
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33. 1.The results of research finding are of not
use if they are not communicated.
2.The final task of the project is to prepare
research report.
3.The reports could take various forms as
papers, dissertations, journal articles,
professional conferences.
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5.1 COMMUNICATING THE FINDINGS.

34. 5.2 UTIZATION OF RESEARCH FINDING.
The concluding step of a high quality
study is to plan for utilization in the real
world.
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35. THANK
YOU
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