Stess in Complex Words Ch.11 Phonology.pptx

this presentation represents chapter 11 of the book of peter Roach about English Phonetics and Phonology

1. Stress in Complex Words Chapter -11- Subject Lecturer: Alaa Nawzad Awla Assistant Lecturer M.A holder Course’s name: Phonology I 3 rd Week of November 1

2. Contents: What are the complex words? What is a complex word? What are the impacts of affixes on word stress? What are those suffixes carrying the primary stress? What are those suffixes that do not affect stress placement on the stem? What are those suffixes that influence stress pattern in the stem? What are the stress pattern rules when prefixes attached to stems? What is a compound word? How many types of compound words? What is a placement of stress pattern with compound words? What is meant by a variable stress? What are the word class pairs? 2

3. Complex Words 3 A complex word is a word made up of two or more morphemes. It consists of one base and one or more affixes , or compound words consisting of two bases . The word simple in ‘simple words’ means not composed of more than one grammatical unit, so that, for example, the word ‘care’ is simple while ‘ care ful ; and care less are complex since they are composed of two grammatical units. ‘ care full y ’ and ‘ care less ness ’ are also complex, and are composed of three grammatical units each. The majority of English words with more than one syllable have come from other language whose way of constructing them is easily recognizable. For example, combining ‘- mit ’ with prefixes ‘pre-’, ‘sub-’, and ‘com-’ produced ‘permit’, ‘submit’, and ‘commit’ words which have come into English from Latin. That is why the distinction between ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ words is difficult to draw.

4. 4 Similarly, Greek has given us ‘catalogue’, ‘analogue’, ‘dialogue’, ‘monologue’, in which the prefixes ‘ cata -’, ‘ ana -’, ‘ dia -’, and ‘mono-’ are recognizable. But we cannot automatically treat the separate grammatical units of other languages as if they were separate grammatical units of English. If we did, then we have to study the morphology of five or six other languages, and we would be forced into ridiculous analyses. Complex words are of two major types: Words made from a basic word form (stem or root), with the addition of an affix. Compound words, which are made of two or more independent English words, such as ‘ice cream’ or ‘armchair.’ Affixes are of two sorts in English: prefixes , which come before the stem (prefix ‘un-’ + stem ‘pleasant’ =‘unpleasant’) and suffixes , which come after the stem (stem ‘good’ + suffix ‘-ness’ = ‘goodness’).

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6. The Effects of Affixes on Words Stress 6 Affixes have one of three possible effects on words stress: The affix itself receives the primary stress. For example, in words like, ‘semi-’ + ‘circle’ / Ꞌ s 3: k ǝ l/ = ‘semicircle’ / Ꞌ s e m I s 3 :k ǝ l/ and ‘person’ / Ꞌ p 3: s n̩ / + -’ ality ’= ‘personality’ /p3:s n ̩ Ꞌ æ l ǝ ti /. The affixes totally affect the word stress pattern and steal the primary stress from the stem when attached to it. The word is stressed as if the affix is not there. For example, in words like ‘un-’ + ‘pleasant’ = ‘unpleasant’ / ʌ n Ꞌ plez n̩ t / and ‘market’ + ‘- ing ’ =‘marketing’ / Ꞌ m a: k I tIɳ /. These two affixes do not affect the word stress of the words they attach to. The stress remains on the stem, not on the affix, but is shifted to a different syllable in the stem. For example, in a word like ‘magnet’ / Ꞌ m æ gn ǝ t / + ‘- ic ’ = ‘magnetic’ / mæg Ꞌ n e t I k /. The affix do not have the primary stress, but it affects the stress pattern on the stem by the time it attached to it.

7. 7 In short….

8. Affixes 1. Suffixes 8 There are so many English suffixes, but we deal only with those which are common and productive; those that can be applied to a considerable number of stems and could be applied to more to make new English words. Suffixes can have effect on stress pattern in three possible ways: Suffixes carrying the primary stress themselves: In an example of ‘person a lity’, the primary stress is on the first syllable of the suffix. If the stem consists of more than one syllable, there will be a secondary stress on one of the syllables of the stem. In this case the secondary stress cannot fall on the last syllable of that stem, but moves to the first syllable. Example: Japan / d ȝ ǝꞋ p æ n / - the primary stress is on the last syllable, but when we add the stress-carrying suffix ‘- ese ’, ‘Japanese’ / ˌ d ȝ æ p ǝꞋ n i: z /, the primary stress is on the suffix and the secondary stress is not on the second syllable but on the first.

9. 9 More Examples: 1. '- ee ': 'refugee' / ˌ r e fj ʊ Ꞌ d ȝ i : / ; 'evacuee’ / I ˌ v æ kj u Ꞌ i : / 2. '- eer ': 'mountaineer' / ˌ m a ʊ nt I Ꞌ n Iǝ / ; 'volunteer‘ / ˌ v ɒ l ǝ n Ꞌ t Iǝ / 3. '-ese': 'Portuguese‘ / ˌ p ᴐ: tʃ ǝ Ꞌg i: z / ; 'journalese' / ˌ d ȝ 3: n ǝ l Ꞌ i: z / 4. - ette ': 'cigarette' / ˌ s I g r ̩ Ꞌ e t/ ; 'launderette' / ˌ l ᴐ: nd r ̩ Ꞌ e t/ 5. ‘- esque ': 'picturesque' / ˌ p I kt ʃ r ̩ Ꞌ e sk / 6. ‘- ality ’: ‘nationality’ / ˌ n æ ʃ ǝ Ꞌn æ l I t i / In short, all these six suffixes get the primary stress when attached to any word, and with their attachment they make the secondary stress to be only on the first syllable of the stem.

10. 10 2) Suffixes that do not get the primary stress and do not affect the stress pattern in the stem: '-able': 'comfort' / Ꞌ k ʌ mf ə t / ; 'comfortable’ / ˈ k ʌ mf ( ə ) təb (ə)l/ '-age': 'anchor' / ˈ æ ŋk ə / ; 'anchorage' / ˈ æ ŋk ( ə ) rɪdʒ / '-al': 'refuse' / r ɪ ˈfj uː z / ; 'refusal’ / r ɪ ˈfj u ː z l ̩ / '-en': 'wide' / Ꞌ w aI d / ; 'widen' / Ꞌ w aI d n ̩ / '- ful ': 'wonder' / ˈ w ʌ nd ə / ; 'wonderful' / ˈ w ʌ nd ə f l ̩ / '- ing ': 'amaze' / ə ˈm eɪ z / ; 'amazing’ / ə ˈm eɪ z ɪ ŋ / '-like': 'bird' / Ꞌ b 3: d/ ; 'birdlike' / Ꞌ b 3: dl aI k/ '-less': 'power' / ˈ p aʊ ə / ; 'powerless' / ˈ p aʊ ə l ɪ s / '- ly ': 'hurried' / ˈ h ʌ r ɪ d / ; 'hurriedly' / ˈ h ʌ r ɪ dl i / '- ment ' (noun): 'punish' / ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃ / ; 'punishment' / ˈ p ʌ n ɪ ʃm ə nt / '-ness': 'yellow' / ˈ j e l əʊ / ; 'yellowness’ / ˈ j e l əʊ n ə s / '- ous ': 'poison' / ˈ p ɔɪ z n ̩ / ; 'poisonous' / ˈ p ɔɪ z n ̩ ǝ s / '- fy : 'glory' / ˈ ɡl ɔː r i / ; 'glorify' / ˈ ɡl ɔː r ɪ f aɪ /

11. 11 14. '-wise': 'other' / ˈ ʌ ð ə / ; 'otherwise' / ˈ ʌ ð ə w aɪ z / 15. '-y' (adjective or noun): 'fun' / Ꞌ f ʌ n / ; 'funny' / ˈ f ʌ n i / 16. '- ish ' in the case of adjectives does not affect stress placement: 'devil' / ˈ d e v l ̩ / ; 'devilish' / ˈ d e v l ̩̩ ɪ ʃ /; however verbs with stems of more than one syllable always have the stress on the syllable immediately preceding ' ish ' - for example, 'replenish' / r ɪ ˈpl e n ɪ ʃ / , 'demolish' / d ɪ ˈm ɒ l ɪ ʃ / ) So, verb stems with suffix ‘- ish ’ always have the primary stress on the syllable before the suffix, but with adjective stems this suffix has no effect on changing stress pattern we already have on the stem.

12. 12 3) Suffixes that do not get the primary stress, but have an impact on stem stress: In these examples primary stress is on the last syllable of the stem. '- eous ': 'advantage‘ / ə dˈv ɑː nt ɪ dʒ / ; 'advantageous' / æ dv ə nˈt eɪ dʒ ə s / '- graphy ': 'photo' / ˈ f əʊ t əʊ / ; 'photography' / f ə ˈt ɒ ɡr ə f i / '- ial ': 'proverb' / ˈpr ɒ v 3ː b / ; 'proverbial‘ / pr ə ˈv 3ː b ɪə l / '- ic ': 'climate' / ˈ kl aɪ m ə t / ; 'climatic' / kl aɪ ˈm æ t ɪ k / '-ion': 'perfect' / Ꞌ p 3: f I ct / ; 'perfection' / p ə ˈf e kʃ n ̩ / '- ious ': 'injure' / ˈ ɪ ndʒ ə / ; 'injurious‘ / ɪ nˈdʒ ʊə r ɪə s / '- ty ': 'tranquil' / ˈ tr æ ŋkw ɪ l / ; ' tranquillity ' / tr æ ŋˈkw ɪ l ɪ t i / '- ive ': 'reflex' / Ꞌ r i: fl e ks / ; 'reflexive' / r ɪ ˈfl e ks ɪ v /

13. 13 Regarding suffixes like ‘- ance ’, ‘-ant’ and ‘- ary ’ when attached to a single-syllable stems, the stress is almost always placed on the stem, but when the stem has more than one syllable, the stress is on one of the syllables in the stem. If the final syllable of the stem is strong, that syllable receives the stress. Otherwise, the syllable before the last receives the stress. Examples: Guidance / ˈ ɡ aɪ d n ̩ s / Sealant / ˈ s iː l ə nt / Dietary / ˈ d aɪə tr i / Importance / ɪ mˈp ɔː t n ̩ s / Centenary / s e nˈt iː n ə r i / Inheritance / ɪ nˈh e r ɪ t ə ns / Military / ˈ m ɪ l ɪ tr i /

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15. 2. Prefixes 15 The effect of prefixes on stress does not have the comparative regularity, independence and predictability of suffixes. There is no prefix of one or two syllables that always carries primary stress (there is no specific prefix that can always carry the primary stress). The best treatment seems to be to say that stress in words with prefixes is governed by the same rules as those for polysyllabic words without prefixes. Examples: Anti freeze / ˈ æ nt ɪ friːz / Im possible / ɪmˈp ɒ sɪb ( ə )l / Over react / əʊv ə rɪˈ æ kt / Pre school / ˈ pr iː sk u ː l / Re gain / r ɪ ˈɡ eɪ n / Dis connect / dɪsk ə ˈn e kt /

16. Placement of Stress in Compound Words 16 A compound word is made up of two or more words that express a single idea and function as a single word . The most common types of compound words in English are compound nouns (e.g., cheeseburger), compound adjectives ("red-hot temper"), and compound verbs ("Overestimate"). Its main characteristic is that it can be analyzed into two words, both of which can exist independently as English words. As with many of the distinctions being made in connection with stress, there are areas of uncertainty. For example, it could be argued that 'photograph' may be divided into two independent words, 'photo' and 'graph'; yet we usually do not regard it as a compound, but as a simple word. If, however, someone drew a graph displaying numerical information about photos, this would perhaps be called a 'photo-graph' and the word would then be regarded as a compound.

17. 17 The rules for spelling compound words are not consistent; they are written in different ways. Some compound words are written as a single word (e.g. 'armchair', 'sunflower‘, ‘eyeglasses ’); some as two (or more) hyphenated words (e.g. 'open-minded', 'cost-effective‘, ‘brother-in-low ’); and some as two (or more) separate words with white space in between (e.g. 'desk lamp', 'battery charger‘, Soccer Stadium ). Regarding the stress pattern on compound words, the question is quite simple. When is primary stress placed on the first element word of the compound and when on the second. Both patterns are found on compound words. A few rules can be given, although these are not completely reliable since they cannot be used on all compound words. Compound word stress patterns: The most familiar type of compound is the one which combines two nouns and which normally has the stress on the first element , as in: 'typewriter' / ˈ taɪpraɪtə / 'car ferry‘ / ˈ ka:fɛri / 'sunrise' / ˈ sʌnraɪz / 'suitcase' / ˈ suːtkeɪs / 'teacup' / ˈ tiːkʌp /

18. 18 Compounds with an adjectival first element and the – ed morpheme at the end have the primary stress on the second element word and the first element gets the secondary stress, as in: ˌ Bad-'tempered ˌ Half-'timbered ˌ Heavy-'handed Compounds in which the first element is a number in some form also tend to have the primary stress on the second element and the secondary stress on the first, as in: ˌ Three-'wheeler ˌ Second-'class ˌ Five-'finger

19. 19 Compounds functioning as adverbs in a sentence also have the primary stress on the second element and secondary stress on the first, as in: ˌ Head 'first ˌ North-'East ˌ Down'stream Compounds which function as verbs and have an adverbial first element have the primary stress on the second element and the secondary stress on the first, as in: ˌ Down'grade ˌ Back-'pedal ˌ ill-'treat

20. Variable Stress (Changing Stress Position) 20 It would be wrong to imagine that the stress pattern is always fixed and unchanging in English words. Stress position may vary for one of two reasons: Either as a result of the stress on the other words occurring next to the word in question, Or because not all speakers agree on the placement of stress in some words. The first reason is an aspect of connected speech; the main effect is that the stress on a final-stressed compound tends to move to a preceding syllable and change to secondary stress if the following word begins with a strongly stressed syllable. For example: ˌ bad-'tempered but a ˌ bad-tempered 'teacher ˌ half-'timbered but a ˌ half-timbered 'house ˌ heavy-'handed but a ˌ heavy-handed 'sentence

21. 21 The second reason is not a serious problem, but is one that foreign learners should be aware of. A well-known example is the word ‘controversy’, which is pronounced by some speakers as / Ꞌ k ɒ ntrǝv3:si/ and by others as / k ǝnꞋtr ɒ vǝsi / it would be quite wrong to say that one version is correct and one incorrect. Other examples of different possibilities are : Ice cream (either as ˌ a I s Ꞌ kr i: m or Ꞌ a I s ˌ kri:m ) Kilometer (either as k IꞋ l ɒ mit ǝ or Ꞌ k I l ǝ mi:t ǝ ) Formidable (either as Ꞌf ᴐ: mIdǝb l ̩ or fᴐ:Ꞌ m I dǝb l ̩)

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23. Word-class Pairs 23 Word-class pairs means Different words classes with the same spelling and different stress patterns. There are several dozen pairs of two-syllable words with identical spelling which differ from each other in stress placement . Both pairs of which are spelt identically, one of which is a verb and the other of which is either a noun or an adjective, then the stress is placed on the second syllable of the verb but on the first syllable of the noun or adjective. The most common examples are shown below.

24. 24 Abstract / Ꞌ æ bstrækt / (A, N) / ǝ b Ꞌ str æ kt / (V) Conduct / Ꞌ k ɒ nd ʌ kt / (N) /k ǝ n Ꞌ d ʌ kt/ (V) Contract / Ꞌ k ɒ ntrækt /(N) / k ǝ n Ꞌ tr æ kt / (V) Contrast / Ꞌ k ɒ tra:st /(N) / k ǝꞋ tr a: st / (V) Desert / Ꞌ d e zət /(N) /dɪˈz 3ː t/(V) Escort / Ꞌ e sk ᴐ :t/(N) / IꞋ sk ᴐ : t/ (V) Export / Ꞌ e ksp ᴐ :t/(N) / Ꞌ I k Ꞌ sp ᴐ : t/ (V) Import / Ꞌ I mp ᴐ :t /(N) / I m Ꞌ p ᴐ : t/ (V) Insult / Ꞌ I ns ʌ lt / (N) / I n Ꞌ s ʌ lt / (V) Object / Ꞌ ɒ bdȝekt / (N) / ǝ b Ꞌ dȝ e kt / (V) Perfect / Ꞌ p 3: f I kt/ (A) / p ǝꞋ f e kt / (V) Permit / Ꞌ p 3: m I t/ (N) / p ǝꞋ m I t / (V) Present / Ꞌ pr e z n̩t / (N, A) / prIꞋz e nt / (V) Produce / Ꞌ pr ɒ dj uː s / (N) / prəˈdj uː s / (V) Protest /ˈ prəʊtest /(N) / prə Ꞌ t e st / (V) Rebel / Ꞌr e b l̩ /(N) / r IꞋ b e l / (V) Record / Ꞌ r e k ᴐ:d /(N, A) / rIꞋ k ᴐ: d / (V) Subject / Ꞌ s ʌ bdȝekt / (N) / sǝbꞋdȝ e kt / (V)

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26. 26 Transcribe the following words and place the primary stress on the right syllable Shopkeeper Defective Nasty-tempered Open-minded Roof timber Unsociable Javanese Insult Up stream Birthmark Escort Second-hand Anti-clockwise Good-natured nurse Left-handers Confirmation Ice cream Ill-humored Eight-sided grumpy Controversy Fruitcake Bloody-minded Three-wheeler car Smoothly referee Financial Harmless Lifelike Woolen firefighter Joyous Kafkaesque Thickness Painting Discover comfortable Wreckage disagree heartache smartphone overtime

27. 27 Ө æɳk ju ☺♥ ϐi end

28. 28 Pop Quiz Place the primary stress on the correct syllable. Vietnamese replenish publishing Interviewee Clockwise