Study material on human trafficking and sexual offences by Kavita Singh.ppt

great ppt by kavita singh

1. HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND
SEXUALOFFENCES
Dr. Kavita Singh, Associate Professor,
WBNUJS
[email protected]

2. A) WHATISTRAFFICKING?
Initsdictionarymeaning,theconceptoftrafficking
denotesatradeinsomethingthatshouldnotbe
tradedin.Thus,wehavetermslikedrugtrafficking,
armstraffickingandhumantrafficking.Theconcept
oftraffickinginpeoplereferstothecriminalpractice
ofexploitationofhumanbeingswherebyhumans
aretreatedascommoditiesforprofit,subjectedto
variousformsofexploitation.

3. ININDIA
ImmoralTrafficPreventionAct(ITPA1956)explain
thevariousactivitiesinvolvedintrafficking.Under
Section5,traffickingincludes
procuring,
takingand
eveninducingapersonforthesakeofprostitution.
Evenattempttoprocureandattempttotakeor
causeapersontocarryonprostitutionisan
offence.

4. THEUN PROTOCOLDEFINITIONCONTAINSTHREE
MAINELEMENTSTHATCONSTITUTETRAFFICKING:
Acts: recruitment, transportation, transfer,
harbouring or receipt of a person.
Means:threat/use of force, other forms of coercion,
abduction, fraud, deception or abuse of power or of
a position of vulnerability.
Purpose:prostitution, forced labour or services,
slavery, slavery-like practices; servitude, organ
trade etc.
The second part of the definition of trafficking
focuses on the issue of consent.

5. ACTIVITIES
(anyofthese)
MEANS/METHODS
(anyofthese)
PURPOSE/INTENTION
(anyofthese)
Recruitment
Transportation
 Transfer
Harbouring
Receipt…
ofpersons
Threat
Force
Otherformsofcoercion
Abduction,
Fraud
Deception
Abuseof-
-Power
-Positionofvulnerability
Givingorreceivingofpayments
orbenefits
Forthepurposeofexploitation-
Prostitutionofothers
Otherformsofsexual
exploitation
Forcedlabourorservices
Slaveryorpracticessimilarto
slavery
Servitude
Removaloforgans
The‘consent’ofavictimoftraffickingshallbeirrelevantwhereanyofthemeanssetforthabovehavebeenused.
‘Consent’isirrelevantincaseofchildrenevenifthisdoesnotinvolveanyofthemeanssetforthabove.

6. CASE STUDY 1
NEWDELHI,India(AP)—Teenadiscoveredshehadbeensold
byherbosswhileridinginanauto-rickshawheadedtoNew
Delhi’sred-lightdistrict.The12-year-oldwasworkingasa
domesticservantinCalcuttawhenthehomeownertoldherabouta
good-payingjobathissister’shouseinIndia’scapital.Butinstead,
shewassoldtoabrothelownerandforcedintoprostitutionfor
littlemorethanaplacetosleepandtheoccasionalmeal.Her
ordeallastedfouryearsandTeena,now21,saysitlefther“avery
angryperson.”“Theangercomesuddenly,”saysTeena,whoasked
thatherfullnamenotbeusedbecauseofthestigmaassociated
withherpast.Teena’schildhoodbeforebeingsoldintoprostitution
wasfilledwithlongdaysofdomesticworkintheruraleastern
StateofJharkhand.Shereceivedlittleornopay,shesaid,but“I
wassopoor,Icouldnotleave.”Attheurgingofhermother,she
movedtoCalcuttaforwhatshewastoldwouldbeapaidmaid’s
position.WhenherbossthensenthertoNewDelhi,Teenanever
foundoutthepriceshewasboughtforonthehumantrafficking
market.ShewasrescuedfromthebrothelbySTOP,ananti-
traffickinggroupfoundedin1998.

7. ITMUSTBEKEPTINMINDTHATTRAFFICKINGIS
DIFFERENTFROMMIGRATIONANDSMUGGLING.
There are important fundamental differences between
migration, smuggling and trafficking:
Migrationis a situation in which a person moves from one
country to another or within one country. Migration can take
place by legal or illegal means and it can be either voluntary
(with the consent of the person migrating) or forced (without
their consent). Usually, however, migration is voluntary.
Smuggling is the transport of a person (with their consent) to
another country through illegal means. Smuggling has to
include crossing of an international border.
Traffickinginvolves the following:
Movement of a person;
With deception or coercion;
Into a situation of forced labour, prostitution, servitude or
slavery-like practices.

8. B) WHATARETHEVARIEDELEMENTSOF
TRAFFICKING?
Displacementofapersonfromonecommunityto
another:Whileitisnotnecessarythatthepersonisactually
movedfromoneplacetoanothertohavebeentrafficked
(displacementisalsopossiblewithinthesamebuilding),
usuallyvictimsaremovedfromonehousetoanother,one
villagetoanother,onedistricttoanother,andsoon.
Exploitationofthetraffickedvictim:Displacementofthe
victimisfollowedbyvariousformsofexploitationbeingmeted
outtothevictim–usingforce,deceitandthreats,asthecase
maybe.
Commercialization of the exploitationand
commodificationofthevictim:Duetotheportrayalof
womenassexobjects,andaspropertybypatriarchalsociety,
womenhaveacquireda‘facevalue’withinthe‘market’
wherebytheirbodieshavebecomecommoditiesina
commercebasedontheexploitationofsex(hence,CSE-
CommercialSexualExploitation).

9. WHATISTHE‘ROUTE’ OFTRAFFICKING?
Trafficking involves three focal points in spatial
context:
• Source
• Transit
• Destination
Areasareidentifiedonthetraffickingmapasbeing
asource,transitordestinationoracombinationof
anyorallofthese;howeveritispossiblethatall
thesemaycoexist.Agirlchildofawomanforced
intoCSE,livingandalsoforcedintoCSEinthe
samebrothel,forexample,simultaneouslydepicts
allthreepointsonthetraffickingmap.

10. D) WHATISTHEDIFFERENCEBETWEEN
TRAFFICKINGANDPROSTITUTION?
Often,traffickingisconfusedwithprostitution.Theseare
notsynonymous.Traffickingistheprocess/means
whileprostitutioncanbetheresult/end(ofbeing
trafficked).
RefertoCaseStudy1:Teenawasdisplacedand
forciblyrecruitedintocommercialsexualexploitation
(CSE).Whileprostitutionisapunishableoffencewhen
thereiscommercialsexualexploitationofapersonand
anyotherpersonwhomakesprofitfromthesame
[Section2(f)ofITPA1956],traffickingisthewhole(or
anypointofthe)processofrecruiting,contracting,
procuringorhiringapersonforcommercialsexual
exploitation(CSE)orforanyotherpurpose.

11. Trafficking is therefore the overall ‘process’ while
prostitution/ commercial sexual exploitation/ forced
labour is the ‘result’.
Thus, Meena has been both trafficked and forced
into prostitution as she has been:
-Sexually exploited.
-She has been abused by a person(s) for
commercial purposes. Her consent is irrelevant.
-She is the victim and not a criminal.

12. E) WHOISATRAFFICKER/OFFENDER?
TRAFFICKERSCANBE, BUTARENOTLIMITEDTO,
THEFOLLOWINGPERSONS:
Recruiter/Agent of Recruiter
Seller of trafficked person
Buyer of trafficked person
Transporter
Conspirator
‘Customer’/clientele, who create/perpetuate demand
Pimp
Brothel madam
Brothel managers
Financier
Parent(s)/guardian(s) who knowingly sell/cause to
sell/traffic their children/ward.

13. F) WHOISA‘VICTIM’ OFTRAFFICKINGFOR
CSE?
It is crucial to note that all trafficked persons are
victims, irrespective of their proclaimed/apparent
voluntariness. A victim of trafficking for CSE is:
• Any person above the age of 18 who through force or
threat of force, coercion, abuse of power, etc were/are
required to perform sexual acts without their consent, by
any person(s), for profit or gain of a third person.
• Children and minors who are found in places of CSE
i.e. “children” who have not completed the age of 16
years and ‘minors” who have completed the age of
sixteen years but have not completed the age of
eighteen years, who are found in places of CSE.

14. G) AREPEOPLETRAFFICKEDONLYFOR
CSE?
Commercial sexual exploitation is only one of the results of
trafficking. Trafficking in human beings also results in non-sex
based exploitation such as forced labourand other forms of
exploitation.
Some manifested forms of exploitation (non-CSE) that may
result from trafficking in persons include:
• workers in the unorganized sector
• slave trade/bondage
• child labour
• drug peddling
• organ trading
• forced marriages, mail order brides
• beggary
• adoption rackets
• entertainment and sports (camel racing, exotic dancing, circus,
etc.)
• others

15. H) WHERECANCSE TAKEPLACE?
The scene of crime (SOC) includes the source, the
transit and destination points. In fact, in the case of
CSE, the SOC is not limited to the place of exploitation –
or, for example, the brothel alone.
Therefore, for example, CSE can take place:
•Onthestreets
•Inmassageparlours
•Atbars
•Inthebrothels
•Invehiclesusedfortransfer
•Intheformofescortservice
•Atplaceswherethesurvivoroftraffickinghasbeensent
forthepurposeofrecordingpornography,transportof
thesame,andwherethepornographicmaterialis
stored,purchased,usedetc.
•Atotherplaces.

16. I) ISTRAFFICKINGACONTINUINGCRIME?
Traffickingisanorganizedandcontinuingcrime.
Multiplecrimescanbeculledoutundertrafficking
suchasabduction,kidnapping,illegaldetainment,
illegalconfinement,criminalintimidation,hurt,
grievoushurt,rape,outragingmodesty,rape,
unnaturaloffences,sellingandbuyingofhuman
beings,servitude,criminalconspiracy,abetment,
etc.Therefore,multipleabuseandabuserslocated
atdifferentpointsoftimeandplacetogether
constitutetheorganizedcrimeoftrafficking.

17. SECTION370 IPC
‘ (1) Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation, (a) recruits, (b)
transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a
person or persons, by—
First.—using threats, or
Secondly.—using force, or any other form of coercion, or
Thirdly.—by abduction, or
Fourthly.—by practisingfraud, or deception, or
Fifthly.—byabuseofpower,orSixthly.—byinducement,
includingthegivingorreceivingofpaymentsorbenefits,in
ordertoachievetheconsentofanypersonhavingcontrol
overthepersonrecruited,transported,harboured,transferred
orreceived,commitstheoffenceoftrafficking.Explanation
1.—Theexpression"exploitation"shallincludeanyactof
physicalexploitationoranyformofsexualexploitation,
slaveryorpracticessimilartoslavery,servitude,ortheforced
removaloforgans.Explanation2.—Theconsentofthevictim
isimmaterialindeterminationoftheoffenceoftrafficking

18. SECTION370 A
Whoever,knowinglyorhavingreasontobelievethata
minorhasbeentrafficked,engagessuchminorfor
sexualexploitationinanymanner,shallbepunished
withrigorousimprisonmentforatermwhichshallnotbe
lessthanfiveyears,butwhichmayextendtoseven
years,andshallalsobeliabletofine.
Whoever,knowinglybyorhavingreasontobelievethat
apersonhasbeentrafficked,engagessuchpersonfor
sexualexploitationinanymanner,shallbepunished
Withrigorousimprisonmentforatermwhichshallnotbe
lessthanthreeyears,butwhichmayextendtofive
years,andshallalsobeliabletofine.

1
Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013

19. The offences under ITPA are:
Section
Offence Punishment
3(1) Keepingormanagingor
actingorassistinginthe
keepingormanagement
ofabrothel.
FirstConviction:rigorousImprisonment:fora
termofnotlessthanoneyearandnotmorethan
threeyearsandalsowithfineextendingto2,000.
SecondorSubsequentConviction:rigorous
imprisonmentforatermnotlessthantwoyears
andnotmorethanfiveyearsandalsowithfine
extendingtoRs.2000.
3(2) Usingorallowingtheuseof
premisesasabrothelofwhichthe
accusedisthetenant,lessee,
occupierorpersonincharge
OrBeingthelandlord,owneror
lessorofanypremisesorthe
agentofsuchowner,lessor,or
thelandlordandlettingthe
premisesoranypartofthereof
withtheknowledgethatthesame
isintendedtobeusedasa
brothel.
FirstConviction:Imprisonment
foratermextendingtotwoyears
andfineextendingtoRs.2000.
Second or Subsequent
Conviction:R.I.foraterm
extendingtofiveyearsandalso
withfine.

20. PRESUMPTIONU/S 3 (2A)
Presumption of knowledge that the premiseses or
any part thereof are being used as a brothel –if –
Report in published in news paper
A copy of the list of all things found during the search

21. Sec
.4
Knowingly
livingonthe
earningsof
prostitution.
And where
suchearnings
relatetothe
prostitutionof
achildora
minor.
Imprisonmentfora
termextendingtotwo
yearsor fine
extendingtoRs.
1,000orboth.
Imprisonmentfora
termextendingofnot
lessthan7yearsand
notmorethan10
years.

22. PRESUMPTION OFKNOWINGLYLIVINGONTHEEARNING
OFPROSTITUTION. {SECTION4(2)}
When
Any person above 18 years
Living with, or to be habitually in the company of prostitute.
Exercise control, direction or influence over the movement of a
prostitute in such a manner as to show that such person is aiding,
abetting or compelling her prostitution. Or
Acting as tout or pimp

23. Sec.
5
Procuring,inducingor
takingapersonfor
prostitution.
Whatareoffence?
1.Procure
2.Attempt to
procure.
3.Withorwithout
consent
4.Induces
5.Takesorattempt
totakesorcaused
Rigorousimprisonmentfor
termofnotlessthanthree
yearsandnotmorethan
sevenyearsandalsowith
fineextendingtoRs.2000
Iftheoffencecommittedis
againstthewillofanyperson
the punishment of
imprisonmentforatermof
sevenyearsshallextendto
imprisonmentforatermof
fourteenyears.

24. ‘CUSTOMERS’
LIABLITY
Section 5 (1) (d)
Causes or induces a
person to carry on
prostitution.

25. PLACEOFTRIAL
Section 5 (3)
Place of procurement
Place were inducement was made to go
Taken or caused to be taken from
Attempt being made
Place where she may have gone
Because of –inducement, attempt or
otherwise.

26. Sec
.6
Detaininga
personina
brothelor
inpremises
where
prostitution
iscarried
on.
Imprisonmentof
eitherdescription
foratermnotless
thansevenyears
butmaybefor
lifeorextendto
tenyearsandalso
afine.

27. PRESUMPTIONU/S 6 –AN
IMPORTANTTOOL
Where any person is found with a child in a brothel, it shall
be presumed, unless the contrary is proved, that he has
committed an offence under sub-section (1).
(2-A) Where a child or minor found in a brothel, is, on
medical examination, detected to have been sexually
abused, it shall be presumed unless the contrary is proved,
that the child or minor has been detained for purposes of
prostitution or, as the case may be, has been sexually
exploited for commercial purposes.

28. (3) A person shall be presumed to detail a person in
a brothel or in upon any premises for the purpose of
sexual intercourse with a man other than her lawful
husband, if such person, with intent to compel or
induce her to remain there,
(a) Withholds from her any jewellery, wearing
apparel, money or other property belonging to her,
or
(b) Threatens her with legal proceedings if she
takes away with her any jewellery, wearing apparel,
money or other property lent or supplied to her by or
by the direction of such person.

29. NOPROSECUTIONONTHEINSTANCEOF
SUCHPERSONWHOWITHHOLDHER.
SECTION6 (4)
(4) Notwithstanding any law to the contrary, no suit,
prosecution or other legal proceeding shall lie
against such woman or girl at the instance of the
person by whom she has been detained, for the
recovery of any jewellery, wearing apparel or other
property alleged to have been lent or supplied to or
for such woman or girl or to have been pledged by
such woman or girl or for the recovery of any money
alleged to be payable by such woman or girl.

30. 7(1)Prostitutioninorin
thevicinityofa
publicplace.
Imprisonmentuptothree
months.
7(1)
(A)
Wheretheoffence
committedisin
respectofachild
oraminor.
Imprisonmentofeither
descriptionnotlessthan
sevenyearsbutmaybe
extendedforlifeortenyears
andalsoafine.

31. 7(2)
(a)Beingthekeeperofa
publicplaceknowingly
permittingprostitutionin
thatplace.
FirstConviction:Imprisonmentupto
threemonthsorfineextendingtoRs.
200.
SecondorSubsequentConviction:
Imprisonmentuptosixmonthsandalso
afineuptoRs.200,andifthepublic
placeisahotel,itslicensemaybe
suspendedforthreemonthstoayear.
(b)Beingthetenant,etc.,
knowinglypermitting
prostitutioninthe
premises.
DITTO
(c)Beingthelandlord,
etc.,ofapublicplaceand
letting.thesamewith
knowledgethatthesame
maybeusedfor
prostitution.
DITTO

32. Sec.
8
Seducing or
solicitingina
publicplacefor
thepurposeof
prostitution.
FirstConviction:
Imprisonmentuptosix
monthsorfineuptoRs.
500orboth.
SecondorSubsequent
Conviction:
Imprisonmentuptoone
yearandalsoafineup
toRs.500.

33. Section 9:
Seducing a person or causing or
aiding or abetting her seduction
when she is in the custody of a
person having custody, charge or
care or in a position of authority over
any person. Imprisonment of
either description for a term not less
than seven years but which may
extend to life or up to ten years and
fine.

34. RESCUE, SEARCH& CLOSUREOF
BROTHEL
Section 15: Search Without warrant
Section 16: Rescue of Person –Any Magistrate
(MM, JM, DM, SDM)
Section 17A –Condition to be observed before
placing persons rescued under Section 16 to
parents or guardians.
Section 18 Closure of brothel.

35. IndianPenalCode,1860 Section
Kidnapping/Abduction 359-368
WrongfulRestraint&WrongfulConfinement 339-348
ActsDoneinFurtheranceofCommonIntention 34
Abetment 107-120
CriminalConspiracy 120A,120B
CriminalForce/Assault/Traffickingofperson 349-356/370-370A
Cheating 415-418
CriminalTrespass 441
CriminalIntimidation 503-509
Rape 375-376
UnnaturalOffences 377
Hurt 319-338
CausingMiscarriage 312-318
AttempttoCommitOffences 511
Slavery 370-371
TheScheduledCastesandScheduledTribes(Preventionof
Atrocities)Act,1989
PunishmentforOffencesofAtrocities 3
TheJuvenileJustice(Care&ProtectionofChildren)Act,
2000
Cruelty 23,27
Begging 24
Intoxicating,etc. 25
ExploitationofChildEmployee 26
Alternatepunishment 28

36. SEXUALOFFENCES
The IPC has a number of sections dealing with
numerous offences linked to commercial sexual
exploitation of women and children. The Table
below gives a brief list:
Rape-375, 376
Unnatural offences-377
Assault/ Criminal force/ act to dishonour/ outrage
modesty, defamation-354, 355, 509, 500

37. RAPE
‘375. A person is said to commit “Rape” if that person––
(a)penetrateshispenis,toanyextent,intothevagina,mouth
urethraoranusofanotherpersonormakesthepersontodo
sowithhimoranyotherperson;or
(b)inserts,toanyextent,anyobjectorapartofthebody,not
beingthepenis,intothevagina,theurethraoranusofanother
personormakesthepersontodosowithhimoranyother
person;or
(c)manipulatesanypartofthebodyofanotherpersonsoas
tocausepenetrationintothevagina,urethra,anusoranypart
ofbodyofsuchpersonormakesthepersontodosowith
himoranyotherperson;or
(d)applieshismouthtothepenis,vagina,anus,urethraof
anotherpersonormakessuchpersontodosowithhimorany
otherperson;

38. First.––Againsttheotherperson’swill.
Secondly.––Withouttheotherperson’sconsent.
Thirdly.––Withherconsentwhenherconsenthasbeenobtainedby
puttingsuchotherpersonoranypersoninwhomsuchotherperson
isinterested,infearofdeathorofhurt.
Fourthly.––Whenherconsent,whenthemanknowsthatheisnot
herhusbandandthatherconsentisgivenbecauseshebelievesthat
heisanothermantowhomsheisorbelievestobelawfullymarried.
Fifthly.––Withtheconsentwhen,atthetimeofgivingsuchconsent,
byreasonofunsoundnessofmindorintoxicationorthe
administrationbythatpersonpersonallyorthroughanotherofany
stupefyingorunwholesomesubstance,theotherpersonisunableto
understandthenatureandconsequencesofthatactiontowhichsuch
otherpersongivesconsent.
Sixthly.––Withorwithoutconsent,whensheisundereighteenyears
ofage.
Seventhly.––Whenthepersonisunabletocommunicateconsent.

39. Explanation 1.––Penetration to any extent is “penetration” for
the purposes of this section.
Explanation 2.––For the purposes of this section, “vagina”
shall also include labia majora.
Explanation3.––Consentmeansanunequivocalvoluntary
agreementwhenthepersonbywords,gesturesorany
form ofnon-verbalcommunication,communicates
willingnesstoparticipateinthespecificact:
Provided that, a person who does not physically resist to the
act of penetration shall not by the reason only of that fact,
be regarded as consenting to the sexual activity.
Exception.1-Medicalprocedureorinterventionnotrape
Exception2-Sexualintercourseorsexualactsbyamanwith
hisownwife,thewifenotbeingunderfifteenyearsofage,is
notRape.

40. PUNISHMENT
376. (1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for
by sub-section
(2),commitsrape,shallbepunishedwithrigorous
imprisonmentofeitherdescriptionforatermwhich
shallnotbelessthansevenyearsbutwhichmay
extendtoimprisonmentforlife,and
shall also be liable to fine.

41. (a) being a police officer, commits rape–
(i) within the limits of the police station to which such police
officer is appointed; or
(ii) in the premises of any station house; or
(iii) on a person in such police officer’s custody or in the
custody of a police officer subordinate to such police
officer; or
(b) being a public servant, commits rape on a person
such public servant’s custody or in the custody of a public
servant subordinate to such public servant; or
(c) being a member of the armed forces is in the area
by virtue of deployment by the Central or a State
Government, commits rape; or

42. (d)beingonthemanagementoronthestaffofajail,remand
homeorotherplaceofcustodyestablishedbyorunderany
lawforthetimebeinginforceorofawomen’sorchildren’s
institution,commitsrapeonanyinmateofsuchjail,remand
home,placeorinstitution;or
(e)beingonthemanagementoronthestaffofahospital,
commitsRapeonapersoninthathospital;or
(f)beingarelative,guardianorteacherof,orapersonina
positionoftrustorauthoritytowards,thepersonassaulted,
commitsrapeonsuchperson;or
(g)commitsRapeduringcommunalorsectarianviolenceor
(h)commitsRapeonawomanknowinghertobepregnant;or
(i)commitsrapeonapersonwhensheisundersixteenyears
ofage;or

43. (j) commits rape, where the person assaulted is
incapable of giving consent; or
(k) being in a position of economic or social dominance,
commits rape on a person under such dominance; or
(l) commits rape on a person suffering from mental or
physical disability; or
(m) while committing rape causes grievous bodily harm
or maims or disfigures or endangers the life of a person;
or
(n) commits rape repeatedly on the same women,
shallbepunishedwithrigorousimprisonmentforaterm
whichshallnotbelessthantenyearsbutwhichmay
extendtoimprisonmentforlife,andshallalsobeliableto
fine.

44. 376 A-Punishment for causing death or resulting in
persistent vegetative state of victim.-RI not less
than 20yrs extend to life, or death
376 C-Sexual intercourse by a person in authority-
RI not less than 10yrs liable to fine
376 D-gang rape-RI not less than 20yrs extend to
life, with fine
376 E-repeat offence-Imprisonment for life, or with
death

45. COMPENSATION
Interim compensation ordered in Bodhisattwa
Gautamv. SubhraChakrabortyAIR 1966 SC 922.
Section 357 Criminal Procedure Code authorizes
Courts to order convicts to pay compensation to
victims.
Delhi Domestic Working Woman’s Forum v. Union
of India (1995) 1 SCC 14
KarnelSingh v. State of Madhya Pradesh AIR 1995
SC 2472
State of Punjab v. GurmitSingh AIR 1996 SC 1393
RaoHarnarainSingh, SheojiSingh and other v.
The State AIR 1958 Punj123

46. A landmark judgment, as far as the offence of rape
goes, has been State of Punjab v. GurmitSingh, in
which the Supreme Court laid down the following
parameters:
Delay in lodging the FIR is not material when properly
explained.
Testimony of the victim in cases of sexual assault are
vital and unless there are compelling reasons which
necessitate looking for corroboration of her statement,
the court should find no difficulty in convicting the
accused on the victim’s testimony alone.
Trial of sexual offenses should be in cameraand
invariably by women judges wherever available.
Court must refrain from making observations that cast
aspersions on the character of the victim.
Court is under an obligation to see that the victim is not
unnecessarily harassed and humiliated in cross-
examination.
AIR 1996 SC 1393

47. UNNATURALOFFENCES
Unnaturaloffencesespeciallyagainstwomenand
childrenarecommonincasesoftraffickingandin
thecourseoftheirbeingcommerciallysexually
exploited.Thereisnoconceptofconsentas
regardsunnaturaloffences.Amerecommissionof
theactwithorwithoutconsentattractsprosecution
U/S.377.Theoffenceispunishedwith
imprisonmentforlife,orwithimprisonmentofeither
descriptionforatermwhichmayextendtoten
years,andshallalsobeliabletofine.

48. IMMORALTRAFFIC(PREVENTION) ACT, 1956
ImmoralTraffic(Prevention)Act,1956 Section
Punishmentforkeepingabrothelorallowing
premisestobeusedasabrothel
3
Punishmentforlivingonearningsofprostitution4
Procuring,inducing,ortakingpersonforthesakeof
prostitution
5
Detainingpersoninpremiseswhereprostitutionis
carriedon
6
Prostitutioninorinthevicinityofpublicplaces 7
Seducingorsolicitingforthepurposesofprostitution8
Seductionofapersonincustody 9

49. VICTIMANDWITNESSCARE& PROTECTION
DURINGTRIAL:
Victimsarewaryofthecourtambience.Doorientand
counselthem.Assurethemthattheirrightswillnotbe
violatedandthattheirtruthfulversionofallfactsis
essentialfordeliveryofjusticewhichisintheirinterest
andalsointhelargerpublicinterest.
Victimsrequirebriefingonthefactsofthecase,
especiallytorecalltheeventsinalogicalway.This
shouldbedonebeforesheisputinthewitnessbox.
Prosecutorsoughttoensurethatthedefense-sidedoes
notviolatetherightsofthevictim.Embarrassing
questionsneedtobeavoided.Interventionofthecourt
shouldbesoughtimmediatelytopreventanysuch
violations.
Alleffortsshouldbemadetoensuretheanonymityof
thevictim.Anonymityprovidesstrengthandconfidence
tothevictim.

50. Movethecourtforallowingin-cameratrial.TheSupreme
CourtofIndia
(ReferJudgementdated26May2004,in‘SakshivsUnion
ofIndia’)hasdirectedthatin-cameratrialshouldbeextended
toallcasesofsexualassaultonchildren.Ascreenhastobe
providedinthetrialcourtsothatthechildvictimisnot
exposedtothesuspectandaccusedpersons.Achild
counselorshouldbeprovidedtoassistinthecourt.Adequate
recessshouldbeallowedduringtrialproceedingsothatthe
childvictimgetsrest.Thisisalandmarkjudgementin
ensuringchildrightsand,therefore,needstobeimplemented
inletterandspirit.Thepoliceandprosecutorsshouldmove
thetrialcourtsforthesame.
Videoconferencingisanidealmechanismtoprevent
victimizationofthetraffickedvictim.Itshouldbedone
wheneverpossible.TheSupremeCourt,initslandmark
decision,inStateofMaharashtravsDr.PrafulB.Desai
2003(4)SCC601,hasunderscoredthevalidityofvideo
conferencingandenumeratedthesafeguardstobeensured
duringthetrialofcases.

51. INSTITUTIONALRESPONSETOHUMANTRAFFICKING
National policy
Police administration
Ministry of women and child development
role in combating human trafficking
Governmental schemes
Other agencies role in trafficking cases
NHRC role
The Commission for the Protection of Child
Rights Act, 2005

52. INSTITUTION UNDER JUVENILE JUSTICE
LEGISLATION
JUVENILE JUSTICE BOARD (JJB)
Child Welfare Committee (CWC)
CHILDREN HOME (S 34)
SHELTER HOME (S 37)
OBSERVATION HOME (S 8)
SPECIAL HOME (S 9)
AFTER CARE ORGANISATION (S 44)

53. 5 PROTOCOL FORPRE-RESCUE, RESCUE
AND POST-RESCUE OPERATIONSOFCHILD
VICTIMOFTRAFFICKINGFORCOMMERCIAL
SEXUALEXPLOITATION
The Ministry of Women and Child Development prepared aforesaid
Protocol for convenience and guidance of different stake holders. It
provides mandate for state government to develop an Anti-
Trafficking Policy specifying victim’s friendly provisions and
structures. It also suggested the state to create an Anti-Trafficking
Cell at the State and District level to co-ordinate with other relevant
Departments and NGOs on the issues pertaining to trafficking,
especially on the rescue and rehabilitation of child victims of
trafficking for commercial sexual exploitation. It talk about creation of
Database on traffickers, brothel owners, informants, decoy
customers, number of cases registered, status of each case, source
and destination areas in the State/District and any other relevant
information.

54. STRATEGY FOR PRE -RESCUE OPERATIONS
For Rescue of Trafficked Child Vicitms
Rescue Operation at a Community Level
STRATEGY FOR RESCUE OPERATIONS
STRATEGY FOR POST -RESCUE OPERATIONS
STRATEGY FOR REHABILITATION (for functionaries in
the Protective/Children Home)

55. GOVERNMENT POLICIES ETC.
INTEGRATED PLAN OF ACTION TO PREVENT AND
COMBAT HUMAN TRAFFICKING WITH SPECIAL
FOCUS ON CHILDREN AND WOMEN
Swadhar:
Ujjawala:
Kishori Shakti Yojana:
Swayamsidha:
The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS)
Other Schemes

56. THEINTEGRATEDPLANOFACTIONOUTLINED
BELOWCONSISTSOFACTIONPOINTSGROUPED
UNDER:
Ensuring Human Rights Perspective for the Victims of
Trafficking
Preventing Trafficking
Emerging Areas of Concern in Trafficking –Their Patterns and
Trends
Identification of Traffickers and Trafficked Victims
Special Measures for Identification and Protection of
Trafficked Child Victims

57. Rescue of Trafficked Victims Especially in Brothel-Based
and Street-Based Prostitution with Special Focus on Child
Victims
Rehabilitation, Reintegration and Repatriation of Trafficked
Victims with Special Focus on Child Victims
Cross-Border Trafficking: National and Regional Cooperation
and Coordination
Legal Framework and Law Enforcement
Witness Protection and Support to Victims
Training, Sensitization, Education and Awareness
Methodology for Translating the Action Points into Action

58. SWADHAR
More often vulnerable women in distress end up as beggars
or prostitutes for their own survival and at times for survivals
and maintenance of their dependent children. The Ministry
of Women and Child Development runs Shelter based
homes Short Stay Homes, Swadhar Homes for women in
difficult circumstances. The Schemes provides for shelter,
food, clothing for women and children below the age of 18
years, counseling, clinical, medical, legal and other support,
training and economic rehabilitation and helpline facilities.

59. OBJECTIVES:
i) To provide primary need of shelter, food, clothing and care to
the marginalized women/girls living in difficult circumstances who
are without any social and economic support;
ii) To provide emotional support and counseling to such women;
iii) To rehabilitate them socially and economically through
education, awareness, skill up gradation and personality
development through behavioral training etc.;
iv) To arrange for specific clinical, legal and other support for
women/girls in need of those intervention by linking and
networking with other organizations in both Govt. & Non-Govt.
sector on case to case basis;
v) To provide for help line or other facilities to such women in
distress; and
vi) To provide such other services as will be required for the
support and rehabilitation to such women in distress.

60. UJJAWALA:
Ujjawala is a Comprehensive Scheme for Prevention of
Trafficking for Rescue, Rehabilitation and Re-Integration of
Victims of Trafficking for Commercial Sexual Exploitation.
The main components of Ujjawala Scheme are:
1. Prevention;
2. Rescue;
3. Rehabilitation;
4. Re-Integration; and
5. Repatriation.

61. OBJECTIVEOFTHISSCHEME:
The main objective of this Scheme is as following:
To prevent trafficking of women and children for commercial
sexual exploitation through social mobilization and involvement of
local communities, awareness generation programmes, generate
public discourse through workshops/seminars and such events
and any other innovative activity.
To facilitate rescue of victims from the place of their exploitation
and place them in safe custody.
To provide rehabilitation services both immediate and long-term
to the victims by providing basic amenities/needs such as shelter,
food, clothing, medical treatment including counselling, legal aid
and guidance and vocational training.
To facilitate reintegration of the victims into the family and society
at large.
To facilitate repatriation of cross-border victims to their country of
origin.

62. KISHORI SHAKTI YOJANA
KishoriShaktiYojanais viewed as a holistic initiative for
the development of adolescent girls (i.e., girls within the
age group of 11-18 years). It aims at bringing about a
difference in the lives of the adolescent girls. It also
seeks to provide them with an opportunity to realize
their full potential. This Scheme is a redesign of the
already existing Adolescent Girls Scheme. The new
scheme dramatically extends the coverage of the earlier
scheme with significant content enrichment, strengthens
the training component, particularly in skill development,
aspects aimed at empowerment and enhanced self-
perception. It also fosters convergence with other
sectoralprogrammes, addressing the interrelated needs
of adolescent girls and women.

63. OBJECTIVEOFTHISSCHEME:
The broad objectives of the Scheme are
To improve the nutritional, health and development status of
adolescent girls,
To promote awareness of health, hygiene, nutrition and
family care,
Link them to opportunities for learning life skills, going back
to school,
To help them gain a better understanding of their social
environment, and
To take initiatives to become productive members of the
society.

64. SWAYAMSIDHA:
Objective of this Scheme:
The objective of this Scheme is to ensure that Self Help
Groups members avail the benefit of all schemes and
services in an integrated and holistic manner. Not only this,
there are also three pilot projects, which are being
implemented. They are as following:
Pilot project to combat traffickingwomen and children for
commercial sexual exploitation under the sanction of
tradition
Pilot project to combat trafficking of women and children for
commercial, sexual exploitation in source areas; and
Pilot project to combat traffickingof women and children for
commercial sexual exploitation in destination areas.

65. THE INTEGRATED CHILD
PROTECTION SCHEME (ICPS)
The Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS) is,
proposed by the Ministry of Women and Child
Development as a centrally sponsored scheme to
address the issue of child protection and build a
protective environment for children through Government-
Civil Society Partnership.

66. OBJECTIVESOFICPS:
The ICPS brings together multiple vertical schemes under
one comprehensive child protection scheme, combining
existing child protection schemes of the Ministry and
integrating interventions for protecting children and
preventing harm. The ICPS therefore broadly aims at:
(i)Institutionalisingessential services and strengthening
structures
(ii)Enhancing capacities at all levels
(iii)Creating database and knowledge base for child
protection services
(iv)Strengthening child protection at family and
community level
(v)Ensuring appropriate inter-sectoralresponse at all
levels

67. KEYPOINTSFORREVISION
Traffickingisnotsynonymoustoprostitution.Trafficking
istheprocesswhilecommercialsexualexploitationisa
result.
•Prostitution(commercialsexualexploitation)isonly
oneoftheresultantfeatures;theotherbeingforced
labourandotherformsofexploitation.
•Atraffickedpersonisavictimandnotaperpetratoror
anoffender.
•Atraffickerisacriminalwhohasinfringedseverallaws
andiscapableofharmingthevictim.
•Displacementofatraffickedvictimispossibleeven
withoutanymovementingeographicspace.
•Traffickingisanorganizedandcontinuingcrime
involvingmultipleactors.
•Itneedstobelookedintofromagenderperspective.
•Itisaviolationofhumanrights.