Study of lichens of Pakistan their visuals and appearance

This pptx shows the variety of lichens species in Pakistan and their discovery .

1. Lichen of Pakistan Alishba Qayyum Roll no. : 04 B.S (ADP) : 6 th semester

2. Title page Introduction Definition Etymology Founder of lichen Types of lichens Classification of lichens Distribution of lichens in Pakistan Economic importance Conclusion

3. Definition Symbiotic organism composed of a fungal partner the mycobiont and one or more photosynthetic partners, the photobiont that maybe either a green alga or cyanobacterium. Lichen biology by Thomas H.NASH 3

4. Etymology The term “lichen” originates from the Greek word “leikhen,” which means “fungus.” This name accurately reflects the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or a cyanobacterium that characterizes lichens. The word was later Latinized to “lichen.”Lichens are unique organisms that result from a mutualistic relationship between a fungus and a photosynthetic partner (either an alga or a cyanobacterium). The fungus provides the structure and protection, while the photosynthetic partner produces food through photosynthesis. This collaboration defines the etymology of “lichen” and underscores the interconnected nature of these composite organisms.

5. Founder of lichen The taxonomy of lichen was first intensively investigated by the Swedish botanist Erik Achrius(1757-1819) who is there for sometimes name the father of lichenology.

6. Types of lichens Lichens are classified on the basis of their fungal components. They are : Ascolichens- Fungal partner from Ascomycetae. Gymnocarpae - Ascocarp is an apothecium. Pyrenocarpae - Ascocarp is a peritheium. Basidio-lichens- Fungal partner belongs to basidiomycetae. Depending on the habitat the lichens are classified as : Saxicolous – Growing on stones and rocks. Corticolus – Growing on bark of tress. Terricolous – Growing on soil.

7. Classification of lichens They can be classified based on their growth form and structure. Here are some common types of lichens based on their growth forms:

1. Crustose Lichens: These lichens have a crust-like appearance and grow tightly attached to the substrate surface. They are often found on rocks, tree bark, and soil.

2 . Foliose Lichens : Foliose lichens have a leafy or lobed structure and are loosely attached to the substrate at one point. They resemble small leafy plants and are commonly found on tree trunks and branches.

3. Fruticose Lichens : Fruticose lichens have a shrubby or bushy appearance and are often three-dimensional. They can be erect or pendulous and are commonly found in a variety of habitats, including trees and rocks.

4. Squamulose Lichens : Squamulose lichens have small, scale-like structures that are loosely attached to the substrate. They often form dense mats on the surface of rocks, soil, or tree bark.

5. Gelatinous Lichens : These lichens have a gelatinous or jelly-like appearance and texture. They are often found in humid or wet environments and are less common compared to other types.

8. Classification of lichens 6. Filamentous Lichens : Filamentous lichens have a structure that consists of intertwined filaments. These lichens are typically found in specialized habitats like deserts or harsh environments.

7 . Coralloid Lichens : Coralloid lichens have a branched and coral-like appearance. They are found in a variety of habitats, including tree branches and rocks.

These are some of the common types of lichens based on their growth forms. Lichens are fascinating organisms with a wide range of adaptations that enable them to colonize diverse environments around the world.

9. Distribution of lichen in pakistan In Pakistan, lichens where studied under observation in 2017 on the basis of molecular phylogeny. There are about 435 species of lichen has been reported in Pakistan from 2017 to 2024. The major distribution of lichens in Pakistan in these areas: Hunza Gilgit balistan AJK Himalayans. nrITS, nrDNAITS & LSU are the sequences basically used to study the phylogeny of lichens.

10. Distribution of lichen in pak.

11. Physconia perisidiosa . Physconia enteroxantha .

12. Physcia biziana . apothecium Physconia enteroxantha. folios type

13. Economic importance

14. Conclusion Almost 383 lichen were reported before 2017in Pakistan on the basis of morphology and anatomy (Aptroot and Iqbal ) . In last five years from 2018 to2023 total 52 different lichen species have been described and published on the basis of morpho anatomical and chemical basis . After this total number of lichen in Pak is 435.

15. References Lichen biology by Thomas H.Nash 3 https://doi.org/10.25227/linbg.01171 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/