SVRMC.ppt human physiology nates for students
ramakrishnashanbhoge
6 views
93 slides
Oct 26, 2025
Slide 1 of 93
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
About This Presentation
article
Slide Content
1
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 11
Lecture
PowerPoint
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Chapter 11
Lecture
PowerPoint
2
2401
Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 11
Susan Gossett
[email protected]
Department of Biology
Paris Junior College
2401
Anatomy and Physiology I
Chapter 11
Susan Gossett
[email protected]
Department of Biology
Paris Junior College
3
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
11
Nervous System II: Divisions of
the Nervous System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Hole’s Human Anatomy
and Physiology
Twelfth Edition
Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter
11
Nervous System II: Divisions of
the Nervous System
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
4
11.1: Introduction
• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain
and spinal cord.
• The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
• Communication to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
is by way of the spinal cord.
11.1: Introduction
• The central nervous system (CNS) consists of the brain
and spinal cord.
• The brainstem connects the brain to the spinal cord.
• Communication to the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
is by way of the spinal cord.
5
11.2: Meninges
• The meninges
• Membranes of CNS
• Protect the CNS
• Three (3) layers:
• Dura mater
• “Tough mother”
• Venous sinuses
• Falx
• Arachnoid mater
• “Spiderweb-like”
• Space contains
cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
• Pia mater
• “Faithful mother”
• Encapsulates blood
vessels
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Meninges
Meninges
Cerebrum
(b)(a)
Gray matter
White matter
Subarachnoid space
Falx cerebri
Pia mater
Dura mater
Bone of skull
Subcutaneous tissue
Skin
Tentorium
cerebelli
Vertebra
Dural sinus
Arachnoid
granulation
Arachnoid
mater
11.2: Meninges
• The meninges
• Membranes of CNS
• Protect the CNS
• Three (3) layers:
• Dura mater
• “Tough mother”
• Venous sinuses
• Falx
• Arachnoid mater
• “Spiderweb-like”
• Space contains
cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
• Pia mater
• “Faithful mother”
• Encapsulates blood
vessels
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Scalp
Cranium
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Meninges
Meninges
Cerebrum
(b)(a)
Gray matter
White matter
Subarachnoid space
Falx cerebri
Pia mater
Dura mater
Bone of skull
Subcutaneous tissue
Skin
Tentorium
cerebelli
Vertebra
Dural sinus
Arachnoid
granulation
Arachnoid
mater
6
Meninges of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Epidural space
(a) (b)
Ventral root
Dorsal root
ganglion
Thoracic
vertebra
Spinal
nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Subarachnoid
space
Dorsal branch
(dorsal ramus)
Ventral branch
(ventral ramus)
Ventral root
Epidural
space
Body of
vertebra
Meninges of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Spinal cord
Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Epidural space
(a) (b)
Ventral root
Dorsal root
ganglion
Thoracic
vertebra
Spinal
nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Subarachnoid
space
Dorsal branch
(dorsal ramus)
Ventral branch
(ventral ramus)
Ventral root
Epidural
space
Body of
vertebra
7
11.3: Ventricles
and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• There are four (4) ventricles
• The ventricles are interconnected
cavities within cerebral hemispheres and
brain stem
• The ventricles are continuous with the
central canal of the spinal cord
• They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
• The four (4) ventricles are:
• Lateral ventricles (2)
• Known as the first and
second ventricles
• Third ventricle
• Fourth ventricle
• Interventricular foramen
• Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
(a)
Interventricular
foramen
Cerebral
aqueduct
To central canal
of spinal cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Third ventricle
(b)
Cerebral
aqueduct
To central canal
of spinal cord
Fourth
ventricle
Lateral
ventricle
Interventricular
foramen
11.3: Ventricles
and Cerebrospinal Fluid
• There are four (4) ventricles
• The ventricles are interconnected
cavities within cerebral hemispheres and
brain stem
• The ventricles are continuous with the
central canal of the spinal cord
• They are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
(CSF)
• The four (4) ventricles are:
• Lateral ventricles (2)
• Known as the first and
second ventricles
• Third ventricle
• Fourth ventricle
• Interventricular foramen
• Cerebral aqueduct
Lateral ventricle
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
(a)
Interventricular
foramen
Cerebral
aqueduct
To central canal
of spinal cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Third ventricle
(b)
Cerebral
aqueduct
To central canal
of spinal cord
Fourth
ventricle
Lateral
ventricle
Interventricular
foramen
8
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Secreted by the choroid plexus
• Circulates in ventricles, central
canal of spinal cord, and the
subarachnoid space
• Completely surrounds the brain
and spinal cord
• Excess or wasted CSF is
absorbed by the arachnoid villi
• Clear fluid similar to blood
plasma
• Volume is only about 120 ml.
• Nutritive and protective
• Helps maintain stable ion
concentrations in the CNS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Pia mater
Pia mater
Central canal of spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Filum terminale
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Arachnoid
granulations
Choroid plexuses
of third ventricle
Blood-filled
dural sinus
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
Cerebrospinal Fluid
• Secreted by the choroid plexus
• Circulates in ventricles, central
canal of spinal cord, and the
subarachnoid space
• Completely surrounds the brain
and spinal cord
• Excess or wasted CSF is
absorbed by the arachnoid villi
• Clear fluid similar to blood
plasma
• Volume is only about 120 ml.
• Nutritive and protective
• Helps maintain stable ion
concentrations in the CNS
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Third ventricle
Fourth ventricle
Cerebral aqueduct
Subarachnoid space
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Pia mater
Pia mater
Central canal of spinal cord
Subarachnoid space
Filum terminale
Arachnoid mater
Dura mater
Arachnoid
granulations
Choroid plexuses
of third ventricle
Blood-filled
dural sinus
Choroid plexus of
fourth ventricle
9
11.1 Clinical Application
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
11.1 Clinical Application
Cerebrospinal Fluid Pressure
10
11.4: Spinal Cord
• Slender column of nervous
tissue continuous with brain
and brainstem
• Extends downward through
vertebral canal
• Begins at the foramen
magnum and terminates at the
first and second lumbar
vertebrae (L1/L2) interspace
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brainstem
Spinal cord
(a) (b)
Foramen
magnum
Cervical
enlargement
Vertebral
canal
Lumbar
enlargement
Conus
medullaris
Cauda
equina
Filum
terminale
Conus
medullaris
Lumbar
enlargement
Cervical
enlargement
11.4: Spinal Cord
• Slender column of nervous
tissue continuous with brain
and brainstem
• Extends downward through
vertebral canal
• Begins at the foramen
magnum and terminates at the
first and second lumbar
vertebrae (L1/L2) interspace
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brainstem
Spinal cord
(a) (b)
Foramen
magnum
Cervical
enlargement
Vertebral
canal
Lumbar
enlargement
Conus
medullaris
Cauda
equina
Filum
terminale
Conus
medullaris
Lumbar
enlargement
Cervical
enlargement
11
Structure of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
White matter
Gray matter
Lateral funiculus
Posterior funiculus
Gray commissure
Central canal
(a)
Posterior horn
Dorsal root
of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Ventral root
of spinal nerve
Anterior
horn
Anterior
median
fissure
Portion of
spinal nerve
Anterior
funiculus
Posterior median
sulcus
Structure of the Spinal Cord
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
White matter
Gray matter
Lateral funiculus
Posterior funiculus
Gray commissure
Central canal
(a)
Posterior horn
Dorsal root
of spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Ventral root
of spinal nerve
Anterior
horn
Anterior
median
fissure
Portion of
spinal nerve
Anterior
funiculus
Posterior median
sulcus
12
Functions of Spinal Cord
• Center for spinal reflexes
• Conduit (pathway) for nerve impulses to and from the
brain and brainstem
Functions of Spinal Cord
• Center for spinal reflexes
• Conduit (pathway) for nerve impulses to and from the
brain and brainstem
13
Reflex Arcs
• Reflexes are automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli
within or outside the body
• Simple reflex arc (sensory – motor)
• Most common reflex arc (sensory – association – motor)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Receptor
(a)
Sensory or
afferent neuron
Motor or
efferent neuronCentral
Nervous
System
Effector
(muscle or gland)
Reflex Arcs
• Reflexes are automatic, subconscious responses to stimuli
within or outside the body
• Simple reflex arc (sensory – motor)
• Most common reflex arc (sensory – association – motor)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Receptor
(a)
Sensory or
afferent neuron
Motor or
efferent neuronCentral
Nervous
System
Effector
(muscle or gland)
14
Reflex Arcs
Reflex Arcs
15
General Components of a
Spinal Reflex
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
White matter
Gray matter
Spinal cord
Dorsal
Interneuron
4
5
3
2
1
(b)
Cell body
of sensory
neuron
Effector
(muscle
or gland)
Central
canal
Ventral
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
General Components of a
Spinal Reflex
Receptor
Sensory neuron
Motor neuron
White matter
Gray matter
Spinal cord
Dorsal
Interneuron
4
5
3
2
1
(b)
Cell body
of sensory
neuron
Effector
(muscle
or gland)
Central
canal
Ventral
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
16
Reflex Behavior
• Example is the knee-jerk reflex
• Simple monosynaptic reflex
• Helps maintain an upright posture
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Patella
Patellar ligamentDirection of impulse
Axon of sensory
neuron
Cell body of
sensory neuron
Cell body of
motor neuron
Axon of motor
neuron
Effector (quadriceps femoris
muscle group)
Receptor associated with
dendrites of sensory neuron
Reflex Behavior
• Example is the knee-jerk reflex
• Simple monosynaptic reflex
• Helps maintain an upright posture
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Patella
Patellar ligamentDirection of impulse
Axon of sensory
neuron
Cell body of
sensory neuron
Cell body of
motor neuron
Axon of motor
neuron
Effector (quadriceps femoris
muscle group)
Receptor associated with
dendrites of sensory neuron
17
Reflex Behavior
• Example is a withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
• Prevents or limits tissue damage
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Axon of sensory neuron
Cell body of sensory neuron
Dendrite of
sensory
neuron
Pain
receptor
in skin
Direction
of impulse
Cell body of
motor neuron
Axon of
motor neuron
Effector (flexor
muscle contracts
and withdraws part
being stimulated)
Tack
Reflex Behavior
• Example is a withdrawal reflex (flexor reflex)
• Prevents or limits tissue damage
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interneuron
Spinal cord
Axon of sensory neuron
Cell body of sensory neuron
Dendrite of
sensory
neuron
Pain
receptor
in skin
Direction
of impulse
Cell body of
motor neuron
Axon of
motor neuron
Effector (flexor
muscle contracts
and withdraws part
being stimulated)
Tack
18
Reflex Arc
• Example crossed extensor reflex
• Crossing of sensory impulses within the reflex center to
produce an opposite effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
=Stimulation
=Inhibition
Interneuron
Flexor contracts
Sensory neuron
+
+
+
–
–
–
Motor
neurons
Extensor
contracts
Flexor
relaxes
Motor
neurons
Extensor
relaxes
Reflex Arc
• Example crossed extensor reflex
• Crossing of sensory impulses within the reflex center to
produce an opposite effect
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
=Stimulation
=Inhibition
Interneuron
Flexor contracts
Sensory neuron
+
+
+
–
–
–
Motor
neurons
Extensor
contracts
Flexor
relaxes
Motor
neurons
Extensor
relaxes
19
11.2 Clinical Application
Uses of Reflexes
11.2 Clinical Application
Uses of Reflexes
20
Tracts of the Spinal Cord
• Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses to the brain
• Descending tracts conduct motor impulses from the brain to
motor neurons reaching muscles and glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral reticulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior reticulospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal tract
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis
Dorsal column
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Anterolateral
system
Anterior
corticospinal
tract
Tracts of the Spinal Cord
• Ascending tracts conduct sensory impulses to the brain
• Descending tracts conduct motor impulses from the brain to
motor neurons reaching muscles and glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral corticospinal tract
Lateral reticulospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Anterior spinocerebellar tract
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Anterior reticulospinal tract
Medial reticulospinal tract
Fasciculus cuneatus
Fasciculus gracilis
Dorsal column
Anterior spinothalamic tract
Anterolateral
system
Anterior
corticospinal
tract
21
Ascending Tracts
• Major ascending (sensory)
spinal cord tracts:
• Fasciculus gracilis and
fasciculus cuneatus
• Spinothalamic tracts
• Lateral and anterior
• Spinocerebellar tracts
• Posterior and anterior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Thalamus
Sensory
cortex of
cerebrum
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Brainstem
(transverse
sections)
Spinal cord
(transverse section)
Sensory fibers
cross over
Spinothalamic
tract
Fasciculus
Cuneatus tract
Sensory impulse
from skin
temperature
or pain receptors
Ascending Tracts
• Major ascending (sensory)
spinal cord tracts:
• Fasciculus gracilis and
fasciculus cuneatus
• Spinothalamic tracts
• Lateral and anterior
• Spinocerebellar tracts
• Posterior and anterior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
Thalamus
Sensory
cortex of
cerebrum
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Brainstem
(transverse
sections)
Spinal cord
(transverse section)
Sensory fibers
cross over
Spinothalamic
tract
Fasciculus
Cuneatus tract
Sensory impulse
from skin
temperature
or pain receptors
22
Descending Tracts
• Major descending (motor) spinal
cord tracts:
• Corticospinal tracts
• Lateral and anterior
• Reticulospinal tracts
• Lateral, anterior and medial
• Rubrospinal tract
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midbrain
Pons
Brainstem
(transverse
sections)
Spinal cord
(transverse section)
Motor cortex
of cerebrum
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Corticospinal
tract
Medulla
oblongata
Motor fibers
cross over
Motor impulse to
Skeletal muscle
Descending Tracts
• Major descending (motor) spinal
cord tracts:
• Corticospinal tracts
• Lateral and anterior
• Reticulospinal tracts
• Lateral, anterior and medial
• Rubrospinal tract
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Midbrain
Pons
Brainstem
(transverse
sections)
Spinal cord
(transverse section)
Motor cortex
of cerebrum
Cerebrum
(frontal
section)
Corticospinal
tract
Medulla
oblongata
Motor fibers
cross over
Motor impulse to
Skeletal muscle
23
Nerve Tracts of the Spinal Cord
Nerve Tracts of the Spinal Cord
24
Brain
• Functions of the brain:
• Interprets sensations
• Determines perception
• Stores memory
• Reasoning
• Makes decisions
• Coordinates muscular movements
• Regulates visceral activities
• Determines personality
• Major parts of the brain:
• Cerebrum
• Frontal lobes
• Parietal lobes
• Occipital lobes
• Temporal lobes
• Insula
• Diencephalon
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
Brain
• Functions of the brain:
• Interprets sensations
• Determines perception
• Stores memory
• Reasoning
• Makes decisions
• Coordinates muscular movements
• Regulates visceral activities
• Determines personality
• Major parts of the brain:
• Cerebrum
• Frontal lobes
• Parietal lobes
• Occipital lobes
• Temporal lobes
• Insula
• Diencephalon
• Cerebellum
• Brainstem
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla oblongata
25
The Brain
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Fornix
(b)
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
(a)
Sulcus
Gyrus
Fornix
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Corpus
callosum
Corpus
callosum
Transverse fissure
© Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc.
The Brain
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord
Cerebellum
Fornix
(b)
Skull
Meninges
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
(a)
Sulcus
Gyrus
Fornix
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
oblongata
Corpus
callosum
Corpus
callosum
Transverse fissure
© Martin M. Rotker/Photo Researchers, Inc.
26
Structure of the Cerebrum
• Corpus callosum
• Connects cerebral
hemispheres (a commissure)
• Gyri
• Bumps or convolutions
• Sulci
• Grooves in gray matter
• Central sulcus
• Fissures
• Longitudinal: separates the
cerebral hemispheres
• Transverse: separates
cerebrum from cerebellum
• Lateral fissure of Sylvius
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Gyrus
Sulcus
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
(a)
(b) (c)
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Temporal lobe
Longitudinal
fissure
Transverse
fissure
Cerebellar
hemisphere
Retracted
temporal lobe
Structure of the Cerebrum
• Corpus callosum
• Connects cerebral
hemispheres (a commissure)
• Gyri
• Bumps or convolutions
• Sulci
• Grooves in gray matter
• Central sulcus
• Fissures
• Longitudinal: separates the
cerebral hemispheres
• Transverse: separates
cerebrum from cerebellum
• Lateral fissure of Sylvius
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central sulcus
Gyrus
Sulcus
Frontal lobe
Lateral sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
(a)
(b) (c)
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Temporal lobe
Longitudinal
fissure
Transverse
fissure
Cerebellar
hemisphere
Retracted
temporal lobe
27
Lobes of the Cerebrum
• Five (5) lobes bilaterally:
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Insula aka ‘Island of
Reil’
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(c)
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Retracted
temporal lobe
Lobes of the Cerebrum
• Five (5) lobes bilaterally:
• Frontal lobe
• Parietal lobe
• Temporal lobe
• Occipital lobe
• Insula aka ‘Island of
Reil’
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
(c)
Parietal lobe
Central sulcus
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
Insula
Retracted
temporal lobe
28
Functions of the Cerebrum
• Interpreting impulses
• Initiating voluntary movements
• Storing information as memory
• Retrieving stored information
• Reasoning
• Seat of intelligence and personality
Functions of the Cerebrum
• Interpreting impulses
• Initiating voluntary movements
• Storing information as memory
• Retrieving stored information
• Reasoning
• Seat of intelligence and personality
29
Functional Regions of the
Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral cortex
• Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost
portion of cerebrum
• Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory
patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
Functional Regions of the
Cerebral Cortex
• Cerebral cortex
• Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost
portion of cerebrum
• Contains 75% of all neurons in the nervous system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory
patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
30
Functions of the Cerebral Lobes
Functions of the Cerebral Lobes
31
Sensory Areas
(post-central sulcus)
• Cutaneous sensory area
• Parietal lobe
• Interprets sensations on
skin
• Visual area
• Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision
• Auditory area
• Temporal lobe
• Interprets hearing
• Sensory area for taste
• Near base of the central sulcus
• Sensory area for smell
• Arises from centers deep within
the cerebrum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of
objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
Sensory Areas
(post-central sulcus)
• Cutaneous sensory area
• Parietal lobe
• Interprets sensations on
skin
• Visual area
• Occipital lobe
• Interprets vision
• Auditory area
• Temporal lobe
• Interprets hearing
• Sensory area for taste
• Near base of the central sulcus
• Sensory area for smell
• Arises from centers deep within
the cerebrum
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of
objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
32
Sensory Areas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal lobe
Sensory area
Central sulcus
Motor area
Frontal lobe
Swallowing
Forearm
Arm
Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Lips
ForearmArm
Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Genitals
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area
Longitudinal
fissure
Salivation
Vocalization
Mastication
Facial
expression
Thumb,
fingers,
and hand
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Tongue and
pharynx
Teeth and
gums
Upper
face
Hand, fingers,
and thumb
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Longitudinal
fissure
Sensory Areas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal lobe
Sensory area
Central sulcus
Motor area
Frontal lobe
Swallowing
Forearm
Arm
Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Lips
ForearmArm
Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Genitals
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area
Longitudinal
fissure
Salivation
Vocalization
Mastication
Facial
expression
Thumb,
fingers,
and hand
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Tongue and
pharynx
Teeth and
gums
Upper
face
Hand, fingers,
and thumb
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Longitudinal
fissure
33
Association Areas
• Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
• Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
• Analyze and interpret sensory experiences
• Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
Association Areas
• Regions that are not primary motor or primary sensory areas
• Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex
• Analyze and interpret sensory experiences
• Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
34
Association Areas
• Frontal lobe association areas
• Concentrating
• Planning
• Complex problem solving
• Parietal lobe association areas
• Understanding speech
• Choosing words to express
thought
• Temporal lobe association areas
• Interpret complex sensory
experiences
• Store memories of visual scenes,
music, and complex patterns
• Occipital lobe association areas
• Analyze and combine visual
images with other sensory
experiences
Association Areas
• Frontal lobe association areas
• Concentrating
• Planning
• Complex problem solving
• Parietal lobe association areas
• Understanding speech
• Choosing words to express
thought
• Temporal lobe association areas
• Interpret complex sensory
experiences
• Store memories of visual scenes,
music, and complex patterns
• Occipital lobe association areas
• Analyze and combine visual
images with other sensory
experiences
35
Motor Areas
(pre-central sulcus)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
• Primary motor areas
• Frontal lobes
• Control voluntary muscles
• Broca’s area
• Anterior to primary motor
cortex
• Usually in left hemisphere
• Controls muscles needed
for speech
• Frontal eye field
• Above Broca’s area
• Controls voluntary movements
of eyes and eyelids
Motor Areas
(pre-central sulcus)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Frontal eye field
Central sulcus
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Interpretation of auditory patterns
Lateral sulcus
Auditory area
Sensory areas involved with
cutaneous and other senses
Sensory speech area
( Wernicke’s area)
Combining visual images,
visual recognition of objects
Visual area
Temporal lobe
Motor speech area
(Broca’s area)
Motor areas involved with the control
of voluntary muscles
Concentration, planning,
problem solving
Front lobe
• Primary motor areas
• Frontal lobes
• Control voluntary muscles
• Broca’s area
• Anterior to primary motor
cortex
• Usually in left hemisphere
• Controls muscles needed
for speech
• Frontal eye field
• Above Broca’s area
• Controls voluntary movements
of eyes and eyelids
36
Motor Areas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal lobe
Sensory area
Central sulcus
Motor area
Frontal lobe
Swallowing
Forearm
Arm
Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Lips
ForearmArm
Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Genitals
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area
Longitudinal
fissure
Salivation
Vocalization
Mastication
Facial
expression
Thumb,
fingers,
and hand
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Tongue and
pharynx
Teeth and
gums
Upper
face
Hand, fingers,
and thumb
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Longitudinal
fissure
Motor Areas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Parietal lobe
Sensory area
Central sulcus
Motor area
Frontal lobe
Swallowing
Forearm
Arm
Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Lips
ForearmArm
Neck Pelvis
Thigh
Leg
Genitals
(a) Motor area (b) Sensory area
Longitudinal
fissure
Salivation
Vocalization
Mastication
Facial
expression
Thumb,
fingers,
and hand
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Tongue and
pharynx
Teeth and
gums
Upper
face
Hand, fingers,
and thumb
Trunk
Foot and
toes
Longitudinal
fissure
37
Hemisphere Dominance
• The left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals
• Dominant hemisphere controls:
• Speech
• Writing
• Reading
• Verbal skills
• Analytical skills
• Computational skills
• Nondominant hemisphere controls:
• Nonverbal tasks
• Motor tasks
• Understanding and interpreting
musical and visual patterns
• Provides emotional and intuitive
thought processes
Hemisphere Dominance
• The left hemisphere is dominant in most individuals
• Dominant hemisphere controls:
• Speech
• Writing
• Reading
• Verbal skills
• Analytical skills
• Computational skills
• Nondominant hemisphere controls:
• Nonverbal tasks
• Motor tasks
• Understanding and interpreting
musical and visual patterns
• Provides emotional and intuitive
thought processes
38
Memory
• Short term memory
• Working memory
• Closed neuronal circuit
• Circuit is stimulated over and
over
• When impulse flow ceases,
memory does also unless it
enters long-term memory via
memory consolidation
• Long term memory
• Changes structure or
function of neurons
• Enhances synaptic
transmission
Memory
• Short term memory
• Working memory
• Closed neuronal circuit
• Circuit is stimulated over and
over
• When impulse flow ceases,
memory does also unless it
enters long-term memory via
memory consolidation
• Long term memory
• Changes structure or
function of neurons
• Enhances synaptic
transmission
39
11.4 Clinical Application
Traumatic Brain Injury
11.4 Clinical Application
Traumatic Brain Injury
40
Basal Nuclei
• Masses of gray matter
• Deep within cerebral
hemispheres
• Caudate nucleus,
putamen, and globus
pallidus
• Produce dopamine
• Control certain muscular
activities
• Primarily by
inhibiting motor
functions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Putamen
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Longitudinal
fissure
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Caudate
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Basal
nuclei
Basal Nuclei
• Masses of gray matter
• Deep within cerebral
hemispheres
• Caudate nucleus,
putamen, and globus
pallidus
• Produce dopamine
• Control certain muscular
activities
• Primarily by
inhibiting motor
functions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Brainstem
Putamen
Cerebellum
Spinal cord
Longitudinal
fissure
Right cerebral
hemisphere
Caudate
nucleus
Globus
pallidus
Basal
nuclei
41
Diencephalon
• Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem
• Surrounds the third ventricle
• Thalamus
• Epithalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Optic tracts
• Optic chiasm
• Infundibulum
• Posterior pituitary
• Mammillary bodies
• Pineal gland
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
Diencephalon
• Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem
• Surrounds the third ventricle
• Thalamus
• Epithalamus
• Hypothalamus
• Optic tracts
• Optic chiasm
• Infundibulum
• Posterior pituitary
• Mammillary bodies
• Pineal gland
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
42
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex
• Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)
• Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for
interpretation
• Hypothalamus
• Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities
• Links nervous and endocrine systems (hence some say the
neuroendocrine system
Diencephalon
• Thalamus
• Gateway for sensory impulses heading to cerebral cortex
• Receives all sensory impulses (except smell)
• Channels impulses to appropriate part of cerebral cortex for
interpretation
• Hypothalamus
• Maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities
• Links nervous and endocrine systems (hence some say the
neuroendocrine system
43
Diencephalon
• Consists of:
• Portions of frontal lobe
• Portions of temporal lobe
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Basal nuclei
• Other deep nuclei
• Functions:
• Controls emotions
• Produces feelings
• Interprets sensory impulses
The Limbic System
Diencephalon
• Consists of:
• Portions of frontal lobe
• Portions of temporal lobe
• Hypothalamus
• Thalamus
• Basal nuclei
• Other deep nuclei
• Functions:
• Controls emotions
• Produces feelings
• Interprets sensory impulses
The Limbic System
44
11.5 Clinical Application
Parkinson Disease
11.5 Clinical Application
Parkinson Disease
45
Brainstem
Three parts:
1.Midbrain
2.Pons
3.Medulla Oblongata
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Pons
Midbrain
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
Brainstem
Three parts:
1.Midbrain
2.Pons
3.Medulla Oblongata
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Pons
Midbrain
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
46
Midbrain
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Between diencephalon and
pons
• Contains bundles of fibers
that join lower parts of
brainstem and spinal cord
with higher part of brain
• Cerebral aqueduct
• Cerebral peduncles
(bundles of nerve fibers)
• Corpora quadrigemina
(centers for visual and
auditory reflexes)
Midbrain
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Between diencephalon and
pons
• Contains bundles of fibers
that join lower parts of
brainstem and spinal cord
with higher part of brain
• Cerebral aqueduct
• Cerebral peduncles
(bundles of nerve fibers)
• Corpora quadrigemina
(centers for visual and
auditory reflexes)
47
Pons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Rounded bulge on
underside of brainstem
• Between medulla
oblongata and midbrain
• Helps regulate rate and
depth of breathing
• Relays nerve impulses to
and from medulla
oblongata and cerebellum
Pons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Rounded bulge on
underside of brainstem
• Between medulla
oblongata and midbrain
• Helps regulate rate and
depth of breathing
• Relays nerve impulses to
and from medulla
oblongata and cerebellum
48
Medulla Oblongata
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Enlarged continuation of
spinal cord
• Conducts ascending and
descending impulses between
brain and spinal cord
• Contains cardiac,
vasomotor, and respiratory
control centers
• Contains various nonvital
reflex control centers
(coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting)
Medulla Oblongata
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Pyramidal tract
Pons
Optic nerve Optic chiasma
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Optic tract
Mammillary body
(a) (b)
Olive
Corpora quadrigemina
Cerebral
peduncles
Superior
colliculus
Inferior
colliculus
Third
ventricle
Fourth
ventricle
Cerebellar
peduncles
Medulla
oblongata
• Enlarged continuation of
spinal cord
• Conducts ascending and
descending impulses between
brain and spinal cord
• Contains cardiac,
vasomotor, and respiratory
control centers
• Contains various nonvital
reflex control centers
(coughing, sneezing,
swallowing, and vomiting)
49
Reticular Formation
• Complex network of nerve
fibers scattered throughout the
brain stem
• Extends into the diencephalon
• Connects to centers of
hypothalamus, basal nuclei,
cerebellum, and cerebrum
• Filters incoming sensory
information
• Arouses cerebral cortex into
state of wakefulness
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Pons
Midbrain
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
Reticular Formation
• Complex network of nerve
fibers scattered throughout the
brain stem
• Extends into the diencephalon
• Connects to centers of
hypothalamus, basal nuclei,
cerebellum, and cerebrum
• Filters incoming sensory
information
• Arouses cerebral cortex into
state of wakefulness
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Diencephalon
Pons
Midbrain
Corpus
callosum
Corpora
quadrigemina
Cerebral
aqueduct
Reticular
formation
Medulla
oblongata
50
Types of Sleep
• Slow wave
• Non-REM sleep
• Person is tired
• Decreasing activity of
reticular system
• Restful
• Dreamless
• Reduced blood pressure and
respiratory rate
• Ranges from light to heavy
• Alternates with REM sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
• Paradoxical sleep
• Some areas of brain active
• Heart and respiratory rates
irregular
• Dreaming occurs
Types of Sleep
• Slow wave
• Non-REM sleep
• Person is tired
• Decreasing activity of
reticular system
• Restful
• Dreamless
• Reduced blood pressure and
respiratory rate
• Ranges from light to heavy
• Alternates with REM sleep
• Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
• Paradoxical sleep
• Some areas of brain active
• Heart and respiratory rates
irregular
• Dreaming occurs
51
Cerebellum
• Inferior to occipital lobes
• Posterior to pons and medulla
oblongata
• Two hemispheres
• Vermis connects hemispheres
• Cerebellar cortex (gray matter)
• Arbor vitae (white matter)
• Cerebellar peduncles (nerve fiber
tracts)
• Dentate nucleus (largest nucleus in
cerebellum)
• Integrates sensory information
concerning position of body parts
• Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
• Maintains posture
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thalamus
Superior
peduncle
Middle peduncle
Inferior peduncle
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Longitudinal
fissure
Cerebellum
• Inferior to occipital lobes
• Posterior to pons and medulla
oblongata
• Two hemispheres
• Vermis connects hemispheres
• Cerebellar cortex (gray matter)
• Arbor vitae (white matter)
• Cerebellar peduncles (nerve fiber
tracts)
• Dentate nucleus (largest nucleus in
cerebellum)
• Integrates sensory information
concerning position of body parts
• Coordinates skeletal muscle activity
• Maintains posture
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Thalamus
Superior
peduncle
Middle peduncle
Inferior peduncle
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Corpus callosum
Longitudinal
fissure
52
Major Parts of the Brain
Major Parts of the Brain
53
11.6 Clinical Application
Brain Waves
11.6 Clinical Application
Brain Waves
54
11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
• Cranial nerves arising from the brain
• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
• Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord
• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
• Cranial nerves arising from the brain
• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
• Spinal nerves arising from the spinal cord
• Somatic fibers connecting to the skin and skeletal muscles
• Autonomic fibers connecting to viscera
55
Nervous System Subdivisions
Nervous System Subdivisions
56
Structure of a Peripheral Nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Axon
Neurilemma
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Node of Ranvier
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Fascicle
Sensory receptor
Motor neuron
ending
Structure of a Peripheral Nerve
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Peripheral nerve
Epineurium
Axon
Neurilemma
Myelin sheath
Schwann cell
Node of Ranvier
Endoneurium
Perineurium
Fascicle
Sensory receptor
Motor neuron
ending
57
Nerve and Nerve Fiber
Classification
• Sensory nerves
• Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord
• Motor nerves
• Conduct impulses to muscles or glands
• Mixed (both sensory and motor) nerves
• Contain both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers
• Most nerves are mixed nerves
• ALL spinal nerves are mixed nerves (except the first pair)
Nerve and Nerve Fiber
Classification
• Sensory nerves
• Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord
• Motor nerves
• Conduct impulses to muscles or glands
• Mixed (both sensory and motor) nerves
• Contain both sensory nerve fibers and motor nerve fibers
• Most nerves are mixed nerves
• ALL spinal nerves are mixed nerves (except the first pair)
58
Nerve Fiber Classification
• General somatic efferent (GSE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses from CNS to
skeletal muscles
• General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses away from
CNS to smooth muscles and glands
• General somatic afferent (GSA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to CNS from
skin and skeletal muscles
• General visceral afferent (GVA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to CNS from
blood vessels and internal organs
Nerve Fiber Classification
• General somatic efferent (GSE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses from CNS to
skeletal muscles
• General visceral efferent (GVE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses away from
CNS to smooth muscles and glands
• General somatic afferent (GSA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to CNS from
skin and skeletal muscles
• General visceral afferent (GVA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to CNS from
blood vessels and internal organs
59
Nerve Fiber Classification
• Special somatic efferent (SSE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in
chewing, swallowing, speaking and forming facial
expressions
• Special visceral afferent (SVA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory and taste
receptors
• Special somatic afferent (SSA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to brain from receptors of sight,
hearing and equilibrium
Nerve Fiber Classification
• Special somatic efferent (SSE) fibers
• Carry motor impulses from brain to muscles used in
chewing, swallowing, speaking and forming facial
expressions
• Special visceral afferent (SVA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to brain from olfactory and taste
receptors
• Special somatic afferent (SSA) fibers
• Carry sensory impulses to brain from receptors of sight,
hearing and equilibrium
60
Cranial Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Olfactory bulb
Hypoglossal (XII)
Optic tract
Olfactory tract
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Vagus (X)
Cranial Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Olfactory bulb
Hypoglossal (XII)
Optic tract
Olfactory tract
Olfactory (I)
Optic (II)
Oculomotor (III)
Abducens (VI)
Facial (VII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Accessory (XI)
Trochlear (IV)
Trigeminal (V)
Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
Vagus (X)
61
Cranial Nerves
• Remember:
• Cranial nerves are designated ‘CN’
• Cranial nerves are designated with Roman numerals
(I – XII)
Cranial Nerves
• Remember:
• Cranial nerves are designated ‘CN’
• Cranial nerves are designated with Roman numerals
(I – XII)
62
Cranial Nerves I and II
• Olfactory nerve (CN I)
• Sensory nerve
• Fibers transmit impulses
associated with smell
• Optic nerve (CN II)
• Sensory nerve
• Fibers transmit impulses
associated with vision
Cranial Nerves I and II
• Olfactory nerve (CN I)
• Sensory nerve
• Fibers transmit impulses
associated with smell
• Optic nerve (CN II)
• Sensory nerve
• Fibers transmit impulses
associated with vision
63
Cranial Nerves III and IV
• Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that move the eyes
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptors
• Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that:
• Raise eyelids
• Move the eyes
• Focus lens
• Adjust light entering eye
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptors
Cranial Nerves III and IV
• Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that move the eyes
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptors
• Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that:
• Raise eyelids
• Move the eyes
• Focus lens
• Adjust light entering eye
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptors
64
Cranial Nerve V
• Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
• Mixed nerve
• “Three (3) sisters”
• (1) Ophthalmic division
• Sensory from surface of eyes,
tear glands, scalp, forehead,
and upper eyelids
• (2) Maxillary division
• Sensory from upper teeth,
upper gum, upper lip, palate,
and skin of face
• (3) Mandibular division
• Sensory from scalp, skin of
jaw, lower teeth, lower gum,
and lower lip
• Motor to muscles of
mastication and muscles in
floor of mouth
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal nerve
Eye
Maxilla
Mandible
Lacrimal
gland
Infraorbital
nerve
Tongue
Mental
nerve
Ophthalmic
division
Maxillary
division
Mandibular
division
Lingual
nerve
Inferior
alveolar
nerve
Cranial Nerve V
• Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
• Mixed nerve
• “Three (3) sisters”
• (1) Ophthalmic division
• Sensory from surface of eyes,
tear glands, scalp, forehead,
and upper eyelids
• (2) Maxillary division
• Sensory from upper teeth,
upper gum, upper lip, palate,
and skin of face
• (3) Mandibular division
• Sensory from scalp, skin of
jaw, lower teeth, lower gum,
and lower lip
• Motor to muscles of
mastication and muscles in
floor of mouth
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal nerve
Eye
Maxilla
Mandible
Lacrimal
gland
Infraorbital
nerve
Tongue
Mental
nerve
Ophthalmic
division
Maxillary
division
Mandibular
division
Lingual
nerve
Inferior
alveolar
nerve
65
Cranial Nerves VI and VII
• Abducens nerve (CN VI)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that move the eyes
• Some sensory
•Proprioceptors
• Facial nerve (CN VII)
• Mixed nerve
• Sensory from taste receptors
• Motor to muscles of facial
expression, tear glands, and
salivary glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Zygomatic nerve
Buccal nerve
Facial nerve
Mandibular nerve
Cervical nerve
Temporal nerve
Posterior auricular
nerve
Parotid salivary
gland
68
Cranial Nerves VI and VII
• Abducens nerve (CN VI)
• Primarily motor nerve
• Motor impulses to muscles
that move the eyes
• Some sensory
•Proprioceptors
• Facial nerve (CN VII)
• Mixed nerve
• Sensory from taste receptors
• Motor to muscles of facial
expression, tear glands, and
salivary glands
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Zygomatic nerve
Buccal nerve
Facial nerve
Mandibular nerve
Cervical nerve
Temporal nerve
Posterior auricular
nerve
Parotid salivary
gland
68
66
Cranial Nerves VIII and IX
• Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
• A.k.a acoustic or auditory nerve
• Sensory nerve
• Two (2) branches:
• Vestibular branch
• Sensory from equilibrium
receptors of ear
• Cochlear branch
• Sensory from hearing
receptors
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
• Mixed nerve
• Sensory from pharynx, tonsils,
tongue and carotid arteries
• Motor to salivary glands and
muscles of pharynx
Cranial Nerves VIII and IX
• Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
• A.k.a acoustic or auditory nerve
• Sensory nerve
• Two (2) branches:
• Vestibular branch
• Sensory from equilibrium
receptors of ear
• Cochlear branch
• Sensory from hearing
receptors
• Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
• Mixed nerve
• Sensory from pharynx, tonsils,
tongue and carotid arteries
• Motor to salivary glands and
muscles of pharynx
67
Cranial Nerve X
• Vagus nerve (CN X)
• Mixed nerve
• Somatic motor to muscles of
speech and swallowing
• Autonomic motor to viscera of
thorax and abdomen
• Sensory from pharynx, larynx,
esophagus, and viscera of thorax
and abdomen
Meningeal branch
Auricular branch
Pharyngeal branch
Palate
Cardiac nerves
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Nerve XI
Nerve XII
Carotid body
Large intestine
Lung
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior laryngeal
nerve
Recurrent laryngeal
nerve
Superior ganglion
of vagus nerve
Inferior ganglion
of vagus nerve
Left vagus
nerve
Small
intestine
Cranial Nerve X
• Vagus nerve (CN X)
• Mixed nerve
• Somatic motor to muscles of
speech and swallowing
• Autonomic motor to viscera of
thorax and abdomen
• Sensory from pharynx, larynx,
esophagus, and viscera of thorax
and abdomen
Meningeal branch
Auricular branch
Pharyngeal branch
Palate
Cardiac nerves
Heart
Liver
Kidney
Nerve XI
Nerve XII
Carotid body
Large intestine
Lung
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Superior laryngeal
nerve
Recurrent laryngeal
nerve
Superior ganglion
of vagus nerve
Inferior ganglion
of vagus nerve
Left vagus
nerve
Small
intestine
68
Cranial Nerves XI and XII
• Accessory nerve (CN XI)
• Primarily motor nerve
• We called this “Spinal” Accessory
because:
• Cranial branch
• Motor to muscles of soft
palate, pharynx and larynx
• Spinal branch
• Motor to muscles of neck
and back
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptor
• Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
• Primarily motor
• Motor to muscles of the
tongue
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptor
Cranial Nerves XI and XII
• Accessory nerve (CN XI)
• Primarily motor nerve
• We called this “Spinal” Accessory
because:
• Cranial branch
• Motor to muscles of soft
palate, pharynx and larynx
• Spinal branch
• Motor to muscles of neck
and back
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptor
• Hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)
• Primarily motor
• Motor to muscles of the
tongue
• Some sensory
• Proprioceptor
69
Functions of Cranial Nerves
Functions of Cranial Nerves
70
Spinal Nerves
• ALL are mixed nerves
(except the first pair)
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
• 8 cervical nerves
• (C1 to C8)
• 12 thoracic nerves
• (T1 to T12)
• 5 lumbar nerves
• (L1 to L5)
• 5 sacral nerves
• (S1 to S5)
• 1 coccygeal nerve
• (Co or Cc)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cauda equina
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S2
S3
S4
S1
S5
Co
Posterior
view
Cervical
nerves
Thoracic
nerves
Lumbar
nerves
Sacral
nerves
Coccygeal
nerve
Spinal Nerves
• ALL are mixed nerves
(except the first pair)
• 31 pairs of spinal nerves:
• 8 cervical nerves
• (C1 to C8)
• 12 thoracic nerves
• (T1 to T12)
• 5 lumbar nerves
• (L1 to L5)
• 5 sacral nerves
• (S1 to S5)
• 1 coccygeal nerve
• (Co or Cc)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cauda equina
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S2
S3
S4
S1
S5
Co
Posterior
view
Cervical
nerves
Thoracic
nerves
Lumbar
nerves
Sacral
nerves
Coccygeal
nerve
71
Spinal Nerves
• Dorsal root (aka posterior
root)
• Sensory root
• Axons of sensory
neurons are in the dorsal
root ganglion
• Dorsal root ganglion
• Aka DRG
• Cell bodies of sensory
neurons whose axons
conduct impulses inward
from peripheral body parts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral horn
Ventral root
(a)
(b)
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
horn
Anterior
horn
Central
canal
Anterior
median fissure
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Paravertebral
ganglion
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
Spinal Nerves
• Dorsal root (aka posterior
root)
• Sensory root
• Axons of sensory
neurons are in the dorsal
root ganglion
• Dorsal root ganglion
• Aka DRG
• Cell bodies of sensory
neurons whose axons
conduct impulses inward
from peripheral body parts
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral horn
Ventral root
(a)
(b)
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
horn
Anterior
horn
Central
canal
Anterior
median fissure
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Paravertebral
ganglion
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
72
Dermatome
• An area of skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular
spinal nerve innervate
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
T1
C6
C7
S2
S3
C8
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
T12
T1
S1
(a) (b)
S5
C0
S4
S3
S2
S1
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
L5
L1
C8
T1
T12
C7
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dermatome
• An area of skin that the sensory nerve fibers of a particular
spinal nerve innervate
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
T1
C6
C7
S2
S3
C8
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
T12
T1
S1
(a) (b)
S5
C0
S4
S3
S2
S1
L5
L4
L3
L2
L1
L5
L1
C8
T1
T12
C7
C6
C5
C4
C3
C2
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
73
Spinal Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral horn
Ventral root
(a)
(b)
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
horn
Anterior
horn
Central
canal
Anterior
median fissure
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Paravertebral
ganglion
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
• Ventral root (aka anterior root)
• Motor root
• Axons of motor neurons
whose cell bodies are in the
spinal cord
• Spinal nerve
• Union of ventral root
and dorsal roots
• Hence we now have a
“mixed” nerve
Spinal Nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lateral horn
Ventral root
(a)
(b)
Dorsal root
Dorsal root
Spinal nerve
Dorsal root
ganglion
Posterior
median sulcus
Posterior
horn
Anterior
horn
Central
canal
Anterior
median fissure
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Paravertebral
ganglion
Ventral branch
of spinal nerve (ventral ramus)
Dorsal branch
of spinal nerve (dorsal ramus)
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral branch
of spinal nerve
Ventral root
• Ventral root (aka anterior root)
• Motor root
• Axons of motor neurons
whose cell bodies are in the
spinal cord
• Spinal nerve
• Union of ventral root
and dorsal roots
• Hence we now have a
“mixed” nerve
74
Nerve Plexuses
• Nerve plexus
• Complex networks formed by anterior branches of spinal nerves
• The fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined
• There are three (3) nerve plexuses:
• (1) Cervical plexus
• Formed by anterior branches of C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Lies deep in the neck
• Supply to muscles and skin of the neck
• C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves bilaterally
Nerve Plexuses
• Nerve plexus
• Complex networks formed by anterior branches of spinal nerves
• The fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined
• There are three (3) nerve plexuses:
• (1) Cervical plexus
• Formed by anterior branches of C1-C4 spinal nerves
• Lies deep in the neck
• Supply to muscles and skin of the neck
• C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves bilaterally
75
Brachial Plexus
• (2) Brachial plexus
• Formed by anterior branches C5-T1
• Lies deep within shoulders
• There are five (5) branches:
• 1. Musculocutaneous nerve
• Supply muscles of anterior arms
and skin of forearms
• 2. Ulnar and 3. Median nerves
• Supply muscles of forearms and
hands
• Supply skin of hands
• 4. Radial nerve
• Supply posterior muscles of arms
and skin of forearms and hands
• 5. Axillary nerve
• Supply muscles and skin of
anterior, lateral, and posterior arms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Musculo-
cutaneous n.
Musculocutaneous n.
Humerus
Thoracodorsal n.
Lower subscapular n.
Suprascapular n.
Lateral pectoral n.
Medial pectoral n.
Axillary n.
Axillary n.
Radial n.
Radial n.
Radius
Ulna
Ulnar n.
Ulnar n.
Median n.
Median n.
C5
C5
C6
C6
C7
C7
C8
C8
T1
T1
(a)
(b)
Ventral rami: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Anterior divisions
Posterior divisions
Trunks: upper, middle, lower
Dorsal
scapular n.
Brachial Plexus
• (2) Brachial plexus
• Formed by anterior branches C5-T1
• Lies deep within shoulders
• There are five (5) branches:
• 1. Musculocutaneous nerve
• Supply muscles of anterior arms
and skin of forearms
• 2. Ulnar and 3. Median nerves
• Supply muscles of forearms and
hands
• Supply skin of hands
• 4. Radial nerve
• Supply posterior muscles of arms
and skin of forearms and hands
• 5. Axillary nerve
• Supply muscles and skin of
anterior, lateral, and posterior arms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Musculo-
cutaneous n.
Musculocutaneous n.
Humerus
Thoracodorsal n.
Lower subscapular n.
Suprascapular n.
Lateral pectoral n.
Medial pectoral n.
Axillary n.
Axillary n.
Radial n.
Radial n.
Radius
Ulna
Ulnar n.
Ulnar n.
Median n.
Median n.
C5
C5
C6
C6
C7
C7
C8
C8
T1
T1
(a)
(b)
Ventral rami: C5, C6, C7, C8, T1
Anterior divisions
Posterior divisions
Trunks: upper, middle, lower
Dorsal
scapular n.
76
Lumbosacral Plexus
• (3) Lumbosacral plexus
• Formed by the anterior branches
of L1-S5 roots
• Can be a lumbar (L1-L5) plexus
and a sacral (S1-S5) plexus
• Extends from lumbar region into
pelvic cavity
• Obturator nerve
• Supply motor impulses to
adductors of thighs
• Femoral nerve
• Supply motor impulses to
muscles of anterior thigh and
sensory impulses from skin of
thighs and legs
• Sciatic nerve
• Supply muscles and skin of
thighs, legs and feet
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sciatic n.
Saphenous n.
Femoral n.
Obturator n.
Tibial n.
Pudendal n.
(b) (c)(a)
Femoral n.
Obturator n.
Pudendal n.
Sciatic n.
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Ventral
rami
Anterior
divisions
Posterior
divisions
Lateral
femoral
cutaneous n.
Superior
gluteal n.
Inferior
gluteal n.
Superior
gluteal n.
Inferior
gluteal n.
Sacral
plexus
Common
fibular
(peroneal) n.
Posterior
cutaneous n.
Common
fibular
(peroneal) n.
Tibial n.
Lumbosacral Plexus
• (3) Lumbosacral plexus
• Formed by the anterior branches
of L1-S5 roots
• Can be a lumbar (L1-L5) plexus
and a sacral (S1-S5) plexus
• Extends from lumbar region into
pelvic cavity
• Obturator nerve
• Supply motor impulses to
adductors of thighs
• Femoral nerve
• Supply motor impulses to
muscles of anterior thigh and
sensory impulses from skin of
thighs and legs
• Sciatic nerve
• Supply muscles and skin of
thighs, legs and feet
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Sciatic n.
Saphenous n.
Femoral n.
Obturator n.
Tibial n.
Pudendal n.
(b) (c)(a)
Femoral n.
Obturator n.
Pudendal n.
Sciatic n.
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S1
S2
S3
S4
S5
Ventral
rami
Anterior
divisions
Posterior
divisions
Lateral
femoral
cutaneous n.
Superior
gluteal n.
Inferior
gluteal n.
Superior
gluteal n.
Inferior
gluteal n.
Sacral
plexus
Common
fibular
(peroneal) n.
Posterior
cutaneous n.
Common
fibular
(peroneal) n.
Tibial n.
77
Plexuses
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co
Posterior view
Cervical plexus
(C1–C4)
Lumbosacral plexus
(T12–S5)
Sciatic nerve
Brachial plexus
(C5–T1)
Obturator nerve
Phrenic nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
T7
S1
Cauda equina
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Femoral
nerve
Intercostal
nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plexuses
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8
T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T8
T9
T10
T11
T12
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
S2
S3
S4
S5
Co
Posterior view
Cervical plexus
(C1–C4)
Lumbosacral plexus
(T12–S5)
Sciatic nerve
Brachial plexus
(C5–T1)
Obturator nerve
Phrenic nerve
Ulnar nerve
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
T7
S1
Cauda equina
Musculocutaneous
nerve
Femoral
nerve
Intercostal
nerves
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
78
11.7 Clinical Application
Spinal Nerve Injuries
11.7 Clinical Application
Spinal Nerve Injuries
79
11.7: Autonomic Nervous System
• Functions without conscious effort
• Controls visceral activities
• Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
• Efferent fibers typically lead to ganglia outside of the CNS
• Two autonomic divisions regulate:
• Sympathetic division (speeds up)
• Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations
• Parasympathetic division (slows down)
• Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities
11.7: Autonomic Nervous System
• Functions without conscious effort
• Controls visceral activities
• Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
• Efferent fibers typically lead to ganglia outside of the CNS
• Two autonomic divisions regulate:
• Sympathetic division (speeds up)
• Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations
• Parasympathetic division (slows down)
• Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities
80
Autonomic Nerve Fibers
• All of the neurons are
motor (efferent)
• Preganglionic fibers
• Axons of preganglionic
neurons
• Neuron cell bodies in
CNS
• Postganglionic fibers
• Axons of postganglionic
neurons
• Neuron cell bodies in
ganglia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interneurons
Spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion
Viscera
(b) Somatic pathway
Skin
Somatic motor neuron
Dorsal root
ganglion
Sensory
neuron
Autonomic
ganglion
Preganglionic
fiber
Postganglionic
fiber
Skeletal
muscle
Sensory
neuron
(a) Autonomic pathway
Autonomic Nerve Fibers
• All of the neurons are
motor (efferent)
• Preganglionic fibers
• Axons of preganglionic
neurons
• Neuron cell bodies in
CNS
• Postganglionic fibers
• Axons of postganglionic
neurons
• Neuron cell bodies in
ganglia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Interneurons
Spinal cord
Dorsal root ganglion
Viscera
(b) Somatic pathway
Skin
Somatic motor neuron
Dorsal root
ganglion
Sensory
neuron
Autonomic
ganglion
Preganglionic
fiber
Postganglionic
fiber
Skeletal
muscle
Sensory
neuron
(a) Autonomic pathway
81
Sympathetic Division
• Thoracolumbar division –
location of preganglionic
neurons
• Preganglionic fibers leave
spinal nerves through white
rami and enter paravertebral
ganglia
• Paraverterbral ganglia and
fibers that connect them
make up the sympathetic
trunk
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ventral root
Spinal nerves
Spinal cord
Dorsal root
Pia mater
Sympathetic
trunk
Paravertebral
sympathetic
ganglion
Transverse
process
Vertebral notch
(forms part of
intervertebral
foramen)
Body of
vertebra
Dura
mater
Arachnoid
mater
Dorsal root
ganglion
Sympathetic Division
• Thoracolumbar division –
location of preganglionic
neurons
• Preganglionic fibers leave
spinal nerves through white
rami and enter paravertebral
ganglia
• Paraverterbral ganglia and
fibers that connect them
make up the sympathetic
trunk
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Ventral root
Spinal nerves
Spinal cord
Dorsal root
Pia mater
Sympathetic
trunk
Paravertebral
sympathetic
ganglion
Transverse
process
Vertebral notch
(forms part of
intervertebral
foramen)
Body of
vertebra
Dura
mater
Arachnoid
mater
Dorsal root
ganglion
82
Sympathetic Division
• Postganglionic fibers extend
from sympathetic ganglia to
visceral organs
• Postganglionic fibers usually
pass through gray rami and return
to a spinal nerve before
proceeding to an effector
• Exception: preganglionic fibers to
adrenal medulla do not synapse with
postganglionic neurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Sympathetic trunk
Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Dorsal root
ganglion
Spinal
nerve
Visceral effector
(intestine)
Collateral
ganglion
To visceral effectors
(smooth muscle
of blood vessels,
arrector pili
muscles, and
sweat glands)
Gray
ramus
White
ramus
Dorsal branch of
spinal nerve
Ventral branch of
spinal nerve
Paravertebral
sympathetic
ganglion
Sympathetic Division
• Postganglionic fibers extend
from sympathetic ganglia to
visceral organs
• Postganglionic fibers usually
pass through gray rami and return
to a spinal nerve before
proceeding to an effector
• Exception: preganglionic fibers to
adrenal medulla do not synapse with
postganglionic neurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord
Ventral root
Dorsal root
Sympathetic trunk
Posterior horn
Lateral horn
Anterior horn
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Dorsal root
ganglion
Spinal
nerve
Visceral effector
(intestine)
Collateral
ganglion
To visceral effectors
(smooth muscle
of blood vessels,
arrector pili
muscles, and
sweat glands)
Gray
ramus
White
ramus
Dorsal branch of
spinal nerve
Ventral branch of
spinal nerve
Paravertebral
sympathetic
ganglion
83
Sympathetic Division
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal gland
Skin
Eye
Blood vessels
Heart
Lungs
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Uterus
Penis
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Ovary
Scrotum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Trachea
Parotid gland,
submandibular and
sublingual glands
Urinary
bladder
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Sympathetic
chain ganglia
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Spinal
cord
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Celiac
ganglion
Fibers to
skin, blood vessels,
and adipose tissue
Celiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Sympathetic Division
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Lacrimal gland
Skin
Eye
Blood vessels
Heart
Lungs
Adrenal gland
Kidney
Uterus
Penis
Liver
Stomach
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Ovary
Scrotum
Small intestine
Large intestine
Trachea
Parotid gland,
submandibular and
sublingual glands
Urinary
bladder
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Sympathetic
chain ganglia
Inferior
mesenteric
ganglion
Spinal
cord
Superior
mesenteric
ganglion
Celiac
ganglion
Fibers to
skin, blood vessels,
and adipose tissue
Celiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
84
Parasympathetic Division
• Craniosacral division –
location of preganglionic
neurons
• Ganglia are near or
within various organs
• Terminal ganglia
• Short postganglionic
fibers
• Continue to
specific muscles or
glands
• Preganglionic fibers of the
head are included in nerves
III, VII, and IX
• Preganglionic fibers of
thorax and abdomen are
parts of nerve X
Parasympathetic Division
• Craniosacral division –
location of preganglionic
neurons
• Ganglia are near or
within various organs
• Terminal ganglia
• Short postganglionic
fibers
• Continue to
specific muscles or
glands
• Preganglionic fibers of the
head are included in nerves
III, VII, and IX
• Preganglionic fibers of
thorax and abdomen are
parts of nerve X
85
Parasympathetic Division
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Heart
Trachea
Lung
Gallbladder
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Kidney
UterusScrotum
Otic ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Eye
Penis Ovary
Sphenopalatine
ganglion
Cranial
nerve III
Cranial
Nerve VII
Submandibular
ganglion
Cranial
nerve IX
Cranial nerve X
(Vagus)
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Celiac
plexus
Superior
hypogastric
plexus
Inferior
hypogastric
plexus
Spinal
cord
Pelvic
nerves
Urinary
bladder
Parotid
gland
Submandibular
and sublingual glands
Lacrimal
gland
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
Parasympathetic Division
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Heart
Trachea
Lung
Gallbladder
Liver
Stomach
Spleen
Pancreas
Small intestine
Large intestine
Kidney
UterusScrotum
Otic ganglion
Ciliary ganglion
Eye
Penis Ovary
Sphenopalatine
ganglion
Cranial
nerve III
Cranial
Nerve VII
Submandibular
ganglion
Cranial
nerve IX
Cranial nerve X
(Vagus)
Cardiac and
pulmonary
plexuses
Celiac
plexus
Superior
hypogastric
plexus
Inferior
hypogastric
plexus
Spinal
cord
Pelvic
nerves
Urinary
bladder
Parotid
gland
Submandibular
and sublingual glands
Lacrimal
gland
Preganglionic
neuron
Postganglionic
neuron
86
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
• Cholinergic fibers
• Release acetylcholine
• Preganglionic
sympathetic and
parasympathetic fibers
• Postganglionic
parasympathetic fibers
• Adrenergic fibers
• Release
norepinephrine
• Most
postganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brain
Postganglionic fiber (axon)
Preganglionic fiber (axon)
Ganglion
Sympathetic neurons
ACh = acetylcholine (cholinergic)
NE = norepinephrine (adrenergic)
ACh
ACh
ACh
ACh
AChACh
NE
NE
Cranial
parasympathetic
neurons
Sacral
parasympathetic
neurons
Collateral
ganglion
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral
effectors
Autonomic Neurotransmitters
• Cholinergic fibers
• Release acetylcholine
• Preganglionic
sympathetic and
parasympathetic fibers
• Postganglionic
parasympathetic fibers
• Adrenergic fibers
• Release
norepinephrine
• Most
postganglionic
sympathetic
fibers
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Brain
Postganglionic fiber (axon)
Preganglionic fiber (axon)
Ganglion
Sympathetic neurons
ACh = acetylcholine (cholinergic)
NE = norepinephrine (adrenergic)
ACh
ACh
ACh
ACh
AChACh
NE
NE
Cranial
parasympathetic
neurons
Sacral
parasympathetic
neurons
Collateral
ganglion
Paravertebral
ganglion
Visceral
effectors
87
Actions of Autonomic
Neurotransmitters
• Result from binding to protein receptors in the membrane
of effector cells:
• Cholinergic receptors
• Bind to acetylcholine (Ach)
• Muscarinic
• Excitatory
• Slow
• Nicotinic
• Excitatory
• Rapid
• Adrenergic receptors
• Bind to epinephrine
and norepinephrine
• Alpha and beta
• Both elicit different
responses on various
effectors
Actions of Autonomic
Neurotransmitters
• Result from binding to protein receptors in the membrane
of effector cells:
• Cholinergic receptors
• Bind to acetylcholine (Ach)
• Muscarinic
• Excitatory
• Slow
• Nicotinic
• Excitatory
• Rapid
• Adrenergic receptors
• Bind to epinephrine
and norepinephrine
• Alpha and beta
• Both elicit different
responses on various
effectors
88
Terminating Autonomic
Neurotransmitter Actions
• The enzyme acetylcholinesterase rapidly decomposes the
acetylcholine that cholinergic fibers release.
• Norepinephrine from adrenergic fibers is removed by
active transport.
Terminating Autonomic
Neurotransmitter Actions
• The enzyme acetylcholinesterase rapidly decomposes the
acetylcholine that cholinergic fibers release.
• Norepinephrine from adrenergic fibers is removed by
active transport.
89
Control of Autonomic
Activity
• Controlled largely by CNS
• Medulla oblongata regulates cardiac, vasomotor and
respiratory activities
• Hypothalamus regulates visceral functions, such as body
temperature, hunger, thirst, and water and electrolyte balance
• Limbic system and cerebral cortex control emotional
responses
Control of Autonomic
Activity
• Controlled largely by CNS
• Medulla oblongata regulates cardiac, vasomotor and
respiratory activities
• Hypothalamus regulates visceral functions, such as body
temperature, hunger, thirst, and water and electrolyte balance
• Limbic system and cerebral cortex control emotional
responses
90
11.8: Lifespan Changes
• Brain cells begin to die before birth
• Over average lifetime, brain shrinks 10%
• Most cell death occurs in temporal lobes
• By age 90, frontal cortex has lost half its neurons
• Number of dendritic branches decreases
• Decreased levels of neurotransmitters
• Fading memory
• Slowed responses and reflexes
• Increased risk of falling
• Changes in sleep patterns that result in fewer sleeping hours
11.8: Lifespan Changes
• Brain cells begin to die before birth
• Over average lifetime, brain shrinks 10%
• Most cell death occurs in temporal lobes
• By age 90, frontal cortex has lost half its neurons
• Number of dendritic branches decreases
• Decreased levels of neurotransmitters
• Fading memory
• Slowed responses and reflexes
• Increased risk of falling
• Changes in sleep patterns that result in fewer sleeping hours
91
Important Points in Chapter 11:
Outcomes to be Assessed
11.1: Introduction
Describe the general structure of the brain.
Describe the relationship among the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
11.2: Meninges
Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Describe the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid.
11.4: Spinal Cord
Describe the structure of the spinal cord and its major functions.
Describe a reflex arc.
Describe reflex behavior.
11.5: Brain
Name the major parts of the brain and describe the functions of each.
Distinguish among motor, sensory, association areas of the cerebral
cortex.
Important Points in Chapter 11:
Outcomes to be Assessed
11.1: Introduction
Describe the general structure of the brain.
Describe the relationship among the brain, brainstem, and spinal cord.
11.2: Meninges
Describe the coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
11.3: Ventricles and Cerebrospinal Fluid
Describe the formation and function of cerebrospinal fluid.
11.4: Spinal Cord
Describe the structure of the spinal cord and its major functions.
Describe a reflex arc.
Describe reflex behavior.
11.5: Brain
Name the major parts of the brain and describe the functions of each.
Distinguish among motor, sensory, association areas of the cerebral
cortex.
92
Important Points in Chapter 11:
Outcomes to be Assessed
Explain hemisphere dominance.
Explain stages in memory storage.
Explain the functions of the limbic system and reticular formation.
11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
List the major parts of the peripheral nervous system.
Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve and how its fibers are
classified.
Name the cranial nerves and list their major functions.
Explain how spinal nerves are named and their functions
11.7: Autonomic Nervous System
Describe the general characteristics of the autonomic nervous system.
Distinguish between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions
of the autonomic nervous system.
Describe a sympathetic and a parasympathetic nerve pathway.
Explain how the autonomic neurotransmitters differently affect visceral
effectors
Important Points in Chapter 11:
Outcomes to be Assessed
Explain hemisphere dominance.
Explain stages in memory storage.
Explain the functions of the limbic system and reticular formation.
11.6: Peripheral Nervous System
List the major parts of the peripheral nervous system.
Describe the structure of a peripheral nerve and how its fibers are
classified.
Name the cranial nerves and list their major functions.
Explain how spinal nerves are named and their functions
11.7: Autonomic Nervous System
Describe the general characteristics of the autonomic nervous system.
Distinguish between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic divisions
of the autonomic nervous system.
Describe a sympathetic and a parasympathetic nerve pathway.
Explain how the autonomic neurotransmitters differently affect visceral
effectors
93
Quiz 11
Complete Quiz 11 now!
Read Chapter 12.
Quiz 11
Complete Quiz 11 now!
Read Chapter 12.
Tags
Categories
EducationDownload
Download Slideshow Get the original presentation fileQuick Actions
Statistics
- Views 6
- Slides 93
- Age 49 days
Related Slideshows
11
TLE-9-Prepare-Salad-and-Dressing.pptxkkk
MaAngelicaCanceran
48 views
12
LESSON 1 ABOUT MEDIA AND INFORMATION.pptx
JojitGueta
37 views
60
GRADE-8-AQUACULTURE-WEEKQ1.pdfdfawgwyrsewru
MaAngelicaCanceran
63 views
26
Feelings PP Game FOR CHILDREN IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL.pptx
KaistaGlow
56 views
![Jeopardy_Figures_of_Speech_Template.pptx [Autosaved].pptx](https://slidepub.com/thumb/5828/284015828.jpg)
54
Jeopardy_Figures_of_Speech_Template.pptx [Autosaved].pptx
acecamero20
32 views
7
Jeopardy_Figures_of_Speech.pptxvdsvdsvsdvsd
acecamero20
34 views