SYMBIONTIC RELATIONSHIP in Fungi in Pakistan.pptx

Symbiotic Relationship between Fungi

1. SYMBIONTIC RELATIONSHIP DR. JUVERIA SAMAR

2. CONTENTS LICHENS What is Lichens? Components Occurrence Thallus Reproduction MYCORRHIZA What is mycorrhiza Types of mycorrhizae Ectomycorrhiza Endomycorrhiza Importance

3. Lichens

4. What is Lichens ? Association of an algae and a fungus According to international association of Lichenology define as “A Lichens is an association of a fungus and a photosynthetic symbiont, resulting in a stable thallus of specific structure.” In 1983 Dictionary of fungi may defined as “A stable self supporting association of a mycobiont and phoobiont ”

5. COMPONENTS

6. OCCURRENCE

7. THALLUS

8. A SEXUAL REPRODUCTION CONIDIA : E.g. Rocella , Cladonia OIDIA:

9. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

10. ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE BIOCHEMICAL WEATHERING : crustose lichens , secreation of organic acids, oxalic acid PEDOGENESIS: honey comb like structure on rocks, disintegration of rocks into soil particles NATURAL PRODUCTS : 550 natural products, Salazinic acid, squamatic acid, usnic acid DRUGS: 1. Usnic acid: antibiotic products , effective against gram positive bacteria 2. Erythrin : angina treatment, from Roccella montagnei 3. Evosin : well known for tumor inhibiting PERFUMES: Pseudevernia furfuracea widely used in perfume industry. DYES: Red & purple dye obtained from Ochrolechia androgyna FOODS: Cladonia raniferina serve as food in tudra region for many animals reindeer POISION: Letharia vulpine (wolf moss) used as poison for wolf

11. mycorrhiza

12. What is mycorrhiza? Greek μύκης mýkēs , "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza , "root“ Symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant • Fungi gets carbohydrates from plants • Plant gets nutrients from the soil with the help of mycorrhizae • Sometimes parasitic association • Mycorrhiza-like associations also occur in bryophytes

13. TYPES OF MYCORRHIZAE

14. ECTOMYCORRHIZA Plants : >6,000 (10 %) Ectomycorrhizal fungi includes 7750 species Estimated species are 20,000 -25,000 (0.7% Up to 90% of the forest tree species form ectomycorrhizal Mantle layer Hartig net Formed on the fine root tips of the host Abundant in top layers of humus rich soils Root morphology changes Root hair are absent

15. COMPONENTS

16. Nomenclature of Ectomycorrhiza Characterization is based on morphological features – Structure of morphotype – Mantle layer type – Emanating hyphae – Cystidia • Generic name was based on host • Specific epithet according to plant nomenclature • Not followed due to advent of molecular techniques

17. Formation of Ectomycorrhiza Hyphal contact to the root Mycelial proliferation Hyphal penetration between epidermal cells Occurrence of active mycorrhizal zone Formation of storage structures and propagules

18. Groups involved FUNGI Basidiomycota • Gomphales • Thelephorales • Boletales • Agaricales – Amanitaceae – Cantharellaceae – Cortinariaceae – Inocybaceae – Russulaceae – Tricholomataceae Ascomycota Ascomycetes - Pezizales • Mucormycota Endogonaceae - Endogone PLANTS Dipterocarpaceae Fagaceae Myrtaceae Pinaceae Salicaceae

19. Ectomycorrhizal Pakistani species

20. ENDOMYCORRHIZA Fungus penetrates the cortical cells of the roots • Mostly found in field crops •Also called – Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) – Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) • Components – Soil hyphae – Spores – Auxillary bodies – Arbuscules – Vesicles

21. ANATOMY

22. Formation of endomycorrhiza Hyphae respond to the root and establish contact Root penetration occurs between adjacent epidermal cells and penetrate these cells One or more hyphae manage to penetrate the hypodermis Aseptate hyphae spread along the cortex in both directions Arbuscules grow within cortex cells Vesicles develop to accumulate storage In later stages, arbuscules collapse and hyphae in the root cortex develop crosswalls in old associations

23. TYPES OF MYCORRHIZA

24. Arbuscular mycorrhiza Hyphae penetrate plant cells Form vesicles and arbuscules Arbuscules increase surface area for absorption Formed by members in Glomeromycota 85% of all plant families, and occur in many crop species Appeared 400-460 million years ago Fungi produce the glycoprotein glomalin Mostly reproduce by asexual means

25. Monotropoid mycorrhiza Occurs in Monotropoideae and members of Orchidaceae • Plats are achlorophyllus • They are heterotrophic or mixotrophic Non-mutualistic, parasitic type of mycorrhizal symbiosis

26. Arbutoid mycorrhiza Host plants belong to Ericaceae ( Arbutoideae ) • Resembles to ectomycorrhiza • Forms a mantle layer Hyphae penetrate into the root cells

27. Orchid mycorrhiza Formed by members of Orchidaceae All orchids are mycohetrotrophs at some stage • Orchid seeds lack endosperm • They form association with fungus present in the soil • Fungal partner belong to basidiomycete fungi • Hyphae penetrate into the root cells and form coils for nutrient exchange

28. Ericoid mycorrhiza Intracellular hyphae make dense coils • Restricted to outermost layer of root cells. • There is no intercellular and extracellular phase • Hyphae do not extend very far into the surrounding soil • They might form sporocarps • Fungi also have saprotrophic capabilities

29. IMPORTANCE ECTOMYCORHIZA Tree survival Fungal life cycle Nutrient acquisition Protect against root diseases Mitigate the effect of abiotic stresses Help to increase forest cover Functioning and maintenance of biodiversity ENDOMYCORRHIZA Obligatory for geminating seed ( Rhizoctonia repens ) P-deficient soils needs inoculation of VAM . First tree invaders as wastelands and pioneers in barren lands Root colonization's provide protection Crops like onion, strawberry depends on mycorrhiza in absence of P Help in uptake of mineral