synthesis of sucrose presented by kulsoom pirjan baloch

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1. Presented by Kulsoom pirjan

2. Topic of presentation sucrose

3. Sub topics 1.. carbohydrates 8.. Regulation of sucrose 2.. Chemical groups of carboydrates 9.. Degradation of sucrose. 3.. Importance of carbohydrates 4 .. Sucrose introduction 5.. Carbohydrates biosynthesis 6.. Synthesis of sucrose

4. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are one of the main types of nutrients. They are the most important source of energy for your body. Your digestive system changes carbohydrates into glucose (blood sugar). Your body uses this sugar for energy for your cells, tissues and organs. A carbohydrate is a biological molecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen: oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water).

5. Carbohydrates cont … carbohydrate, with the empirical formula Cm(H2O)n (where m could be different from n). The term is most common in biochemistry, where it is a synonym of saccharide, a group that includes sugars, starch, and cellulose. Carbohydrates are technically hydrates of carbon.

6. Main formula of carbohydrates

7. Monosaccharides Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates in that they cannot be hydrolyzed to smaller carbo -hydrates. Monosaccharides are important fuel molecules as well as building blocks for nucleic acids.

8. Disaccharides Two joined monosaccharides are called a disaccharide and these are the simplest polysaccharides. I .e sucrose , lactose and maltose

9. Polysaccharides A chain of two or more monosaccharides . The chain may be branched (molecule is like a tree with branches and twigs) or unbranched (molecule is a straight line with no twigs). Polysaccharide molecule chains may be made up of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharides . Polysaccharides are polymers. A simple compound is a monomer,

10. Why the carbohydrates are important for living organisms in order to maintain regulataion processes?? Carbohydrates are initially synthesized in plants from a complex series of reactions involving photosynthesis. Store energy in the form of starch (photosynthesis in plants) or glycogen (in animals and humans). Provide energy through metabolism pathways and cycles. Supply carbon for synthesis of other compounds. Form structural components in cells and tissues

11. Sucrose Sucrose is a common, naturally occurring carbohydrate found in many plants and plant parts. Saccharose is an obsolete name for sugars in general, especially sucrose . Molar mass : 342.2965 g/ mol Formula : C12H22O11 Density: 1.59 g/cm³ Melting point: 186 °C Soluble in: Properties of water

12. Sucrose cont.. The molecule is a disaccharide combination of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose with the formula C12H22O11. Sucrose commonly called table sugar.

13. Sucrose cont.. Sucrose is often extracted and refined from either cane or beet sugar for human consumption. Modern industrial sugar refinement processes often involves bleaching and crystallization also, producing a white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste of pure sucrose, devoid of vitamins and minerals. This refined form of sucrose is commonly referred to as table sugar or just sugar

14. Sucrose cont.. About 175 million metric tons of sucrose sugar were produced worldwide in 2013 . In Nature, sucrose is present in many plants, and in particular their roots, fruits and nectars, because it serves as a way to store energy, primarily from photosynthesis.

15. 3D structure of sucrose

16. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis ( sucrose) Plants and photosynthetic micro organisms, can synthesize carbohydrates from CO2 and water, reducing CO2 at the expense of the energy and reducing power furnished by the ATP and NADPH that are generated by the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis .

17. Carbohydrate Biosynthesis ( sucrose) Green plants contain in their chloroplasts unique enzymatic machinery that catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to simple (reduced) organic compounds, a process called CO2 assimilation . This process has also been called CO2 fixation or carbon fixation but we reserve these terms for the specific reaction in which CO2 is incorporated (fixed) into a three-carbon organic compound, the triose phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate

18. Sucrose Synthesis.. Most of the triose phosphate generated by CO2 fixation in plants is converted to sucrose or starch. In the course of evolution, sucrose may have been selected as the transport form of carbon because of its unusual linkage between the anomeric C-1 of glucose and the anomeric C-2 of fructose.

19. What is crassulacean acid metabolism? It is a carbon fixation pathway present in some plants also known as CAM photosynthesis . These plants fix carbon dioxide( CO2) during the night storing it as the 4 – carbon acid malate.

20. Regulation of sucrose Triose phosphates produced by the Calvin cycle in bright sunlight, as we have noted, may be stored temporarily in the chloroplast as starch, or converted to sucrose and exported to non-photosynthetic parts of the plant, or both. The balance between the two processes is tightly regulated, and both must be coordinated with the rate of carbon fixation.

21. Regulation of sucrose cont.. Five-sixths of the triose phosphate formed in the Calvin cycle must be recycled to ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, if more than one-sixth of the triose phosphate is drawn out of the cycle to make sucrose and starch, the cycle will slow or stop. Regulation of sucrose also responsible for the gene expressions .

22. sucrose degradation Sucrose is the world’s most abundant disaccharide, it is only produced by photosynthetic organisms and serves a role as a transportable carbohydrate and sometimes as a storage compound. The reactions in plant tissues leading to degradation of sucrose to hexose monophosphates . Plant tissues contain distinct invertases located in the vacuole, cell wall (acid invertases ) cytosol, mitochondria, nucleus, and cholorplast which hydrolyse sucrose to glucose and fructose in an irreversible reaction.

23. The first step is cleavage of the glycosidic bond by either invertase (Equation 1 ) or sucrose synthase (Equation 2) Sucrose + H2O→D-Glucose + D-Fructose(1 ) Sucrose + UDP→UDP-Glucose + D-Fructose(2)