System analysis and training psychology

System analysis and training psychology

1. System analysis and training psychology

2. System analysis and training psychology System analysis and training psychology: Approaches to instructional design Technological foundations of education Instructional procedure of teaching and learning (given by Robert Glaser ) (includes maxims of teaching, techniques, methods, skills of teaching, = teaching procedure, feedback and reinforcement system Instructional design of education system: system of education which provides technological basis to instructional procedures

3. Functions of instruction designs according to Robert Glaser Emphasizes on structure of task: content to structure Learner’s responses are analyzed in response to objectives and levels of teaching Appropriate teaching strategies techniques and techniques is are selecting for presenting content, motivation is used Measuring instrument is constructed for evaluating the performance

4. Definition of instruction design Unwin : “instructional design is concerned with an application of teaching skills and techniques for the requirements of education and training this includes facilitation of learning by manipulation of media, methods and control of environment so far as this reflects on learning.

5. Instruction design: Training psychology: input focuses on task analysis Cybernetic psychology: process: feedback and reinforcement System analysis: output : developmental system

6. Training psychology Concerns with the problems of teaching learning and training Come up through investigation on complex problem of training Origin form military training Objective is to improve the activities in which learner performs functions Task contents are organized in such a way that desired objectives may be achieved Principles: Human tasks can be arranged in terms of elements: task elements can be performed by employing different tactics Task elements function as mediator for last task: function of an element are helpful in the transfer of learning and training.

7. Training psychology is based on 3 principles Elements are identified and analyzed for the performance of the last task It is assured that every task element can be performed effectively Elements are organized in such a sequence which may generate appropriate learning outcomes

8. Application of training psychology in education To analyze the teaching task and developing competency To identify the goals of training programs and specific learning objectives To plan and prepare educational programs for actual teaching   Principles provide scientific basis for designing individualized or remedial instructions and development of curriculum. The curriculum and instructional material can be made specific and relevant to the objectives to the competence and skills to be developed in the learner.

9. II Cybernetic psychology Second approach to educational technology was developed in second world war It is a discipline which is related to the research of communication and control Suggests concerns with the component elements of a system and they may function together to produce the most effective integrated system and they may function together to produce the most effective integrated system

10. Meaning of cybernetics: Greek word = steerman Wiener= science of control and communication in the animal and machine Cybernetics is the science of communication and control. In any system control is basic and key element control here means connectiveness and regulation and a system is dynamic. Cybernetic theory: it is a branch of training psychology. Conceptualizes humans in engineering terms considering him like a machine which uses sense of sensory feedback to control and modify its behaviour. Theory views individual as a feedback system which generates activities in order to detect and control specific stimulus characteristics of the environment.

11. It analyses intrinsic mechanisms by which control is established and maintained of sensory feedback mechanisms Focus of theory is on dynamic feedback and self regulation All systems have 3 processes input, process, output Input: process by which material or information enters the system Process: acts on material or information to modify it in a way Output: some techniques for discharging the result of process from the system. The output from the system which returned as input to control the future output is called feedback.

12. System can be of 2 types: Open loop: output is feedback affecting future output Closed loop: referred as cybernetic system Instruction as cybernetic system: the learners and some record of students response Instruction can be considered as cybernetic system Instruction sys has 3 major elements Cybernetic instruction system would also include knowledge of results to the learners and some record of students response

13. Input: Library materials, subject content, learner characters and objectives Students response as feedback for input Procedure controls the presentation and modifies the presentation of display and knowledge of results on the basis of students responses correspondence to the objectives. First is the content or material to be presented which is inclusive of any written material or audio visual material programed instruction diagram charts etc. Most important input to instructional system are the objective by which the system is designed to accomplish A third input for a cybernetic instructional system is the formation concerning with the individual characters of the students Fourth input is in the form of feedback to learners in form of his responses.

14. Output for instructional sys: display of learners lecture, explanation, visual or written Output 2: knowledge of results Output 3: Record of each students response  

15. Application of cybernetics in education: Principle of cybernetics is applied to classroom instruction as well as individual instruction Enables teacher to understand fundamental mechanism that controls learning Provides basis for self-education. Feedback control is used for develop programed instruction material. Principle is used for providing remedial instruction or individualized instructional material. Teacher education program can be improved by employing the mechanism of feedback devices for modification of teacher behaviour. The innovative practices such micro teaching simulated social skill training, and interactional analysis are based on theory of feedback Input, process and output helps teacher to better understand and analyze teaching in scientific manner Teaching activities can be made highly structured and well organized.