Talk on: Periodic Table: Celebrating International Year of Periodic Table IYPT-2019

Periodic Table-History4
Life of Mendeleev
and chemistry in everyday life

1. Talk on: Periodic Table: Celebrating International Year of Periodic Table
IYPT-2019
Dr. Anand S. Burange
Assistant Professor
Wilson College, Mumbai
Organized by Science Circle, Wilson College, Mumbai_150
th
Year of Periodic Table
Date: 11/12/2019

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Plato
Plato was the first of the ancient Greeks to associate
the five elements with the five regular polyhedra.
Fire: Identified with the tetrahedron
Air: with the octahedron
Water: with the icosahedron
Earth: with the cube
Ether: with the dodecahedron.
This conceptual framework that remained well into the
17
th
century

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One of the earliest listings of the elements with their
atomic weights by John Dalton. The table dates from
1810 and this replica was produced in 1925
from the original held by the Manchester Literary and
Philosophical Society.

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Element Symbol (1814)
Jöns Jacob Berzelius, Swedish chemist, considered as one
of the forefathers of modern chemistry. He was gifted and
accomplished scientist.
He coined terms: ‘catalysis’, ‘protein’ , ‘polymer’.
He developed fundamental concepts in area of catalysis,
allotropy and isomerism.
Most Importantly, he was a pioneer of a chemical
nomenclature who introduced two letters symbols of
elements based on their Latin names. The article was
published in 1814 issue of the British journal Annals of
Philosophy.

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Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier
The gas recovered by Priestley in 1774, was named as oxygen by
Lavoiser where he proved to Priestley that it is not an air of
different/novel properties rather a different element.
He disproved phlogiston theory and showed interaction of oxygen with
materials.
He served as director of the French Gunpowder Administration and
developed gun powder to make country strong.
In 1794, he (tax farmer) was guillotined publicly (French Revolution)
“It took them only an instant to cut off that head, and a hundred years may not produce
another like it.”
-Joseph-Louis Lagrange

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Dobereiner (1817) triads

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Alexandre-Emile Béguyer de Chancourtois (1862)
He (French geologist and
mineralogist) was the first to arrange
the elements in order of their atomic
weight.
He was the first to see the periodicity
of the elements when they are
arranged in order of their atomic
weights.
His organization of elements was less
attracted by other researchers.
"Vistellurique,"inComptesrendusde
l'Académiedesiences,54(1862),757–761,
840–843,967–971.

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Newlands (1864) : Law of Octaves

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Mendeleev (1869): Periodic law short form
Eka: Sanskrit word means ‘one’

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Life of Dmitri Mendeleev
He wrote Organic Chemistry Book
He fixed strength of Vodka
He was an avid player of the game Solitaire

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Elements in Everyday Life: Hydrogen
H
Hydrogen

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Contribution from INDIA: Helium
Helium was discovered in Guntur,
Andhra Pradesh while observing solar
eclipse on 18
th
August 1868 by
Janssen.

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Alkali metals
IA group S Block

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Alkaline earth metals

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Transition metals
Prosthetics: Light weight metal
Copper metal:
Conductor of electricity
Metal ions in biological systems

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Carbon: Element of Life

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P-Block

19. NASA: Stardust Mission
On 7
th
Feb 1999, NASA launched robotic space probe: Stardust to collect the
samples (dust) from coma of comet wild 2 and cosmic dust. Primary mission was
completed in Jan 2006.
Image: Comet: Wild 2 (Photo by Stardust on 2
nd
Jan 2004)
NASA announcement (2009)
NASA researchers identified fundamental building blocks of life in startdust
program while analysis comet and cosmic dust (First time in the history).
Chemicals identified: Glycine (Amino acid)
"The discovery of glycine in a comet supports the idea that the fundamental
building blocks of life are prevalent in space, and strengthens the argument that
life in the Universe may be common rather than rare."
-Carl Pilcher, NASA
Glycine

20. Origin of Life: Studies today
Life in hydrothermal-vents: These are the fissures created on
the seafloor due to geothermally heated water. Commonly found
near volcanically active places.
Image: Icy moon of Saturn: Enceladus
NASA confirmed the evidence of hydrothermal vents on
Enceladus.
We are studying Enceladus due to presence of Water.

21. Water: Basic chemical for Life
Nearly 71% of earth surface is covered with water;
only 2.5 % of it is fresh water.
Human body contains above 60% of water, exact percent varies with respect to
height, weight, etc.
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1980, 33,27-39.

22. Controlled Fire
Old times, fire was used to keep alive(burning)
permanently because of difficulty of reigniting
them.
Later, our ancestors identified pyrites and
understood methods to handle it.
Mineral: Pyrite/iron pyrite/Fool’s gold/Iron sulphide
Formula: FeS
2

23. Hangover…
Accidental fermentation: Prehistoric time, mixture of water and fruits was
kept in sunlight.
Beer was the first known alcoholic beverage….
Compound: Ethanol (CH
3CH
2OH)
During the wine-
making process,
the phenolic
compounds are
extracted to the
wine, constituting
one of the major
groups of
compounds in
this fermented
food. According
to their chemical
structure, they
are divided into
two groups:
flavonoids and
non flavonoids.
Flavonoids
constitute a major
group of phenolic
compounds
which are directly
associated with
the health-
promoting
properties of red
wine.
[Beverages, 2019,
5 , 7]
Acetaldehyde is
relatively toxic than
ethanol and
responsible for
headache, nausea,
increased heart rate
i.e. Hangover

24. Symmetry in Nature
Chemists see: Asymmetric
centre (Chiral/ stereogenic)
Chloroquine:
A cure for
Malaria
Read about Thalidomide disaster

25. Do you wear Jeans???
❖ Indigo is an oldest dye used for the first time nearly
6,000 years ago.
❖ The dye was used by ancient civilizations in Egypt,
Africa, Peru, etc.
Indigofera tinctorial/true indigo
(Natural source of Indigo dye)

26. Lead Pencil: Does it contain Lead (Pb)??
Lead exposure in children shows severe neurological effects which may lead to
ataxia, coma and even death.
From a pencil expert, N.N. Godbole in 1945, "A lump of
graphite from Ceylon, a handful of clay from Austria, a few
sticks of soft red cedar from Florida, properly worked
together by pencil machinery and skilled labour, produce
the lead pencil of common use."
Metallic lead (Pb) has no
relation with lead pencils.
The confusion is
because of the fact that
graphite is also known
asplumbagoand for
long time people thought
that it contains lead. The
word plumabago derived
from word "plumbum"
which means lead
(Latin).
Lead Pencils: Do they contain Lead (Pb)?

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