Teacher Notes MODULE 10.pptx

Teacher Notes MODULE 10

1. Reconstruction Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 The U.S. begins to rebuild the South, but former slaves face new challenges as support fades for the policies of Reconstruction.

2. Reconstruction Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Reconstructing the South LESSON 3 Life After Slavery Did the government’s decisions during Reconstruction help or hinder the rebuilding of the South? LESSON 4 The Collapse of Reconstruction The Politics of Reconstruction LESSON 3 LESSON 3

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 The Politics of Reconstruction Lesson 1 Congress opposes Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans for Reconstruction and instead implements its own plan to rebuild the South.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 The Politics of Reconstruction Lesson 1 Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction Reconstruction : period of rebuilding after Civil War, 1865– 1877 — p rocess used by federal government to readmit Confederate states The Need for Reconstruction Post-Civil War, leaders need to create programs to: —rebuild from devastation; reunite country —address those who had taken up arms against government —former slaves and their newly found freedom Lincoln, Johnson have differing ideas on handling Reconstruction Continued…

5. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 Lincoln’s Plan for Reconstruction (continued) Lincoln’s Ten-Percent Plan Lincoln favors a lenient Reconstruction policy, easy return to Union for Southern states Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction calls for 10% allegiance —all Confederates receive pardons, except high-ranking officials; those accused of POW crimes Those exceptions swear allegiance to Union After 10% on the 1860 voting lists take oath of allegiance, Confederate state readmitted Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens lead Radical Republicans —want to destroy power of former slaveholders —give full citizenship, suffrage to African Americans Radical Reaction 1864 Wade-Davis Bill makes Congress responsible for Reconstruction Lincoln uses pocket veto to kill Wade-Davis; Radicals outraged

6. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 Johnson’s Plan Lincoln’s assassination leaves Andrew Johnson with Reconstruction controversy Johnson intends to deal harshly with Confederate leaders White southerners consider Johnson a traitor; Radicals believe he is one of them Johnson Continues Lincoln’s Policies President Andrew Johnson proposes own Presidential Reconstruction: —states must swear allegiance, annul war debts, ratify 13th Amendment —does not address voting rights, land, laws for former slaves States that had not applied under Lincoln agree to Johnson ’ s terms —some states do not fully comply Continued…

7. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 Johnson’s Plan (continued) Presidential Reconstruction Comes to a Standstill Radical Republicans in Congress refuse new Southern legislators Congress enlarges Freedmen’s Bureau —helps former slaves, poor whites — gives social services, medical care, education • Congress passes Civil Rights Act of 1866: —grants citizenship to African Americans — forbids black codes or discriminatory laws • Black codes restore many restrictions of slavery • Whites use violence to prevent blacks from improving their lives • Johnson vetoes Freedmen ’ s Bureau and Civil Rights Act • Alienates moderate Republicans; angers Radicals

8. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 Congressional Reconstruction Angered by Johnson’s actions, Radical and moderate Republicans work together Period of congressional Reconstruction begins Moderates and Radicals Join Forces In mid-1866, moderate Republicans join Radicals to override veto Draft Fourteenth Amendment —makes African Americans full citizens Most Southern states reject amendment; not ratified until 1868 Continued… 1866 Congressional Elections Johnson jeered on tour urging election of supporters of his plan Moderates, Radicals win 2/3 majority in Congress, can override veto

9. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Congressional Reconstruction (continued) Continued… Reconstruction Act of 1867 1867 Reconstruction Act doesn’t recognize most new state governments —divides South into military districts —sets new conditions for reentry in Union Johnson believes act unconstitutional, vetoes; Congress overrides Johnson Impeached Radicals seek to impeach —formally charge with misconduct in office Johnson fires Stanton—test constitutionality of Tenure of Office Act House Radicals impeach Johnson; Senate does not convict

10. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Congressional Reconstruction (continued) Ulysses S. Grant Elected 1868, Grant wins presidency with help of African-American vote • Fifteenth Amendment — gives voting rights to all, regardless of color South does not enforce 14th, 15th Amendments White Southerners use violence to prevent blacks from voting Enforcement Act of 1870—federal government can punish violators

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 Reconstructing the South Lesson 2 Various groups contribute to the rebuilding of southern society after the war.

12. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 Reconstructing the South Lesson 2 Conditions in the Postwar South The war leaves much of the South in ruins; economy in shambles Southerners endure interference by northerners who move in to help reconstruct region Northerners Move South Floods of Northerners with mixed motives migrate into war-torn South —some feel moral duty to help slaves; —some seek southern government positions; —others want to invest, buy land, start new industries legitimately —some dishonest, greedy businesspeople and politicians seek to profit on misfortunes in South Most white southerners mistrust all new northern arrivals Southern Democrats refer to new northerners as carpetbaggers

13. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 Politics in the Postwar South Democratic Party loses influence in southern politics with demise of Confederacy Republican Party sweeps in to take control of the region Continued… The Republicans in Charge Southern Republican Party during Reconstruction consists of: —carpetbaggers, newly freed African Americans, number of white southerners Democrats call Southern white Republicans scalawags Three groups disagree on issues; many return to Democratic Party

14. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 Politics in the Postwar South (continued) New Republican Governments Southern states need to create new government, constitution for readmission to Union Southern voters elect new, Republican-dominated governments in the 1860s New leaders abolish property requirements for voting, holding office Repeal black codes throughout South Transportation ; homes for orphans, disabled; public schools built Northern capitalists do not invest in South; states must raise taxes By 1870, all Confederate states are back in the Union Ongoing Conflicts Republican governors appoint Democrats; do not win white support Some whites support Republicans; think end of slavery good for South Many whites refuse to accept new status or equal rights for blacks

15. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Changes in the Southern Economy Plantation system collapses after Civil War Backbone of southern society, economy are gone Restoration of Plantations African Americans, poor whites want small farms Planters, Northern merchants, mill owners want cotton plantations Planters fear will be unable to make profit if must pay wages Freedmen work in mills, railroad, farming — planters prevent them getting land Continued…

16. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 Changes in the Southern Economy Industrial Growth South’s railroad system improves; links to northern lines Atlanta, other cities become important business centers Southern business leaders join with northern investors in manufacturing ventures By late 1880s, southern industry shows major growth

17. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Life After Slavery Lesson 3 During Reconstruction, African Americans gain new political and social rights but still face discrimination in many areas.

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Life After Slavery Lesson 3 Adjusting to Freedom African Americans look forward to a new life after Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery Continued… Uncertain Status At first, former slaves cautious about testing limits of freedom Some travel to new places Many leave plantations to find work in Southern towns or; many head north for new opportunities Many choose to change their slaves names for new

19. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Adjusting to Freedom (continued) Reunification of Families Many search for loved ones on different plantations Couples can marry legally and be sure of keeping their children Education Freed people of all ages seek education African Americans establish schools and universities Initially, most teachers Northern whites; by 1869, most are black Churches and Volunteer Groups Many African Americans found churches; mostly Baptist, Methodist Black ministers become influential community leaders African Americans form thousands of volunteer organizations: — foster independence — give financial, emotional support — offer leadership opportunities

20. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 New Roles in Politics Political opportunities for African Americans—greatest gain following the Civil War Many hope to improve, protect newfound freedoms through political activity Continued… African Americans as Voters African Americans are largest group of southern Republicans Eager to exercise voting rights; almost 90% voted Politics and African Americans 1865–1877, African Americans hold local, state, federal office At first, most officeholders freeborn; by 1867 some former slaves Almost as many black as white citizens; black officeholders minority —Hiram Revels is first black senator —only 16 African Americans in Congress

21. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 New Roles in Politics (continued) Laws Against Segregation By 1866, Republican governments repeal most black codes Anti-segregation laws created, but many not enforced Blacks focus on building up their community, not total integration

22. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Economic Opportunities End of slavery brings chances for new economic life, opportunities Freed slaves seek new jobs, often away from plantations, s ome build new lives closer to home In Search of New Jobs Thousands of former slaves eager to leave plantations Most move to southern towns and cities to find jobs Smaller numbers move to the North Often, all cities offer only segregation, poor housing, low pay Majority remain in rural south; some work for former owners, receive wages Others in south are determined to build farms for themselves Continued…

23. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Economic Opportunities (continued) Continued… 40 Acres and a Mule Sherman: slaves who follow him can have 40 acres, use of army mules —freed slaves settle on abandoned land —Johnson orders them evicted Many Republicans reject seizing property; pass weak land-reform laws 1866 Homestead Act—set aside 44 million acres for freed blacks, loyal whites —land is swampy, unsuitable for farming; few had resources to successfully farm Many African Americans find landowners unwilling to sell to them Some find ways to purchase; by 1870, 1 out of 12 African American families in MS own land

24. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Economic Opportunities (continued) Sharecropping and Tenant Farming Landless African Americans sign labor contracts with planters —neither freedmen nor planters happy with system Sharecropping—owner gives land, seed, tools for part of crops Tenant farming—rent land from owner; buy own tools Constant cycle of debt for all involved

25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 The Collapse of Reconstruction Lesson 4 Southern opposition to Radical Reconstruction, along with economic problems in the North, ended Reconstruction.

26. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 The Collapse of Reconstruction Lesson 4 Opposition to Reconstruction Most white southerners accept African Americans’ change in status Small groups of individuals rely on violence to keep African Americans away from politics Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan (KKK)—Confederate veterans group that turns terrorist Grows rapidly; aims to restore white supremacy 1868 –1871 Klan, others kill thousands, burn schools, churches, homes Klan works to force Republican state governments out of power Southern Democrats use violence to intimidate black voters White Democratic candidates win state elections in 1875, 1876 Continued…

27. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Opposition to Reconstruction (continued) Economic Pressure Black landowners, non-farmers attacked, have property destroyed Need forces freedmen into wage labor, sharecropping for whites Legislative Response 1870, 1871 Enforcement Acts passed to curtail Klan, Democrats —Supreme Court rules 1871 act unconstitutional Klan violence decreases because restore white supremacy in South Shifts in Political Power 1872 Amnesty Act returns voting rights to many former Confederates Congress allows Freedmen ’ s Bureau to expire

28. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Scandals Hurt Republicans Highly publicized political corruption weakens Republican party Scandals plague Grant administration; divert public attention away from South Fraud and Bribery Grant considered honest; appoints friends to political office Beginning in 1872, series of Grant administration scandals exposed Republican Unity Shattered 1872, Liberal Republican Party forms, nominates Horace Greeley Democrats also nominate Greeley; Grant wins by wide margin Liberal Republicans weaken Radicals, make Reconstruction difficult Continued Scandal Administration corruption continues; Grant does not seek reelection

29. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Economic Turmoil Two economic crises further weaken the Republicans’ position The Panic of 1873 Business opportunities in South lead investors to excessive debt Largest government securities dealer bankrupts, starts panic of 1873 —banks , businesses close; stock market collapses Panic triggers 5-year economic depression Americans blame Republicans; Democrats win majority of Congressional seats in 1874 Currency Dispute Panic of 1873 fuels dispute over currency — financial experts want return to gold standard — South , West want more greenbacks to pay debts 1875 , Specie Resumption Act puts country back on gold standard

30. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Judicial and Popular Support Fades Supreme Court begins to undo Radicals’ social, political changes Supreme Court Decisions 1870s Supreme Court decisions undermine 14th, 15th Amendments Federal government loses power to protect African-American rights Northern Support Fades Northerners grow indifferent to events in South: — shift attention to national problems — want reconciliation between regions — begin to dislike Reconstruction policies Republicans give up from lack of judicial, public support, leaders Republicans conclude government cannot impose moral, social changes

31. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Democrats “Redeem” the South Redemption—return of Democrats to power in the South, 1869-1875 Continued… Election of 1876 Republicans nominate Governor Rutherford B. Hayes, not Grant Democrats choose Governor Samuel J. Tilden Tilden wins popular vote, 1 shy of electoral; 20 electoral disputed Compromise of 1877—Hayes gets presidency, Democrats get: —federal troops leave LA, SC —funding for Southern railroad, waterways —conservative Southerner in cabinet Compromise means end of Reconstruction

32. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 Democrats “Redeem” the South Continued… Home Rule in the South After Hayes removes federal troops, Democrats take over states Home rule—running state government without federal intervention Legacy of Reconstruction Republicans fail to protect rights they gave to former slaves Unwillingness to distribute land blocks economic independence Amendments abolish slavery, give basis for civil rights legislation African-American schools, civic groups increase literacy, opportunity

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