Teacher Notes MODULE 14.pptx

Teacher Notes MODULE 14

1. Progressivism Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 Amid great political and social change, women gain a larger public role and lead the call for reform. African Americans work to end legal discrimination. Progressive presidents work to reform government and the economy.

2. Progressivism Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 LESSON 2 Education Reform LESSON 3 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 4 Women in Public Life LESSON 5 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 6 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 7 Wilson’s New Freedom Was the progressive movement successful?

3. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Political, economic, and social change in late 19th century America leads to broad progressive reforms.

4. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Four Goals of Progressivism Early 1900s, middle-class reformers address problems of 1890s Different reform efforts collectively called progressive movement Reformers aim to restore economic opportunity, correct injustice by: protecting social welfare, promoting moral improvement creating economic reform, fostering efficiency Protecting Social Welfare Social Gospel, settlement houses inspire other reform groups Florence Kelley , political activist, advocate for women, children helps pass law prohibiting child labor, limiting women’s hours Continued…

5. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 Four Goals of Progressivism (continued) Promoting Moral Improvement Some feel poor should uplift selves by improving own behavior Prohibition —banning of alcoholic drinks Woman’s Christian Temperance Union spearheads prohibition crusade Creating Economic Reform 1893 panic prompts doubts about capitalism; many become socialists Muckrakers —journalists who expose corruption in politics, business Fostering Efficiency Many use experts, science to make society, workplace more efficient Louis D. Brandeis uses social scientists’ data in trial Scientific management —time and motion studies applied to workplace Assembly lines speed up production, make people work like machines cause high worker turnover Henry Ford champions efficient manufacturing, reducing costs reduces workday to 8 hours, raises wages

6. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Cleaning Up Local Government Political bosses control local politics Desire to make government more effiecient and more responsive Reforming Local Government Natural disasters lead to city government reforms Some cities adopt government by commission of experts Many use council-manager: people elect council that appoints manager Reform Mayors Hazen Pingree of Detroit tackles taxes, transit fares, corruption Socialist Tom Johnson of Cleveland fights corrupt utility companies

7. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 The Origins of Progressivism LESSON 1 Reform at the State Level Progressives pass laws to regulate large businesses Reform Governors Robert M. La Follette is 3-term governor then senator of Wisconsin attacks big business Wisconsin Idea turns state into progressive laboratory Other progressive governors, Charles Aycock (North Carolina) and James Hogg (Texas ) Protecting Working Children Child workers get lower wage small hands handle small parts better families need children ’ s wages National Child Labor Committee gathers evidence of harsh conditions Labor unions argue children’s wages lower all wages Groups press government to ban child labor, cut hours Continued…

8. Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 Reform at the State Level (continued) Efforts to Limit Working Hours Muller v. Oregon —Court upholds limiting women to 10-hour workday Bunting v. Oregon —upholds 10-hour workday for men Reformers win workers’ compensation for families of injured, killed Reforming Elections Oregon adopts secret ballot, initiative, referendum, recall Initiative —bill proposed by people, not lawmakers, put on ballots Referendum —voters, not legislature, decide if initiative becomes law Recall —voters remove elected official through early election Primaries allow voters, not party machines, to choose candidates Direct Election of Senators Seventeenth Amendment permits popular election of senators

9. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Education Reform LESSON 2 Reforms in public education lead to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education .

10. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Education Reform LESSON 2 Expanding Public Education Many school-age children receive no formal education, few go to high school With industrialization, education grew in importance Schools for Children 1865 –1895, states pass laws requiring school attendance for children Kindergartens—originally childcare for working women—become popular 1880, 62% white children, 34% black children in elementary school The Growth of High Schools Industrial economy demands technical, managerial skills 1900, more than half a million students in high school Expanding education changes American society

11. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 Education Reform LESSON 2 Expanding Higher Education Despite increased attendance only minority of Americans have high school diplomas Even smaller minority attend colleges and universities Changes in Universities 1880–1920, college enrollment more than quadruples Research universities emerge, offer new curriculum Professional law, medical schools established Some colleges and universities require entrance exams Continued…

12. Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 Expanding Higher Education (continued) Higher Education for African Americans Not enough black college graduates to meet needs of communities Booker T. Washington —racism will end if blacks get labor skills Washington heads Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute , now a university W. E. B. Du Bois , first African American to get Harvard doctorate disagrees with Washington Du Bois founds Niagara Movement to encourage liberal arts study believes well-educated future leaders needed, most “talented tenth”

13. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 African Americans lead the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws .

14. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Legal Discrimination For at least 10 years after Reconstruction, Southern blacks can vote During nadir, Southern states enact laws to weaken African American political power Voting Restrictions By 1900, all Southern states restrict voting, deny equality Some limit vote to those who can read; officials give literacy tests Some have poll tax that must be paid annually to vote Some add grandfather clause to constitution to let poor whites vote can vote if self, father, grandfather voted before 1867 Jim Crow Laws 1870s, 1880s, Supreme Court allows poll tax, grandfather clause Racial segregation laws separate races in private, public places Segregation laws called Jim Crow laws after old minstrel song Continued…

15. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 Legal Discrimination (continued) Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson —segregation legal in public places Allows “separate but equal” doctrine if provide equal service

16. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations Racial etiquette, informal rules for black-white relations; enforce second-class status for blacks Washington vs. Du Bois Moderate reformers, like Booker T. Washington, get white support Washington argues for gradual approach to racial equality W. E. B. Du Bois, Ida B. Wells think problems too urgent to postpone Du Bois demands full social and economic equality Violence African Americans who do not follow etiquette are punished, lynched more than 1,400 killed 1882–1892 Wilmington Race Riots reveal how far Southern Whites will go to hold onto power Continued…

17. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 Turn-of-the-Century Race Relations (continued) African American Press Hundreds of Black newspapers started in the South P rovide communities outlet to seek justice Document racial violence Discrimination in the North Many blacks migrate North for better paying jobs, social equality Are forced into segregated neighborhoods Rejected by labor unions; hired last, fired first by employers Competition between blacks, working-class whites sometimes violent

18. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 Segregation and Discrimination LESSON 3 Discrimination in the West Minorities and immigrants in Western communities also faced discrimination Mexican Workers More Mexicans build railroads in Southwest than other ethnic groups forced to work for less than other groups Mexicans major labor force in Southwest agricultural industries Some Southwest Mexicans, African Americans forced into debt peonage : system of slavery to work off debt to employer 1911 , Supreme Court declares unconstitutional Excluding the Chinese Whites fear job competition, push Chinese to separate areas, schools Opposition to Chinese immigration leads to Chinese Exclusion Act Continued…

19. Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Discrimination in the West (continued) Native Americans Faced discrimination and violence in the West Native Americans not U.S. citizens Many Whites oppose government efforts at naturalization Citizenship not granted by Fourteenth Amendment Groups fight for Native American civil rights Women’s National Indian Association Must assimilate to become citizens Many Native Americans turn to Ghost Dance movement

20. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Women in Public Life LESSON 4 As a result of social and economic change, many women enter public life as workers and reformers .

21. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 Women and Public Life LESSON 4 Women in the Work Force Only middle-, upper-class women can devote selves to home, family Poor women usually have to work for wages outside home Farm Women On Southern, Midwestern farms, women’s roles same as before Perform household tasks, raise livestock, help with crops Women in Industry After 1900, 1 in 5 women hold jobs; 25% in manufacturing 50% industrial workers in garment trade; earn half of men’s wages Jobs in offices, stores, classrooms require high school education Business schools train bookkeepers, stenographers, typists Continued…

22. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 Women in the Work Force (continued) Domestic Workers In 1870, 70% of employed women do domestic work Many African-American, immigrant women do domestic labor married immigrants take in piecework, boarders Property Rights Until mid-1800s, wages of women property of husband 1839, Mississippi passes Married Women’s Property Act

23. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 Women and Public Life LESSON 4 Women Lead Reform Many female industrial workers seek to reform working conditions Women form cultural clubs, sometimes become reform groups Women in Higher Education Many women active in public life have attended new women’s colleges 50% college-educated women never marry; many work on social reforms Women and Reform Women reformers target workplace, housing, education, food and drugs laws National Association of Colored Women ( NACW )—child care, education Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton found National American Woman Suffrage Association ( NAWSA ) works for woman suffrage , or right to vote Continued…

24. Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 Women Lead Reform (continued) A Three-Part Strategy for Suffrage Convince state legislatures to give women right to vote Test 14th Amendment, states lose representation if deny men vote Push for constitutional amendment to give women the vote

25. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 As president, Theodore Roosevelt works to give citizens a Square Deal through progressive reforms .

26. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 A Rough-Riding President Theodore Roosevelt was sickly child, drives self in athletics Roosevelt’s Rise Is ambitious, rises through New York politics to become governor NY political bosses cannot control him, urge run for vice-president President McKinley assassinated; Roosevelt becomes president The Modern Presidency Youngest president at 42 years old His leadership, publicity campaigns help create modern presidency Supports federal government role when states do not solve problems Square Deal : Roosevelt’s progressive reforms

27. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Using Federal Power Roosevelt believes modern America requires powerful federal government Trustbusting By 1900, trusts control about 4/5 of U.S. industries Roosevelt wants to curb trusts that hurt public interest breaks up some trusts under Sherman Antitrust Act 1902 Coal Strike Coal reserves low; forces miners, operators to accept arbitration Sets principle of federal intervention when strike threatens public welfare Railroad Regulation Roosevelt pushes for federal regulation to control abuses Elkins Act: stops rebates, sudden rate changes Hepburn Act: limits passes, ICC to set maximum rates

28. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Health and the Environment Roosevelt works to enact laws to benefit public health and welfare and the environment Regulating Foods and Drugs Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle , unsanitary conditions in meatpacking Roosevelt commission investigates, backs up Sinclair’s account Roosevelt pushes for Meat Inspection Act : dictates sanitary requirements creates federal meat inspection program Pure Food and Drug Act Food, drug advertisements make false claims; medicines often unsafe Pure Food and Drug Act halts sale of contaminated food, medicine requires truth in labeling Continued…

29. Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Health and the Environment (continued) Conservation and Natural Resources 1887, U.S. Forest Bureau established Private interests exploit natural environment Conservation Measures Roosevelt sets aside forest reserves, sanctuaries, national parks Appoints professional conservationist to head U.S. Forest Service To Roosevelt conservation means part preservation, part development for public Newlands Act allows sale of public lands to fund irrigation projects Water in the West managed by federal government

30. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal LESSON 5 Roosevelt and Civil Rights Roosevelt fails to support civil rights for African Americans Supports individual African Americans in civil service invites Booker T. Washington to White House NAACP : National Association for the Advancement of Colored People goal is full equality among races founded 1909 by W. E. B. Du Bois and black, white reformers

31. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Taft’s ambivalent approach to progressive reform leads to a split in the Republican Party and the loss of the presidency to the Democrats.

32. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Taft Becomes President 1908, Republican William Howard Taft wins with Roosevelt’s support Taft Stumbles Has cautiously progressive agenda Gets little credit for successes, busting 90 trusts Does not use presidential bully pulpit to arouse public opinion The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Taft signs Payne-Aldrich Tariff —compromise bill, moderate tariffs Progressives angry, think he abandoned low tariffs, progressivism Continued…

33. Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Taft Becomes President (continued) Disputing Public Lands Conservationists angry Richard A. Ballinger named interior secretary Ballinger puts reserved lands in public domain Interior official protests action, is fired, writes magazine exposé Gifford Pinchot head of U.S. Forest Service testifies against Ballinger is fired by Taft

34. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 The Republican Party Splits Taft unable to hold two wings of Republican Party together; progressives vs. conservatives Problems Within the Party Republicans split over Taft’s support of House Speaker Joseph Cannon Cannon weakens progressive agenda; progressives ally with Democrats 1910 midterm elections, Democrats get control of House The Bull Moose Party 1912 convention, Taft people outmaneuver Roosevelt’s for nomination Progressives form Bull Moose Party ; nominate Roosevelt, call for: more voter participation in government woman suffrage labor legislation, business controls Runs against Democrat Woodrow Wilson , reform governor of NJ

35. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 35 Progressivism Under Taft LESSON 6 Democrats Win in 1912 Wilson endorses progressive platform called the New Freedom wants stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, lower tariffs calls all monopolies evil Roosevelt wants oversight of big business; not all monopolies bad Split between Taft and Roosevelt turns nasty Socialist Party candidate Eugene V. Debs wants to end capitalism Wilson wins great electoral victory; gets majority in Congress

36. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36 Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Woodrow Wilson establishes a strong reform agenda as a progressive leader .

37. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 37 Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Wilson Wins Financial Reforms Wilson wants federal government to attack concentrations of power to increase freedom for average citizens Wilson’s Background Wilson was lawyer, professor, president of Princeton University, NJ governor As president, focuses on trusts, tariffs, high finance Two Key Antitrust Measures Clayton Antitrust Act stops companies buying stock to form monopoly Ends injunctions against strikers unless threaten irreparable damage Federal Trade Commission (FTC) —new “watchdog” agency investigates regulatory violations ends unfair business practices Continued…

38. Lesson 7 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 38 Wilson Wins Financial Reforms (continued) A New Tax System Wilson pushes for Underwood Act to substantially reduce tariffs Sets precedent of giving State of the Union message in person His use of bully pulpit leads to passage Federal Income Tax Sixteenth Amendment legalizes graduated federal income tax Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve System —private banking system under federal control Nation divided into 12 districts; central bank in each district

39. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 39 Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Women Win Suffrage Middle-class women lead the push for suffrage By 1910, women have voting rights in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Washington, Idaho Local Suffrage Battles College-educated women spread suffrage message to working-class Go door-to-door, take trolley tours, give speeches at stops some adopt bold tactics of British suffragists Catt and the National Movement Carrie Chapman Catt , head of NAWSA, stresses organization, ties between workers, wide base of support, lobbying, ladylike behavior National Woman’s Party aggressively pressures for suffrage amendment Work of patriotic women in war effort influences politicians 1920 Nineteenth Amendment grants women right to vote

40. Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 40 Wilson’s New Freedom LESSON 7 Limits of Progressivism The policies of Wilson and other progressive presidents fail on civil rights Wilson and Civil Rights As candidate, wins support of NAACP for favoring equal rights As president, opposes anti-lynching legislation Appoints fellow white Southerners to cabinet who extend segregation NAACP feels betrayed; Wilson self-defense widens rift The Twilight of Progressivism Outbreak of World War I distracts Americans; reform efforts stall

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