TERMITES-ni-mea-group 1hsnsbxkdkdjaj.pdf

Termites is a insect

1. TERMITES PREPARED BY: GROUP 1

2. (order Isoptera ), any of a group of cellulose-eating insects or any of a group of pale-colored soft-bodied social insects  that feed on wood, live in colonies consisting of winged sexual forms, wingless sterile workers, and often soldiers, and that include some very destructive to wooden structures and trees called also white ant TERMITES - Order   Isoptera Incomplete metamorphosis (PAUROMETABOLOUS)

3. DIFFERENT TYPES OF TERMITES

4. Antennas:* - *Sensory Detection:* The antennas of worker termites are critical for sensing the environment. The head compose of antennae and mandibles Mandibles:* - *Feeding and Defense:* The mandibles of worker termites are strong and well-adapted for biting and chewing wood or other cellulose materials, which is their primary food source. Thorax compose of leg parts primarily used for walking Termites abdomen have different functions includes: Digestion,reproduction,and excretion

5. The head compose of antennae and mandibles Antennas:* - *Sensory Detection:* The antennas of worker termites are critical for sensing the environment. Mandibles:* - *Feeding and Defense:* The mandibles of worker termites are strong and well-adapted for biting and chewing wood or other cellulose materials, which is their primary food source. Thorax compose of leg parts primarily used for walking Termites abdomen have different functions includes: Digestion,reproduction,and excretion

6. Wingpad :* - *Function:* Wingpads are underdeveloped or immature wings found in nymphs (juvenile stages) of some insects, including termites. As nymphs grow, these wingpads develop into fully functional wings in winged reproductive adults ( alates ). In termites, wingpads indicate that the nymph is in a developmental stage and not yet ready to fly or leave the colony. Distended Abdomen with Eggs:* - *Function:* In reproductive termites, particularly queens, a distended abdomen is a sign of a high egg-laying capacity. The * terga * (singular: * tergum * ) refer to the dorsal (upper) segments of an insect's body, specifically on the abdomen. In termites, the terga serve several important functions : Protection, attachment to muscle ,and flexibility and mobility.

7. Broad Waist* : Unlike ants, which have a narrow "wasp waist," termites have a broad, thick waist that is consistent with their soft-bodied nature. This broad waist is advantageous for their underground lifestyle, where they move through tight spaces in the soil or wood. Equal-Sized Wings* : Termites, particularly in the reproductive stage, are known for having two pairs of wings that are almost identical in size. These equal-sized wings are essential during the swarming phase (when they leave their nest to mate and start new colonies).

8. Stages of Growth

9. Egg Stage : (1-2 days) Termites lay eggs in a protected location, such as soil or wood The queen termite lays thousands of eggs per day, which are white, legless, and grub-like. The eggs hatch into larvae, which are fed royal jelly and other nutrients to promote growth and development . The termite life cycle begins with the queen laying eggs. These eggs are small, white, and oval-shaped. Depending on the species, the queen can lay thousands of eggs in her lifetime. Larval Stage (1-2 weeks) After hatching, the eggs develop into larvae, which are legless, grub-like insects. During this stage, the larvae feed on regurgitated food and saliva produced by the workers.

10. *Nymph Stage:* - After the eggs hatch, the young termites, known as nymphs, emerge. Nymphs resemble smaller, undeveloped versions of adult termites. - During this stage, nymphs undergo several molts, shedding their exoskeletons as they grow. - Nymphs can develop into different forms depending on the needs of the colony: - * Workers:* These are responsible for feeding the colony, maintaining the nest, and caring for the young. * Soldiers:* These termites develop larger heads and mandibles, specialized for defending the colony. * Reproductives ( Alates ):* Some nymphs will develop wings and become alates , ready to leave the colony to mate and start new colonies. *Adult Stage:* - The adult stage is reached after the final molt. The termite's role in the colony is determined by its form : * Workers and Soldiers* : They remain in the colony, performing their specific tasks. – * Reproductives ( Alates )* : After swarming, alates shed their wings and become kings and queens, responsible for establishing new colonies and continuing the reproductive cycle.

11. King Stage (variable)* The king is the male reproductive termite that mates with the queen to produce offspring. * Queen Stage (variable)* The queen is the female reproductive termite that lays eggs and is responsible for ensuring the survival of the colony. Queens can live for many years, often outliving kings. Mating Stage (variable)* Mating typically occurs when kings and queens are young and have not yet begun to produce offspring. The mating process involves a complex series of behaviors and chemical signals. * Swarming Stage (seasonal)* During certain times of the year, usually after heavy rainfall or during periods of environmental stress, termites may swarm to establish new colonies or expand existing ones. This is often accompanied by a significant increase in termite activity and damage to structures.

12. REPRODUCTIVE STRATEGIES Termites are social insects that exhibit complex reproductive strategies to ensure the survival and success of their colonies. Here are some of the key reproductive strategies of termites: 1. *Queen-worker-social hierarchy*: Termites have a strict caste system, with a single queen, multiple workers, and soldiers. The queen is responsible for laying eggs, while workers and soldiers perform different tasks to support colony growth. 2. *Parthenogenesis*: Many termite species reproduce parthenogenetically , meaning that unfertilized eggs develop into females. This reduces the need for male termites and allows colonies to grow rapidly. 3 . *Colony fragmentation*: When a termite colony becomes too large or crowded, some queens may leave the colony with a group of workers to establish new colonies. This process is called colony fragmentation. 4. *Reproductive repression*: In some termite species, workers and soldiers can suppress the reproductive activity of other individuals within the colony through pheromones or other chemical signals.

13. 5. *Sperm storage*: Some termite species store sperm from males in specialized organs called spermathecae . This allows them to fertilize eggs at a later time, potentially increasing genetic diversity within the colony. 6 . *Genetic diversity maintenance*: Termites engage in various behaviors that promote genetic diversity within their colonies, such as mating between individuals from different colonies or recombining genes from different individuals.

14. Environmental and Potential Challenges Termites face a range of challenges in their ecosystem, including: Climate change Deforestation Pesticide use Soil erosion

15. Insasive species Food shortages Competition with other insect Human exploitation

16. Termites are small, social insects that play a crucial role in the environment by breaking down and recycling dead wood and other plant materials. While they can cause significant damage to wooden structures and crops, their ecological benefits, such as enhancing soil quality and promoting nutrient cycling, are substantial. Effective management and control strategies can help mitigate their potential risks to human properties while allowing their natural ecological functions to continue.

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