2 Chapter 1
to how these vehicles could be seen as artificial agents, capable of gathering
data, processing it, and acting upon it, even though they are mindless and, as a
result, their actions are not driven by intentionality. Still, as Sven Nyholm and
Jilles Smids have pointed out (2020), theirs is an artificiality that is constantly
updating itself in light of new information about their surroundings.
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To talk about “autonomous vehicles” is to bestow a special focus on the
decisions that such cars and other means of transportation need to make while
on the roadways. Put another way, the term identifies the driving scenario as
one that is organized around the algorithmic-based judgments that these vehi-
cles, as artificial products made possible through technical skill, to borrow
the language of Yuk Hui (Hui 2016, 8), are constantly making while in use.
This term at the same time also gestures toward the fact that their decisions
are embedded and entangled in a wide array of systems and institutions on
which they depend and which they also influence. Among others, these sys-
tems include political/legal/regulatory systems, workforce and labor systems,
economic systems, and energy systems, as well as digital communication and
data storage systems.
Decisions that promote the ethical value of human safety stand front
and center when it comes to thinking about the decisions that autonomous
vehicles need to make. Anyone who is even the least familiar with autono-
mous vehicles knows that the justificatory stress on safety—the “safety
argument,” as Daniel J. Hicks (2018) has called it—hinges on the desire to
lessen the risks of driving by reducing the numbers of traffic fatalities and
other accidents. At least within the United States, these numbers are showing
little signs of going down. A look at data from the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration reveals that from 2019 to 2020 traffic fatalities rose
by 7.2 percent to 36,680, their highest level since 2007 (NHTSA 2021), even
while Americans were driving less due to the pandemic; and in the first nine
months of 2022 the percentage of fatalities saw the greatest increase since this
statistic began to be recorded (NHTSA 2022).
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Seen from this perspective, the meaning of “test-driving the future” is pri-
marily linked to autonomous vehicles themselves, understood as technologi-
cal artifacts that are connected to and supported by other technologies that
also recognize safety as a high-priority ethical value. These include the elec-
trical and communicative systems mentioned previously, as well as cyberse-
curity systems, the computational systems by which the algorithms used by
autonomous vehicles are designed, and of course traffic signals, directional
signs, and other elements of a transportation system itself.
In a pioneering as well as provocative essay, Patrick Lin (2016) argued that
the development of autonomous vehicles needed to be ethically informed.
As evidence, he pointed to reasons as to why autonomous vehicles would
still be involved in crashes due to slippery road conditions and the like and