THE ANIMAL BITES AND WOUNDS

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1. ANIMAL BITES AND
WOUNDS
Prepared by:
Mia Lyn Acedera

2. ANIMAL BITES…
What Are They?
Inmostcasesinvolvechildren
thanadultstobeinjuredbyan
animalbite.
Theanimalsthatmaybiteinclude
dogs,cats,rodents,rabbits,
ferrets,farmanimals,monkeys
andreptiles.
Thosebitescancausepainand
otherproblems,lifethreatening
issuesespeciallywhenthey
becomeinfectedinsidethebody
andbloodcirculation.
What is an Animal
Bites?
➢Ananimalbiteisawound,causedbythe
teethusuallyresultsinabreakintheskindue
totheexcessivepressureonbodytissuefrom
thebite.
➢Italsoinvolvesthecontusionswhichcan
occurwithoutabreakintheskin.Bitescanbe
provokedorunprovoked.Animalbitesmostly
causeaseriousinfectionsandevendeath.
➢Italsoincludesinjuriesnotonlyfromthe
teethofreptiles,mammalsbutfishand
amphibians.
➢Arthropodscanalsobiteandleaveinjuries.
Catandhumanbitescancarryahigherriskof
infection.

3. ❑Ifthebittenanimalhasanidentifiableowner,askwhetheritis
vaccinatedcurrentlyagainstrabies.
❑Ifitisastrangeanimal,callthepoliceornearestanimalcareteam.
What Causes Animal Bites?
ThemostcommoncauseofbitesarePets.Someoftheanimalsthataremorelikelyto
biteare.
❑DOGBITES
➢Dogsareusuallythedomesticpetsto
causeanimalbites.Rabiesviruscan
becausedbydogbite.
DOG BITE
Rabiesisadeadlyvirusspreadtopeoplefromthe
salivaofinfectedanimals.Therabiesvirusis
usuallytransmittedthroughabite.

4. CAT BITE
❑CATBITES
➢This bites can be dangerous both to other animals and to humans because cats carry
bacteria in their mouths that are capable ofcausing tissue infectionsin bite wounds.
❑MONKEY BITES
➢Somethestudiesfoundmonkey
bitesaccountfor2–21%ofanimal
biteinjuries.

5. ❑MOSQUITOBITES
➢Mosquitoisaninsectbelongstoa
flyfamily.AMosquitobitecan
causediseaseslikemalariawhich
canbelifethreatening.
MOSQUITO
BITES
❑FIREANTBITES
➢Fireantsaresmall,redorblack
venomousantswithapainful,
stingingbite.Theycancausea
severeallergicreactioninsome
people.

6. ❑SCORPIONBITES
➢Theseareeight-leggedarachnids
andiftheybite,averyIntensepain,
numbness,tinglingandswelling
occursaroundthesting.
❑BEES
➢Beesarethemostdangerous
insectsthatcancausePain,
rednessandswellingatthesite
ofthesting.

7. ❑HUMANBITES
➢Humanbitecanbethemost
dangerouswoundscontaina
lotofbacteriaandcarrya
highriskofinfection.These
infectionscandevelopquickly
andresultinserious
problems.
SYMPTOMS OF ANIMAL BITES
❑Thereareanumberofsignsandsymptoms
causedbyBitewounds.Theyare,
✓Redness
✓Warmth
✓Continuedpainbeyond24hours
✓Drainagefromthewound
✓Minorwounds
✓Majorcuts

8. ✓Crushinginjuries
✓Infectionbybacteriaincludingrabies
✓Introductionoftoxinsintothewoundbyvenomousanimalssuchassomesnakes.
✓Introductionofotherforeignobjectsintothewound,causinginflammationand
itching.
ANIMAL BITES RISK FACTORS
Risk factors that increase the chances of
a bite turning into an infection
include the following:
✓Not thoroughly and swiftly washing the
bite
✓The bite caused a deep wound
✓The bite also caused a fracture or
other damage
✓A weakened immune system
ANIMAL BITES COMPLICATIONS
Themaincomplicationthatarisesis
fromanimalbitesandabitefrom
humansisInfection:
✓InfectionsmainlyTetanusandRabies
✓Bloodpoisoning(sepsis)
✓Swellingandstiffeningofthejoints
✓Tissuedamage

9. Animal Bites Do’s And Don'ts
DO’S
1.Teachchildrennottodisturbanyanimals
whiletheyeat,sleeporcarefortheirbaby
animals.Childrenshouldneverbeleft
alonewithanimals.
2.Immunizeyourpetanimals.
3.Ifadogapproaches,staycalm,don’t
screamandstandstilllikeatreetalkina
firmvoiceandavoideyecontact.
4.Ifadogattacks,curlupintoaballto
protectyourface,neckandhead
5.Educatechildrenaboutbiteprevention.
DON’T
1.Donotgonearertoanyanimalthat
behavesstrangely
2.Donottrytocatchtheanimalortryto
handleanimals
3.Donottouchanimalsthataresickor
injuredoranger.
4.Neverpetadogwithoutlettingitsniffyou.
5.Donotletyourpetsroam;keepthem
restrained.Trainandsocializethemtostay
calmaroundpeople.
Gettingbitbyanyanimalcanbeaverypainfulexperiencesoitisimportanttoknowsome
thingsthatwillhelpyoutoescapefromthedangerofanimalbites.

10. Animal Bites Medical Advice
Ifyouhavebeenbittenbyanyanimal,youshouldimmediatelygotoyourdoctor
fortreatmentbecausetheremaybeariskofgetting:
✓Aninfection,includingbacterialandrabiesinfectionswithlikeredness,
swellingandpain.
✓Brokenteethofanimalembeddedinyourwound
✓Severebleeding
✓Foreignobjectsembeddedinyourwound
✓Possiblenerveandbloodvesseldamage
✓Thewoundisdeep,especiallyifitisapuncturewound.Catandhumanbites
andevenanycutsonknucklescausedbyafightshouldalwaysbeseenbya
doctor.
✓Youhavebeenbittenontheface,hand,footorneck,oroverajoint.
✓Seethedoctorifyoususpectthattheanimalmayberabidorthebiteisfrom
awildorstrayanimalorifdefiniteproofcannotbefoundofcurrentwound,
takevaccinationoftheanimalifyouhaven’thadanantifungalinjectionwithin
thepastfiveyears.

11. Animal Bites Diagnosis
✓X-RAYS
➢Formajorwounds,yourdoctorwillorderanX-
raysbecausetheymaybeusedtoidentifyany
damageandcheckforbonefracturestothe
injuredpartslikehand,leg,etc.
➢Itcanalsohelpthemensurethere’snodebrisin
thewoundthatisn’tvisibleuponinspection.
➢Itiseasytooverlookcertaintypesofforeign
materialsuchasdirtorgrass.
✓IRRIGATION
➢Irrigationisaprocesstocleanthewound
properly.Thiscanhelpyoupreventinfection.
➢Itmaynotalwayspreventinfection,itdoesreduce
therisk.Tominimizepain,alocalanestheticmaybe
used.

12. ✓DEBRIDEMENT
➢Debridementisaproceduremaybe
necessarytoremovedeadorinfected
skinandtissuethatcan’tberepaired
becausesomeanimalbitescanresult
inskintearsthatcan’tberepaired.
➢Thisproceduresometimesispainfulso
youmayneedalocalanestheticforthis
procedure.
✓CLOSURE
➢Usually,puncturewoundscannotbeclosedwith
stitches.
➢Howeversomewoundsmustbestitchedor
sutured,immediatelyafterthebite.

13. WOUNDCARE
➢Yourdoctormaysuggestsomemethodsof
woundcarebasedontheinjuryyousustained.
➢Woundsshouldbekeptcleananddryalways.
Olderadultsorpeoplewhohavechronic
medicalconditionssuchasdiabetesare
usuallyprescribedAntibiotics.
Animal Bites Treatment
Mostoftheanimalbitescanbetreatedathome,onlyifyourreactionis
mild.However,gettingimmediatetreatmentforanyanimalbitecan
minimizetheriskofproblems.
✓ItneedstotakeaT.Tinjectionforallbites.Theminorwoundsmay
needdressingandsometimesantibiotics.
✓Allbitestotheinjuredpartrequirecarefulcleansing.
✓Majorwoundsmayhavetotreatasinpatientsandalsoforrabies
prevention.
✓Ifthewoundisserious,itusuallyrequiressurgery
✓Afterbeingbittenbyananimalorhuman,itisimportanttoquicklyand
carefullycleanthewoundthoroughlywithsoapandalargeamountof
water;thiscanhelptopreventinfection.Ifthereisbleeding,acleantowel
orgauzeshouldbepressedtothewoundtosloworstopthebleeding.

14. ANIMAL BITES CARE
PRINCIPLES
✓Earlymedicalmanagement
✓Irrigationandcleansingofthe
wound
✓Primaryclosureifthewoundislow-
riskfordevelopinginfection
✓Prophylacticantibioticsforhigh-risk
woundsorpeoplewithimmune
deficiency
✓Rabiespost-exposuretreatment
dependingonthedogvaccination
status
✓Administrationoftetanusvaccineif
thepersonhasnotbeenadequately
vaccinated.
Animal Bites
Prevention
Tolowertheriskofbeingbittenby
ananimalyoushouldremember
thefollowingrules:
1.Avoidcontactwithunknown
animals.
2.Neverfeedorattempttocatch
animalssuchassquirrels,
raccoons,orrats.
3.Avoiddisturbinganimalsthat
arecaringfortheirbabies.
4.Neverengageinforceful
playingwithanimals.Afamily
petcanaccidentallybiteyou
duringafriendlygame.
5.Neverkeepyourfingersinto
animalcages

15. WOUNDS
Q. What is a wound?
Awoundis a type ofinjurywhich happens
relatively quickly in whichskinis torn, cut,
or punctured (anopenwound), or where
blunt forcetraumacauses acontusion
(aclosedwound).
Inpathology
-itspecificallyreferstoasharpinjurywhich
damagestheepidermisoftheskin.
What causes wound?
➢Wounds can be caused by something
sudden, such as a cut, a burn, a fall or a
bad knock.
➢People often have a wound
aftersurgery.
➢Wounds can be caused byinfections,
such as infectionsaftersurgeryand
infectionsin insect bites.
➢Wounds can be caused by being
immobile, such as bed sores or pressure
injuries.

16. THE TWO MAJOR CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS ARE THE OPEN AND CLOSED.
OPENWOUNDS-isaninjuryinvolvinganexternalorinternalbreakinbodytissue,usually
involvingtheskin.
CLOSEDWOUNDS-arethosewheretheskinisnotbroken.
OPEN WOUND
CLOSED WOUND
OPEN WOUNDS CAN BE CLASSIFIED
ACCORDING TO THE OBJECT THAT
CAUSED THE WOUND:
❑INCISIONS OR INCISED WOUNDS
–caused by a clean, sharp-edged object such as
aknife,razor, or glass splinter.
INCISIONS WOUND

17. ❑LACERATIONS
➢irregular tear-like wounds caused by
someblunt trauma. Lacerations and
incisions may appear linear (regular) or
stellate(irregular).
➢The termlacerationis commonly
misused in reference to incisions.
LACERATIONS WOUND
❑ABRASIONS(GRAZES)
➢superficialwoundsinwhichthe
topmostlayeroftheskin(the
epidermis)isscrapedoff.
➢Abrasionsareoftencausedbya
slidingfallontoaroughsurfacesuch
asasphalt,treebarkorconcrete

18. ❑AVULSIONS
➢injuries in which a body structure is
forcibly detached from its normal
point of insertion.
➢A type ofamputation where the
extremity is pulled off rather than cut
off.
❑PUNCTURE WOUNDS
➢causedbyanobjectpuncturing
theskin,suchasasplinter,nail
orneedle.
AVULSIONS
PUNCTURE
WOUNDS
❑PENETRATION WOUNDS
➢caused by an object such as a knife entering
and coming out from the skin.
PENETRATION
WOUNDS

19. ❑GUNSHOT WOUNDS–caused by
abulletor similar projectile driving into
or through the body.
➢There may be two wounds, one at the
site of entry and one at the site of exit,
generally referred to as a "through-
and-through."
GUNSHOT WOUND
Closed wounds have fewer categories, but are just
as dangerous as open wounds:
Hematomas(or blood tumor) –caused by damage
to ablood vessel that in turn causesblood to collect
under theskin.
The different classifications are based on size.
➢Hematomas that originate from an external
source of trauma arecontusions, also
commonly called bruises.
CLOSED WOUNDS
HEMATOMAS

20. COMPLICATIONS
➢Thepatienthasadeepwoundattheknee,andradiographyisusedtoensurethereareno
hiddenbonefractures.
➢Bacterialinfectionofwoundcanimpedethehealingprocessandleadtolife-threatening
complications.
WORKUP
➢Woundsthatarenothealingshouldbeinvestigatedtofindthecauses;manymicrobiological
agentsmayberesponsible.
➢Thebasicworkupincludesevaluatingthewound,itsextentandseverity.Culturesareusually
obtainedbothfromthewoundsiteandblood.
➢X-raysareobtainedandatetanusshotmaybeadministeredifthereisanydoubtaboutprior
vaccination.
CHRONIC
➢Non-healingwoundsofthediabeticfootareconsideredoneofthemostsignificant
complicationsofdiabetes,representingamajorworldwidemedical,social,andeconomic
burdenthatgreatlyaffectspatientqualityoflife.
➢Associatedwithinadequatecirculation,poorlyfunctioningveins,andimmobility,non-healing
woundsoccurmostfrequentlyintheelderlyandinpeoplewithdiabetes.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
➢Toheala wound, the body undertakes a series of actions collectively known as thewound healing
process.

21. DIAGNOSIS
➢Awoundmayberecordedforfollow-upandobservingprogressofhealingwith
differenttechniqueswhichinclude.
➢Photographs,withsubsequentareaquantificationusingcomputerprocessing
➢Woundtracingsonacetatesheets
➢Kundinwoundgauge
MANAGEMENT
➢Wound,sewnwithfourstitches.
➢Theoveralltreatmentdependsonthetype,cause,anddepthofthewound,and
whetherotherstructuresbeyondtheskin(dermis)areinvolved.
➢Treatmentofrecentlacerationsinvolvesexamining,cleaning,andclosingthewound.
Minorwounds,likebruises,willhealontheirown,withskindiscolorationusually
disappearingin1–2weeks.
➢Abrasions,whicharewoundswithintactskin(non-penetrationthroughdermisto
subcutaneousfat),usuallyrequirenoactivetreatmentexceptkeepingtheareaclean,
initiallywithsoapandwater.
➢Puncturewoundsmaybepronetoinfectiondependingonthedepthofpenetration.
Theentryofpuncturewoundisleftopentoallowforbacteriaordebristoberemoved
frominside.

22. CLEANING
➢Evidence to support the cleaning of wounds before closure is scant.
➢For simple lacerations, cleaning can be accomplished using a number of
different solutions, includingtap water andsterile saline solution .
➢Infection rates may be lower with the use of tap water in regions where
water quality is high.
➢Cleaning of a wound is also known as 'wound toilet'.It is not clear if
delaying a shower following a surgery helps reduce complications related to
wound healing.

23. REFERENCES:
❑AnimalBites–CausesSymptomsTreatmentandCare
TheBestHealthOrganizations
Linktothefile:
http://www.thebesthealth.org/animal-bites-causes-treatment-care/
❑Pediatrics, American Academy of (2011).First Aid for Families. Jones & Bartlett.
p.39.ISBN978-0763755522.
❑^"Light to detect wound infection"(web).UK scientists have identified a way of using light to
rapidly detect the presence of bacteria. BBC News. 11 March 2007.Archivedfrom the original
on 22 August 2007. Retrieved17 March2008.
❑^Work UpArchived31 January 2010 at theWaybackMachineMedicine General Surgery.
Retrieved 27 January 2010
❑THE WOUNDS
Link to the file:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wound#cite_ref-1

24. Thank you for listening.