6 The Architecture of Art Histor y
academia, where study of art and architecture rubbed together in those who
ventured on the Grand Tour and in that elusive figure, the antiquarian. The
latter included Horace Walpole, Alexandre Lenoir, Alexandre Du Sommerard,
William Stukeley, Sir John Soane, Sir Walter Scott, and William Beckford.
The antiquarian collected and wrote about a diverse range of objects,
including manuscripts, armour, fragments of architecture, paintings, textiles,
plate, furniture, and glass. The recreation of atmosphere and association, the
acquisition and display of taste, the obsession with authenticity could all feed
as much on the architectural object as on the art object.
8
The unclassifiable
figure of John Ruskin, whose work sprawled omnivorously but with
characteristic purpose and influence across art and architectural history,
also needs mention. And, following Ruskin, there are the connoisseurs
and aesthetes, like Walter Pater, Adrian Stokes, and Kenneth Clarke, as
interested in a Turner or Leonardo as in a Gothic or Byzantine cathedral.
9
There is also the self-styled humanist scholar, as most influentially embodied
and expounded within academia by Jacob Burckhardt with his thesis of ‘the
state as a work of art’ and the ‘development of the individual’ central to it.
10
This was captured in an architectural image, describing Raphael’s School
of Athens: ‘This wonderfully beautiful hall, which forms the background,
[is] not merely a picturesque idea but a consciously intended symbol of the
healthy harmony between the powers of the soul and the mind. ... In such a
building one could not but feel happy.’
11
The subject of this book, ‘the architecture of art history’, concerns the
academic discipline of art history and the intellectual basis for positioning
art and architecture together within it. The narrative part of this is easily
roughed out. The present-day discipline of art history still traces its roots
back mainly to German academic art history of the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries and the development of distinctly more rigorous and
ambitious ways of thinking about art, its development, its relation to other
disciplines, and what it could say about past cultures. This new tradition
was often known as Kunstwissenschaft and among its most important
assumptions was that art and architecture should be studied and written
about as if they were the same thing. One might separate them, of course,
for more focused studies, but what Alois Riegl, Heinrich Wölfflin, and Erwin
Panofsky (and, in a very different way that invoked broader connections,
that other great figure of the tradition, Aby Warburg) all believed was that
the most profound investigations into historical cultures would depend on
knowledge of art and architecture, the assumption being that for critical-
historical purposes they were fused. These art historians and their followers
were equally adept in both media, switched easily between them, and devised
schemes, research projects, and theories that worked across them.
All this became much less common, however, after the spread of the
German tradition, following diaspora and war, to Britain and the United
States. Art historians became less inclined to create the ambitious historical
schema that had depended on the unity, or nexus, of art and architecture.