The Contemporary World - Lesson 1 (Globalization).pptx

The Contemporary World - Lesson 1 (Globalization).pptx

1. INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALIZATION

2. According to Discipline Sociology An ongoing process that involves interconnected changes in the economic, cultural, social, and political spheres of society. Economics Describes an interdependence of nations around the globe fostered through free trade. Anthropology The widening scale of cross-cultural interactions caused by the rapid movement of money, people, goods, images, and ideas within nations and across national boundaries.

3. According to Sources Merriam-Webster The development of an increasingly integrated global economy marked especially by free trade, free flow of capital, and the tapping of cheaper foreign labor markets. The Canadian Encyclopedia Globalization is the process of integration and interdependence of people and countries around the world.

4. According to Various Author Dr. Nayef R.F. Al-Rodhan Is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities. Jonathan X. Inda and Renato Rosaldo An intensification of global interconnectedness, suggesting a world full of movement and mixture, contact and linkages, and persistent cultural interaction and exchange. Ritzer A set of process involving increasing liquidity and the growing multidirectional flows of people, objects, places and information as well as the structures they encounter that are barriers to, or expedite those flows.

5. David Bloom Refers to the process whereby countries become more integrated via movements of goods, capital, labor [people], and ideas. Anthony Giddens Whether one wants to be or not …. People of the world are inextricably linked in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events happening miles away. C.A. Bayly A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local or regional to a world level. According to Various Author

6. According to Frame Positive Frame( globaphilia ) - points the potential gain and benefits of globalization Neutral Frame- portrays globalization as a natural, evolutionary, and largely inevitable development. This discourse, which is associated with the financial community, avoids making moral judgments. Negative Frame( globaphobia ) -points out the increasing potential for economic crisis, the threat to the livelihoods of workers, and the growing income inequality caused by globalization. 

7. intensification of relations between sovereign states the expansion of interactions affected by the spread of goods, ideas, inventions and experiences to every corner of the globe . Internationalization Universalization International Relations Context

8. Liberalization Homogenization the lifting of government restrictions on the cross-border flow of production factors and the introduction of the open world economy . the tendency of prices, products, pay, property, interest rates and profit to resemble one another . International Relations Context

9. Deterritorialization Westernization c ertain aspects of a state territory and its geographical location become unimportant the spread of Western values and cultural patterns at the cost of indigenous cultures International Relations Context

10. GLOBALIZATION is the integration of social, economic , political, and cultural systems across the globe.

11. Origin and History of Globalization 1. Hardwired -urge for a better life 2. Cycle s -Long term process 3. Epoch - Waves of globalization Globalization of Religion European Colonial Conquest Intra-European Wars European Imperialism Post World War Post Cold War

12. Origin and History of Globalization 4. Events - a specific point that can be determined as origin of globalization Example: Rampage of Genghis Khan in Eastern Europe IN 13 TH century 5. Broader, More Recent Changes The Emergence of Global Power The Emergence of Multinational Company The end of Cold War

13. When did Globalization Begin? 1. Pre-1500 Andre Gunder Frank in his well known Re-Orient (1998) argued that globalization was there well before 1500. This is because: - Single world economy before 1500 - trade (Silk roads and later European trade in Asia) Centrality of China

14. When did Globalization Begin? In the Sixteenth Century Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez claims that globalization begun in 1571 when the Spaniards settled down in Manila in the Philippines and opened up trade : Manila to Acapulco Importance of the Pacific Importance of Silver Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Giráldez , ‘Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, Journal of World History , 13, no. 2 (2002), pp. 391-427

15. When did Globalization Begin? 3. In the Early 19 th Century: Bayly Christopher Baily claims i that globalization started with the collapse of 18 th century regimes This he defines as ‘modern globalisation ’ and sees it as a process based on: -colonialism and imperialism - and the concept of free trade. C.A. Bayly , ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

16. When did Globalization Begin? 3. In the Early 19 th Century: Bayly Type of globalisation time features A. PROTO 1500-1750 - European exploration - Role of silver - importance of slavery B. MODERN 1750-1900 - Revolutions (political and economic) - colonialisms and imperialism - free trade C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations - Personal communication C.A. Bayly , ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

17. When did Globalization Begin? 4. 1820-1913: The Great Phase Williamson and O’Rourke underline how he period from 1820 to 1870 in particular was: - age of ‘free trade’ - liberalization of the state – - Increased commodity trade   Critiques: - issues of power forgotten - gunboat diplomacy - colonial control - Post 1870 - Mass migration - infrastructure (railroads and steamships, and cables Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson , Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).

18. When did Globalization Begin? 5. 1914-1945: De-globalization? The interwar period saw: economic protectionism and autarky economic and monetary instability stagnation of the economies moribund empires, and the confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union - lack of innovation

19. When did Globalization Begin? 6. 1945-2013: Contemporary Globalization The key force of globalization after 1945 was the action of institutions and governments And of markets after 1973: Liberal economic policies and regimes Growth of world trade and financial transactions Advances in Information Technologies and easier access to information - Performance of services remotely New business organizations: A high degree of convergence in consumer culture

20. When did Globalisation Begin? 7. Post 2014: A second de-globalization? Is it possible that we are going towards de-globalization once again? - the 2008 financial crisis the US is overstretched great power rivalry (US-China) and a sclerosis of Europe global alliances not working; and rogue regimes - revolutionary terrorism Niall Ferguson, “Sinking Globalization,” Foreign Affairs , 84/2 (2005), pp. 64-77.

21. The Dimensions of Globalization Movement Integration Global issues People migration Communication cities and geographies Population and inequality Things Trade and commodities transport Resources and the environment Actions Capitals Business and organisations Economic crises Values Ideas and ideologies States and institutions Human Rights

22. First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838 Invention of the Telephone 1876 Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878 First Car 1885 First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901 First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903 First Radio Programme 1920 First Television broadcasting 1936 Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951 First Videogame console 1972 First Cd -Rom 1982 World Wide Web 1990 DVD 1995 Communication, Technology and Transport

23. Types of Globalization Industrial globalization – development of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies involving particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries. Financial globalization – development of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. Economic globalization – establishment of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. Political globalization - creation of international organizations to regulate the relationships among governments and to guarantee the rights arising from social and economic globalization.

24. Types of Globalization Informational globalization – increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. (This can also be seen as a technological change related to the advent of fiber optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet.) Cultural globalization - sharing of ideas, attitudes and values across national borders. This sharing generally leads to an interconnectedness and interaction between peoples of diverse cultures and ways of life. Mass media and communication technologies are the primary instruments for cultural globalization.

25. Theories of Globalization Theory of Political Realism: Advocates of this theory are interested in questions of state power, the pursuit of national interest, and conflict between states. According to them states are inherently acquisitive and self-serving, and heading for inevitable competition of power. Some of the scholars stand for a balance of power, where any attempt by one state to achieve world dominance is countered by collective resistance from other states. Theory of Marxism: Marxism is principally concerned with modes of production, social exploi­tation through unjust distribution, and social emancipation through the transcendence of capitalism

26. Theory of Liberalism: Liberalism sees the process of globalization as market-led extension of modernization. At the most elementary level, it is a result of ‘natural’ human desires for economic welfare and political liberty. Theory of Constructivism: Globalisation has also arisen because of the way that people have mentally constructed the social world with particular symbols, language, images and interpretation. It is the result of particular forms and dynamics of consciousness. Patterns of production and governance are second-order structures that derive from deeper cultural and socio-psychological forces.  Theories of Globalization

27. Theory of Eclecticism interaction, mutual influence, ”weaving together” aspects of the current theories. Production, governance, identity and knowledge; none is the source of the others; they are both causes and effects. Theory of Feminism: It puts emphasis on social construction of masculinity and femininity. All other theories have identified the dynamics behind the rise of trans-planetary and supra-territorial connectivity in technology, state, capital, identity and the like. Theories of Globalization

28. Dynamics of Local and Global Culture Cultural Differentialism Emphasizes that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows. Cultural Hybridization Emphasizes the integration of local and global culture. Cultural Convergence Stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization

29. School of Thought HYPERGLOBALIST PERSPECTIVE The authors describe the hyperglobalist perspective as an approach which sees globalization as a new epoch in human history. This new epoch is characterized by the declining relevance and authority of nation-states, brought about largely through the economic logic of a global market. Economies are becoming “denationalized Hyperglobalist scholars may agree on the general factors behind globalization and the likely outcome of this process, they disagree sharply over whether these forces are good or bad.

30. Greater Benefits or Greater Inequality? In terms of the “winners” and “losers” of the new global order, both orientations agree that the lines and cleavages of economic benefit are changing. On the other hand, neo-liberals view this as largely a good thing. They say that nearly all countries have a comparative advantage in one way or another within the global economy. There will be groups who will be worse off, but on the whole, the benefits are greater than in the past. School of Thought

31. Skeptical Perspectives In contrast to perspectives that emphasize the growth of global capitalism, scholars in the skeptical perspective view global capitalism as a myth. The growth of multinational corporations does not mean that nation-states are no longer relevant for governing the flows of economic benefits. Transnationalist Perspectives Transformationalist authors, however, view the nature of national governments as changing, being reconstituted and restructured. The range of factors influencing processes of globalization is much greater, and the outcomes are much less certain growing or waning is oversimplified. Transformationalist authors, the range of factors influencing processes of globalization is much greater, and the outcomes are much less certain. School of Thought