the emergency of the notion discourse and text

About discourse

1. Faculty: Foreign philology 421 group Student: Nurshina Zhasmina The emergency of the notion “discourse” and “text”

2. 01 02 03 04 05 06 Table of contents Emergency of discourse Examples of discourse A list of discourse types Example Information about text Conclusion

3. It is a stretch of language longer than a sentence It communicates and has a purpose. It may be spoken or written. It is meaningful and coherent What is discourse? A continuous stretch of language larger than a sentence, often constituting a coherent unit, such as sermon, argument, joke or narrative. 01 02 03 Common Features Introduction

4. Emergence of discourse When did the study of discourse begin? What is the difference between text and discourse? In the 1970s. The English word “discourse” is derived from a Latin word “DISCURSUS” meaning “run about”. In linguistics, discourse is generally considered to be the use of written or spoken language in a social context. Some linguists define discourse as “ the study of texts in contexts”. In this view, discourse is language in action and text is the grammatical and meaningful record of that interaction. Main Part

5. E examples of discourse Spoken DIscourse Written Discourse Conversations Interviews Reports Political texts Lectures Jokes Legal texts Literature Sermons Speeches Newspaper articles Newspaper headlines

6. Emergence of discourse analysis Discourse analysis emerged in the 1970s as a reaction to the exclusive concern with the idealized native speaker-hearer knowledge in Chomsky’s tradition to the exclusive of considerations of context. There was a new interest in conversation and meaning beyond language.

7. An attempt to understand the term discourse + analysis= discourse analysis \

8. Consider this… For at least ten years now, discourse has been a fashionable term. In scientific texts and debates, it is used indiscriminately, often without being defined. The concept has become vague, either meaning almost nothing, or being used with more precise. (Jorgensen & Phillips, 2002, p. 1) The term discourse is notorious for the arguments surrounding it and the confusion it can cause. A major source of potential confusion is that the meaning of the term tends to vary quite significantly depending on the academic discipline and the theoretical preferences of the person who uses it. (Cameron, 2001, p. 10) And this…

9. Why is discourse vague ? discourse = text discourse = genre discourse = conversation discourse = talk In other words… Deborah Cameron (2001) establishes that in almost all literatures on discourse analysis, discourse is frequently interchanged with(arguably) related, yet different terms, such as conversation, talk, text and genre. If discourse is vague, then discourse analysis must be vague, too… discourse analysis = conversation analysis discourse analysis = analysis of talk discourse analysis = textual analysis discourse analysis = genre analysis

10. A list of discourse types menu letter chat song squabble speech lecture recipe joke seminar novel consolation story manual report manifesto notice sign article prescription

11. Example A: That’s the telephone B: I am in the bath A: OK How do both the speakers manage to make sense of what the other says ? T he 1st speaker makes a request for the 2nd speaker to perform action The 2 nd speaker state reason why he cannot comply with the request The 1 st speaker undertakes to perform the action Thus language users must have a lot of knowledge (non-linguistic) of how conversation works that is not simply ‘linguistic’ knowledge

12. Previous investigation Background for analyses of stylistic investigation of different words, phrases, clauses. Modern investigations background for investigation of different functional styles Is not a sphere or background for functioning different language units Integrated communicative unit that has the integration of : - structural-semantic - composition-stylistic - functional properties text categories Informativeness Integrativity Recurrency - Completeness General/Common/Surface-external representation through the set of: Sentences Paragraphs Other different fragments Text elements/fragments text TEXT

13. How texts relate to contexts of situation and context of culture How texts are produced as a social practice What texts tell us about happenings, what people think, believe etc. How texts represent ideology (power struggle etc.) Discourse analysts study these text-forming devices with reference to the purposes and functions for which the discourse was produced, and the context within which the discourse was created. Text and Discourse Analysis Phase 1 Needs linguistic analysis Interpretation is based on linguistic evidence Text analysts need the right ‘knife’ to cut the right ‘bread’. Different ‘knives’ for different ‘bread’. Text analysis is the study of formal linguistic devices that distinguish a text from random sentences. Phase 2 Conclusion

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