The First Mission 13
(literally, housekeeping dependents), owning house and personal property,
but tilling the land of the datu or the wellborn for a share of the crop, and
bound to the soil. Others, aliping sagigilii (Household dependents), were
chattel slaves, captured in war or reduced to bondage according to Malay
custom for failing to pay a debt.
Slavery was heritable and divisible. A debt slave's descendants remained
slaves until the debt, with its accumulated interest, was paid in fĂĽll. The
child of a free man and a slave was half slave, half free; if there were more
than one child, they were alternately free and slave. In general, the Taga-
logs were monogamous, and freeborn women had the same property rights
as men. However, the wealthy might take concubines, and in the coastal
villages commercial contacts with the Moslem south had brought polygamy
along with more developed forms of social and political organization.23
The estuary of the Pasig was a regulär port of call for Chinese junks as
well as Brunei traders. They sought gold, beeswax, and dyewoods for their
silk and porcelain, gongs and guns; and, under the stimulus of this
exchange, which involved ideas as well as merchandise, the clans of the
region merged into larger communities ruled by rajas who levied tribute,
collected customs duties, built strongholds defended by artillery, and
held court. When the Spaniards came Tondo was ruled by a raja whose
personal name has not been preserved, because he was known simply
as the Old Raja, Raja Matanda; his nephew, Raja Soliman, was lord
of Maynila, the Place of the Water Lilies, which Legazpi appropriated
and transformed into the Spanish city of Manila and the capital of the
Philippines.
The Spaniards, having conquered the country, merely superimposed their
rule on this social structure, making no direct effort to change it, at least
in the beginning. They tried as far as possible to maintain the rajas and
datus in their position of privilege, exempting them and their descendants
from tribute and appointing them petty governors of towns (gobernador-
cillos) and village headmen (cabe^as de barangay). However, the conquered
territory was divided into encomiendas or areas of jurisdiction, and each
area, comprising several villages with the surrounding country, was
"commended" by the Crown to a conquistador or colonist, who thus
became its encomendero. It was the encomendero's duty to maintain law and
Order within his jurisdiction, protect the people from their enemies,
come to their aid in their necessities, and provide them with the oppor-
tunity to learn the Christian faith. In exchange for these services he had the
right to levy tribute and Statute labor, subject to govemment regulation.
Certain encomiendas were not bestowed on private individuals but
retained by the crown in order to provide funds for the expenses of the
central govemment. Thus, in the 1580's, the area within five leagues
(thirteen miles) of Manila was divided into four private encomiendas with