2. THE OBJECTIVES OF COMPETITION POLICY
49
customers, not only in terms of prices but also in terms of new products and
processes.
88
The extent in which firms introduce new products and processes is
referred to as dynamic efficiency, which may conflict with allocative efficiency.
89
The
relationship between competition and innovation is concisely discussed in Box 9.
Box 9: Competition, market power and innovation
The relation between competition, market power and innovation (or
dynamic efficiency) is the subject of a long-standing and ongoing debate
in the economic literature,
90
the essence of which can be illustrated by two
opposing views.
91
On one end, there is the view expressed by Kenneth
Arrow.
92
Arrow explained that market power distorts the incentive to
innovate. For instance, a monopolist is less willing to invest in innovation
than competitive firms because it has less to gain. The additional profit a
monopolist may gain as a result of its investment in innovation will be
relatively low if its position is fairly secure. The limited additional profit
it will gain may therefore make it not worthwhile to invest in new
products and processes. By contrast, firms operating in a more
competitive environment have a strong incentive to invest in innovation in
order to obtain a competitive advantage over their rivals. From this
perspective, it can be concluded that competition drives innovation.
On the other end in the debate, there is the view expressed by various
economic scholars of the Austrian school of economics, such as Joseph
Schumpeter and Friedrich von Hayek.
93
88
See e.g. Audretsch, D.B., Baumol, W.J. and Burke, A.E. (2001), ‘Competition policy in dynamic
markets’, International Journal of Industrial Organization, 19, pp. 613-634; Blaug, M. (2001),
‘Is Competition Such a Good Thing? Static Efficiency versus Dynamic Efficiency’, Review of
Industrial Organization, 19, pp. 37-48; Kerber, W. (2009), ‘Should Competition Law Promote
Efficiency? Some Reflections of an Economist on the Normative Foundations of Competition
Law’, in: Drexl, J., Idot, L. and Monéger, J. (eds.), Economic Theory and Competition Law,
Cheltenham: Elgar, pp. 93-120; Werden, G.J. (2011), ‘Consumer welfare and competition
policy’, in: Drexl, J., Kerber, W. and Podszun, R., Competition Policy and the Economic
Approach: Foundations and Limitations, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 11-43.
These scholars argued that it is
89
See e.g. Motta, M. (2004), Competition Policy, Theory and Practice, Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, pp. 55-64.
90
See e.g. Gilbert, R. (2006), ‘Looking for Mr. Schumpeter: Where Are We in the Competition-
Innovation Debate?’, in: Jaffe, A., Lerner, J. and Stern, S. (eds.), Innovation Policy and the
Economy, Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research and MIT Press, pp. 159-215.
91
Baker, J.P. (2007), ‘Beyond Schumpeter vs. Arrow: How Antitrust Fosters Innovation’, Antitrust
Law Journal, 74, pp. 575-602.
92
Arrow, K.J. (1962), ‘Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention’, in:
Nelson, R. (ed.), The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors,
Princeton, N.J.: National Bureau of Economic Research, pp. 609-625.
93
For example, Schumpeter, J.A. (1934), The Theory of Economic Development. An Inquiry into
Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle, Cambridge: Harvard University Press;