The Law Of Evidence 5th Edition I H Dennis

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The Law of Evidence
Fifth Edition
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The Law of Evidence
Fifth Edition
I.H. Dennis,M.A., PH.D.
of Gray's Inn, Barrister-at-Law
Professor of English Law, University College London
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First Edition 1999, Reprinted 2000 by Ian Dennis
Second Edition 2002 by Ian Dennis
Third Edition 2007 by Ian Dennis
Fourth Edition 2010 by Ian Dennis
Fifth Edition 2013 by Ian Dennis
Published in 2013 by Sweet & Maxwell, 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF part of
Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK Limited (Registered in England & Wales, Company No
1679046.
Registered Office and address for service: Aldgate House, 33 Aldgate High Street, London
EC3N 1DL)
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Typeset by Letterpart Ltd, Reigate, Surrey
Printed in Great Britain by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall.
No natural forests were destroyed to make this product; only farmed timber was used and
re-planted.
A CIP catalogue record of this book is available for the British Library.
ISBN Mainwork: 978-0-41402-562-2
Thomson Reuters and the Thomson Reuters logo are trademarks of Thomson Reuters.
Sweet & Maxwell ® is a registered trademark of Thomson Reuters (Professional) UK
Limited.
Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and
the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any
form or by any means, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature without prior written
permission, except for permitted fair dealing under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988, or in accordance with the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency
in respect of photocopying and/or reprographic reproduction. Application for permission for
other use of copyright material including permission to reproduce extracts in other published
works shall be made to the publishers. Full acknowledgement of author, publisher and
source must be given.
© 2013 Ian Dennis
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Preface to the Fifth Edition
The law of evidence continues to be a fast-moving subject. It is only three years
since the last edition of this book, but numerous case law developments since
2010 amply justify the appearance of the fifth edition. I have revised the text at
many points to take account of important new decisions. The extent of change is
most marked in Chapter 17, where the law of hearsay in criminal cases has
required considerable updating. The headline development here is the long-
awaited judgment of the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights
inAl-Khawaja and Tahery v United Kingdom, and the follow-up decisions of the
Court of Appeal inIbrahimandRiat.In consequence I have completely rewritten
the section on hearsay evidence and art.6 of the European Convention on Human
Rights. Another key case considered in this chapter isTwist,in which an
illuminating judgment from Hughes L.J. has done much to resolve the confusion
created by a string of inconsistent decisions on the admissibility of mobile phone
text messages. I have added a final section in this chapter on the claim that
anonymous hearsay is never admissible in English law. In so far as this claim
does not distinguish between cases where the identity of the maker of a hearsay
statement is known, and cases where it is not, the claim is too widely stated.
Several other important new cases deserve highlighting.Brewster and
Cromwellis now the leading authority on the admission of evidence of the bad
character of a non-defendant under s.100 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003.
Disclosure continues to be problematic, particularly as regards defence
statements, and Chapter 9 notes the significant checks on disadvantages to the
defence established inewelland inRochford.In relation to the standard of proof
Majidconfirms the current preference for directing juries to be sure of guilt
before convicting; the classic formula of “beyond reasonable doubt” is now to be
avoided. Chapter 20 notes a number of recent decisions in which the Court of
Appeal is finally beginning to take a stronger line on the form and admissibility
of different types of forensic science evidence. The Law Commission’s
recommendation for aDaubert-style gatekeeping role for judges in relation to
expert evidence seems unlikely to be enacted in the near future, but there are
signs that the common law may be moving slowly in that direction. The Scottish
cases ofCadder v HM AdvocateandHM Advocate v Phave significant
implications for English law on confessions obtained where defendants have had
not the opportunity to take legal advice before interview, and on the admissibility
of evidence obtained in consequence of such a confession. These implications are
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considered in Chapters 6 and 8, which also note the ruling of the European Court
of Human Rights inGafgen v Germanyon evidence obtained in violation of art.3
of the ECHR.
In order to keep the book within reasonable limits I have cut out some material
which is now largely of historical interest. This is most noticeable in Chapters 9
and 18, where I have pruned the discussion of the common law on disclosure and
the “similar facts” rule respectively, to the minimum necessary to appreciate the
background to the modern statutory provisions. Comment on these exclusions
and on possible other changes to my coverage of evidential topics would be
welcome.
Finally, I would like once again to record my thanks to Dr Abenaa
Owusu-Bempah for her valuable research assistance. As ever my biggest debt is
to Sue for her encouragement, and her sympathetic tolerance of my bad working
habits.
I hope the book is up to date as at 31 December, 2012.
Ian Dennis
February 12, 2013
PREFACE TO THE FIFTH EDITIOvi
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TABLE OF COTETS
PAGE
Preface to the Fifth Edition....................................................................................v
Table of Cases ...................................................................................................xxiii
Table of Statutes...............................................................................................lxxiii
Table of Statutory Instruments.......................................................................lxxxiii
Table of European, International and Foreign Legislation............................lxxxv
Abbreviations.................................................................................................lxxxvii
PARA
PART I
Understanding Evidence: the Foundations of the Law
1. A ITRODUCTIO TO THE LAW OF EVIDECE
A. EVIDECE,IFERECE ADPROOF.................................................1–001
B. C
OCEPTS ADTERMIOLOGY........................................................1–003
1. Materiality and the objects of proof.........................................1–004
(A) Facts in issue.........................................................................1–005
(B) Evidentiary facts (facts relevant to the facts in
issue)......................................................................................1–007
(C) Facts relating to the credibility of witnesses........................1–012
(D) Facts relating to the admissibility of evidence.....................1–013
2. Relevance and admissibility .....................................................1–014
C. T
HECHARACTER OF THELAW O FEVIDECE..................................1–015
1. Civil and criminal proceedings distinguished ..........................1–017
2. Criminal proceedings................................................................1–018
3. The multiplicity of styles of legal proceedings........................1–019
D. T
HEDEVELOPMET OF THELAW O FEVIDECE
1. Legislative reform.....................................................................1–020
2. Recent developments ................................................................1–024
2. THE AIMS OF THE LAW OF EVIDECE
A. ITRODUCTIO:EVIDECE,LEGALPROCESS AD
ADJUDICATIO..................................................................................2–001
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B. THERATIOALISTMODEL OFADJUDICATIO..................................2–003
1. Constraints on freedom of proof
(A) Expense and delay.................................................................2–005
(B) Procedural fairness...............................................................2–006
(C) Avoidance of error.................................................................2–007
(D) Pursuit of other values..........................................................2–008
2. Settling competing objectives...................................................2–009
C. I
DIVIDUALRIGHTS AD THELAW O FEVIDECE
1. The foundation values for individual rights.............................2–010
2. The right against wrongful conviction .....................................2–012
D. T
HEHUMARIGHTSACT1998.......................................................2–015
E. L
EGITIMACY OFADJUDICATIO........................................................2–022
3. RELEVACE AD ADMISSIBILITY
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................3–001
B. R
ELEVACE
1. Stephen’s definition ..................................................................3–002
2. Logical relevance......................................................................3–006
3. Logical relevance and exclusionary discretion: the
“costs” of admission .................................................................3–008
4. Sufficient relevance ..................................................................3–010
(A) Superfluity, delay and expense..............................................3–011
(B) Multiplicity of issues.............................................................3–012
(C) Confusion and misleading of the jury...................................3–013
(D) Remoteness............................................................................3–014
5. Case study of relevance I: “lifestyle” evidence in drugs
cases ..........................................................................................3–018
6. Case study of relevance II: the lies of the accused..................3–021
C. E
XCLUSIOARYRULES.....................................................................3–024
D. E
XCLUSIOARYDISCRETIO ICRIMIALCASES..........................3–026
1. Discretionary exclusion at common law ..................................3–027
(A) Evidence whose prejudicial effect exceeds its
probative value......................................................................3–028
(B) Fairness to the accused.........................................................3–029
2. PACE section 82(3): the preservation of the common
law.............................................................................................3–031
3. PACE section 78: protection of the fairness of the
proceedings ...............................................................................3–032
(A) The legislative history of section 78.....................................3–033
(B) The ordinary meaning of section 78 read in the
context of PACE....................................................................3–034
(C) Judicial opinion supporting a wide application of
section 78..............................................................................3–036
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(D) Judicial opinion rejecting a wide application of
section 78..............................................................................3–038
(E) General principles relating to the application of
section 78..............................................................................3–041
4. The rationale of discretionary exclusion ..................................3–042
4. FACTS AD FACTFIDIG
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................4–001
B. Q
UESTIOS OFFACT ADQUESTIOS OFLAW
1.The basic distinction and the allocation of
decision-making........................................................................4–003
2.Qualifying the distinction and blurring the division of
function in jury trials................................................................4–004
3.Submissions of no case to answer............................................4–007
C. L
EGALCOTROLS OFACTFIDIG................................................4–008
D. F
ACT-SCEPTICISM AD THECOSTRUCTIO OFKOWLEDGE
1.Reconstructing a “true” reality................................................4–010
2.The social contingency of facts................................................4–013
E. T
HEORIES OFFACTFIDIG..............................................................4–016
1.Wigmorean analysis..................................................................4–019
2.Mathematical models of reasoning..........................................4–022
3.arrative and story-telling.......................................................4–030
PART II
OBTAIIG EVIDECE: PRE-TRIAL PROCEDURES AD THE
REGULATIO OF ACCESS
5. THE PRIVILEGE AGAIST SELF-ICRIMIATIO AD
THE RIGHT TO SILECE
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................5–001
B. T
HERELATIOSHIP OF THEPRIVILEGE AGAIST
SELF-ICRIMIATIO AD THERIGHT TOSILECE.........................5–003
C. T
HEPRIVILEGE AGAISTSELF-ICRIMIATIO
1.The privilege against self-incrimination at common law
(A) Civil proceedings...................................................................5–005
(B) Criminal proceedings............................................................5–007
2.Statutory restrictions on the privilege......................................5–008
3.The privilege against self-incrimination and ECHR
article 6
(A) Incorporation of the privilege into article 6.........................5–011
(B) Scope of the privilege............................................................5–014
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D. THERIGHT TOSILECE
1.The relevance of silence...........................................................5–017
2.The common law right to silence in the police
station........................................................................................5–019
3.Statutory reform of the right to silence....................................5–022
4.Section 34 and the ECHR.........................................................5–024
5.The interpretation of section 34
(A) The statutory conditions and the nature of the test..............5–025
(B) Facts which it would be reasonable to expect the
accused to mention................................................................5–026
(C) Failure to “mention”............................................................5–029
(D) Reasons for silence and legal advice to remain
silent......................................................................................5–030
(E) Prima facie case........................................................................5–035
(F) Proper inferences ......................................................................5–036
(G) Exclusionary discretion.............................................................5–037
(H) Continued application of common law ....................................5–038
E. T
HEORIES OFUDERLYIGPURPOSES ADVALUES.......................5–040
1.Protection of the innocent against wrongful
conviction..................................................................................5–041
2.Presumption of innocence.........................................................5–044
3.Protection of privacy................................................................5–047
4.Protection from cruel choices...................................................5–049
5Legitimacy and abuse of power................................................5–050
6. COFESSIOS
A. ITRODUCTIO
1.Confessions and criminal justice..............................................6–001
2.The meaning of “confession”...................................................6–003
3.The issues raised by confession evidence................................6–004
B. S
ECTIO76: THERULES OFADMISSIBILITY
1.Confessions admissible as exceptions to the hearsay
rule............................................................................................6–007
2.Prohibited methods of obtaining
confessions—procedural issues................................................6–010
3.The rule against oppression.....................................................6–014
(A) “Torture, inhuman or degrading treatment”........................6–015
(B) The use or threat of violence (whether or not
amounting to torture)”..........................................................6–016
(C) Other forms of “oppression”................................................6–017
4.The scope and application of the “reliability” rule
(A) A hypothetical test.................................................................6–023
(B) “Anything said or done”......................................................6–025
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C. DISCRETIOARYEXCLUSIO OFCOFESSIOEVIDECE
1.The general principles of discretionary exclusion under
PACE section 78.......................................................................6–027
2.Breach of the right to legal advice...........................................6–030
3.Breach of the requirements for recording of
interviews..................................................................................6–032
4.Other breaches of PACE or the Codes of Practice..................6–035
D. O
THERISSUESRELATIG TOCOFESSIOS
1.Relevance of confessions for reasons other than their
truth...........................................................................................6–037
2.Evidence of subsequently discovered facts...............................6–038
3.Mixed statements.......................................................................6–040
4.Safeguards against unreliability...............................................6–041
5.Use by an accused of a confession by a co-accused...............6–042
7. IDETIFICATIO EVIDECE
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................7–001
B. T
HEPROBLEMS OFEYEWITESSEVIDECE OFIDETITY
1. Miscarriages of justice..............................................................7–003
2. The psychological research ......................................................7–005
(A) Observation...........................................................................7–006
(B) Storage and retrieval of memory..........................................7–007
(C) Evaluation of eyewitness accuracy.......................................7–008
C. O
BTAIIGEYEWITESSEVIDECE OFIDETITY:THE
LEGALRESPOSE.............................................................................7–009
1. The purpose and scope of Code D generally...........................7–010
2. The purpose and scope of Code D: on-the-spot
investigations ............................................................................7–012
3. The application of Code D and the consequences of
breach
(A) An overview of Code D.........................................................7–016
(B) Breach of Code D..................................................................7–020
D. P
ROBLEMS OFADDUCIGIDETIFICATIOEVIDECE AT
TRIAL
1. Dock identifications..................................................................7–023
2. Evidence of previous identifications by witnesses ..................7–025
3. Identification by the court: evidence of recordings,
photographs and photofits ........................................................7–027
E. T
HEEVALUATIO OFEYEWITESSEVIDECE OF
IDETIFICATIO
1. The Turnbull guidelines............................................................7–029
2. When do the guidelines apply? ................................................7–030
3. The terms of the warning .........................................................7–033
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4. Good and poor quality identifications......................................7–035
5. Supporting evidence .................................................................7–036
F. S
CIETIFIC ADOTHEREXPERTEVIDECE.....................................7–037
8. EVIDECE OBTAIED BY ILLEGAL OR UFAIR MEAS
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................8–001
B. T
HECOMMOLAWRELATIG TOILLEGALLY ORUFAIRLY
OBTAIEDEVIDECE
1.The general rule........................................................................8–003
2.Exclusionary discretion at common law
(A) The development of the “fairness” discretion......................8–006
(B) R. v Sang...............................................................................8–008
C. T
HESTATUTORYDISCRETIOS TOEXCLUDEEVIDECE
1.PACE section 82(3)...................................................................8–012
2.PACE section 78.......................................................................8–013
D. T
HEAPPLICATIO OFSECTIO78
1.General principles....................................................................8–014
2.Illegally obtained evidence
(A) Breaches of PACE and the Codes Of Practice.....................8–015
(B) Breaches of the Road Traffic Act in drink-driving
cases......................................................................................8–018
(C) Other forms of unlawful conduct..........................................8–019
3.Unfairly obtained evidence
(A) Deception in questioning and abuse of the police
role.........................................................................................8–021
(B) Tricks and traps.....................................................................8–023
(C) Entrapment and agents provocateurs...................................8–026
E. A
BUSE OFPROCESS ADEXCLUSIOARYDISCRETIO...................8–032
9. DISCLOSURE AD IMMUITY
A. ITRODUCTIO.................................................................................9–001
B. D
ISCLOSURE ICIVILCASES...........................................................9–004
C. D
ISCLOSURE ICRIMIALCASES
1.The disclosure issue in context.................................................9–006
2.Disclosure from arrest to committal.........................................9–008
3. The Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996
(A) The scheme of the Act...........................................................9–010
(B) The prosecutor’s duties of disclosure....................................9–011
(C) Defence disclosure................................................................9–015
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D. PUBLICITERESTIMMUITY ICIVILPROCEEDIGS
1.General principles
(A) The nature of the claim for public interest
immunity................................................................................9–019
(B) Establishing the grounds of a claim.....................................9–021
(C) Pre-trial procedure and the rules of disclosure....................9–023
(D) The weakness of class claims................................................9–024
(E) Duty or discretion to make a claim......................................9–027
2.Balancing public interests in different contexts
(A) ational security and defence...............................................9–029
(B) International relations...........................................................9–030
(C) State papers: matters of high-level government
policy.....................................................................................9–031
(D) Low-level policy communications and routine
reports....................................................................................9–032
(E) Confidentiality and the protection of sources of
information............................................................................9–033
E. P
UBLICITERESTIMMUITY ICRIMIALPROCEEDIGS
1.The extent of the application of PII in criminal
proceedings...............................................................................9–038
2.Process of decision-making in PII cases..................................9–039
3.Fairness and the public interest...............................................9–041
F. P
RIVILEGE:EGOTIATIOS FORSETTLEMET AD
COCILIATIO...................................................................................9–044
10. LEGAL PROFESSIOAL PRIVILEGE
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................10–001
B. T
HELAWYER-CLIET(LEGALADVICE)PRIVILEGE
1.Statement and rationale..........................................................10–002
2.Extent of the privilege
(A) The meaning of “lawyer”...................................................10–006
(B) Clients and their employees and agents.............................10–007
(C) The protected communications...........................................10–009
3.Loss of privilege......................................................................10–012
(A) Communications in furtherance of crime or fraud............10–013
(B) Waiver..................................................................................10–017
(C) Secondary evidence.............................................................10–018
(D) Court-ordered disclosure: proof of innocence and
other public interests...........................................................10–024
C. L
ITIGATIOPRIVILEGE
1.Statement and rationale..........................................................10–027
2.Extent of the privilege
(A) The meaning of “lawyer”...................................................10–029
(B) Clients and third parties.....................................................10–030
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(C) The protected communications...........................................10–031
3.Loss of privilege......................................................................10–034
(A) Court-ordered disclosure: litigation privilege and
non-adversarial proceedings...............................................10–035
PART III
ADDUCIG EVIDECE: TRIAL PROCEDURES AD THE
PRICIPLES OF PROOF
11. BURDE AD STADARD OF PROOF
A. ITRODUCTIO................................................................................11–001
B. T
HECOCEPTS OFBURDE ADSTADARD OFPROOF
1.General definitions..................................................................11–002
2.The different types of burden..................................................11–005
C. A
LLOCATIO OFBURDES ICRIMIALCASES
1.The presumption of innocence and the general rule on
the burden of proof.................................................................11–008
2.The common law exception to the general rule: the
defence of insanity..................................................................11–011
3.Express statutory exceptions to the general rule...................11–012
4.Implied statutory exceptions to the general rule....................11–013
5.Reverse onuses and compatibility with the presumption
of innocence............................................................................11–018
(A) Judicial deference................................................................11–024
(B) Classification of offences....................................................11–026
(C) Construction of criminal liability: elements of
offences and defences..........................................................11–027
(D) Significance of maximum penalties.....................................11–029
(E) Ease of proof and peculiar knowledge...............................11–031
(F) Presumption of innocence...................................................11–033
(G) Principles and proportionality............................................11–035
(H) Reading down a reverse onus.............................................11–041
D. A
LLOCATIOS OFBURDES ICIVILCASES.................................11–042
E. S
TADARD OFPROOF ICRIMIALCASES...................................11–044
F. S
TADARD OFPROOF ICIVILCASES...........................................11–046
G. B
URDE ADSTADARD OFPROOF OFFOUDATIOFACTS
FOR
ADMISSIBILITY OFEVIDECE..................................................11–050
12. FORMS OF PROOF AD ALTERATIVES TO PROOF
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................12–001
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B. TESTIMOY.....................................................................................12–002
C. D
OCUMETARYEVIDECE.............................................................12–004
1.Proof of the contents of documents
(A) Special statutory provision..................................................12–005
(B) General statutory provision: criminal proceedings............12–007
(C) Common law rules..............................................................12–009
(D) General statutory provision: civil proceedings..................12–010
2.Proof of the execution of documents......................................12–011
(A) Proof of handwriting and signatures..................................12–012
D. R
EALEVIDECE.............................................................................12–014
1.Material objects......................................................................12–015
2.Appearance of persons...........................................................12–016
3.Demeanour of witnesses.........................................................12–017
4.Views and reconstructions......................................................12–018
5.Mechanical recordings and computer output.........................12–019
E. F
ORMALADMISSIOS.....................................................................12–022
F. P
RESUMPTIOS
1.ature and classification of presumptions.............................12–023
2.Particular presumptions and proof of frequently
recurring facts.........................................................................12–027
G. J
UDICIALOTICE............................................................................12–028
1.otorious facts........................................................................12–029
2.Facts judicially noticed after enquiry....................................12–030
(A) Political and diplomatic issues...........................................12–031
(B) Historical, scientific and other issues of learning.............12–032
(C) Issues of custom and practice.............................................12–035
3.Personal knowledge................................................................12–036
13. WITESSES
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................13–001
B. T
HEPOWER TOCALLWITESSES..................................................13–003
C. T
HEACCUSED AS AWITESS FOR THEDEFECE
1.Competence and compellability..............................................13–005
2.Failure to testify: the right to silence in court.......................13–007
3.Failure to testify: reform of the right to silence....................13–010
D. T
HEACCUSED AS AWITESS FOR THEPROSECUTIO..................13–015
E. T
HESPOUSE OF THEACCUSED......................................................13–017
F. C
HILDRE
1.Historical background to the modern law.............................13–020
2.The modern law of competency: criminal cases....................13–023
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3.The modern law of competency: civil cases...........................13–026
G. P
ERSOSUDERMETALDISABILITY..........................................13–027
H. O
ATHS ADAFFIRMATIOS............................................................13–028
14. EXAMIATIO OF WITESSES
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................14–001
B. E
XAMIATIO ICHIEF.................................................................14–003
1.Relevance, credit and previous consistent statements...........14–005
(A) Exceptions to the rules against narrative and hearsay:
previous statements of witnesses admissible as
evidence of the facts stated as well as evidence of
consistency...........................................................................14–007
(B) Unclear exceptions: statements by the accused when
arrested, when interviewed and when confronted with
the discovery of incriminating articles...............................14–013
2.Leading questions...................................................................14–015
3.Refreshing memory.................................................................14–016
(A) Refreshing memory in court while testifying......................14–017
(B) Refreshing memory out of court.........................................14–019
4.Unfavourable and hostile witnesses.......................................14–021
C. C
ROSS-EXAMIATIO.....................................................................14–024
1.General principles
(A) Relevance and admissibility................................................14–025
(B) The obligation to challenge the evidence given in
chief.....................................................................................14–027
2.Cross-examination as to credit
(A) Collateral issues and the finality rule................................14–028
(B) Previous inconsistent statements.........................................14–031
(C) Bad character and previous convictions............................14–033
(D) Bias......................................................................................14–039
(E) Disability of the witness......................................................14–042
D. R
E-EXAMIATIO...........................................................................14–043
15. VULERABLE AD SUSPECT WITESSES
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................15–001
B. V
ULERABLEWITESSES..............................................................15–003
1.Complainants of sexual offences: the use of sexual
history evidence
(A) Some general comments......................................................15–004
(B) The common law.................................................................15–007
(C) “Rape shield” legislation: YJCEA s.41..............................15–008
(D) Section 41 and the ECHR article 6....................................15–015
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(E) Further reform?...................................................................15–018
2.Cross-examination by the accused in person.........................15–019
3.Special measures directions....................................................15–020
(A) Use of screens.....................................................................15–025
(B) Live link...............................................................................15–026
(C) Evidence given in private....................................................15–027
(D) Removal of wigs and gowns................................................15–028
(E) Video-recorded evidence in chief........................................15–029
(F) Video-recorded cross-examination......................................15–031
(G) Examination of witness through intermediary....................15–032
(H) Aids to communication........................................................15–033
4.Anonymity for witnesses.........................................................15–034
C. S
USPECTWITESSES......................................................................15–038
1.Rules of competence...............................................................15–039
2.Exclusionary rules and/or exclusionary discretion................15–040
3.A general requirement of corroboration for all
evidence...................................................................................15–041
4.Corroboration requirements for certain types of
evidence...................................................................................15–042
5.Caution warnings....................................................................15–043
6.Statutory requirements............................................................15–044
(A) Perjury.................................................................................15–045
(B) Speeding..............................................................................15–046
(C) Attempts to commit either of the above..............................15–047
7.Abolition of common law requirements..................................15–048
8.Use of caution warnings.........................................................15–052
(A) Eyewitness identification evidence.....................................15–053
(B) Witnesses with purposes of their own to serve...................15–054
(C) Mental patients of bad character........................................15–055
(D) Confessions by mentally handicapped persons..................15–056
PART IV
USIG EVIDECE: THE SCOPE AD LIMITS OF
EXCLUSIOARY RULES
16. HEARSAY AT COMMO LAW AD I CIVIL
PROCEEDIGS
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................16–001
B. S
TATEMET ADRATIOALE OF THEHEARSAYRULE AT
COMMOLAW
1.Statement of the rule...............................................................16–003
2.Rationale.................................................................................16–007
(A) Hearsay is not the best evidence........................................16–008
(B) Hearsay is not given on oath..............................................16–009
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(C) Absence of cross-examination and the difficulty of
assessing the weight of hearsay..........................................16–010
(D) Demeanour of the witness...................................................16–012
(E) Risk of manufactured evidence...........................................16–013
(F) Risk of error in transmission..............................................16–014
(G) Right to confront one’s accusers.........................................16–015
C. A
PPLICATIO OF THECOMMOLAWRULE:HEARSAY AD
ORIGIALEVIDECE......................................................................16–019
D. A
PPLICATIO OF THECOMMOLAWRULE:IMPLIED
ASSERTIOS....................................................................................16–023
E. S
TATUTORYREFORM—CIVILCASES..............................................16–028
17. THE MODER LAW OF HEARSAY I CRIMIAL CASES
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................17–001
B. T
HESCHEME OF THEACT AD THEEXCLUSIOARYRULE
1.Structure of the scheme..........................................................17–004
2.The scope of the exclusionary rule
(A) Generally.............................................................................17–005
(B) Implied assertions...............................................................17–007
(C) egative hearsay.................................................................17–010
C. S
TATUTORYEXCEPTIOS:SECTIO116—WITESS
UAVAILABILITY
1.Terms and scope of the exception...........................................17–011
2.Reasons for unavailability of the witness (the “relevant
person”)..................................................................................17–012
3.The requirement of leave for admission of a hearsay
statement by a witness in fear................................................17–014
D. S
TATUTORYEXCEPTIOS:SECTIO117—BUSIESS
DOCUMETS...................................................................................17–016
E. S
TATUTORYEXCEPTIOS:SECTIOS119AD
120—PREVIOUSSTATEMETS OFWITESSES...............................17–020
F. T
HEPRESERVEDCOMMOLAWEXCEPTIOS:SECTIO
118..................................................................................................17–021
1.Public information, etc...........................................................17–022
2.Reputation as to character.....................................................17–024
3.Reputation or family tradition................................................17–025
(A) Declarations as to pedigree................................................17–026
(B) Declarations as to public or general rights.......................17–027
(C) Reputation as to identity.....................................................17–028
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4. Res gestae ...............................................................................17–029
(A) Spontaneous statements about events in issue: the
“excited utterance rule”.....................................................17–031
(B) Statements accompanying and explaining relevant
acts.......................................................................................17–034
(C) Statements relating to physical sensations or mental
states....................................................................................17–035
5.Confessions etc.......................................................................17–040
6.Admissions by agents, etc.......................................................17–042
7.Common enterprise.................................................................17–043
8.Expert evidence.......................................................................17–044
G. S
TATUTORYEXCEPTIOS:SECTIO114(1)(D)— ITERESTS
OF
JUSTICE......................................................................................17–045
H. S
TATUTORYEXCEPTIOS:SECTIO121—MULTIPLE
HEARSAY........................................................................................17–051
I. O
THERPROVISIOS........................................................................17–052
J. T
HEIMPACT OFARTICLE6OF THEECHR ....................................17–053
K. A
OYMOUSHEARSAY..................................................................17–060
18. CHARACTER AD CREDIBILITY: A OVERVIEW
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................18–001
B. P
ROOF ADPREJUDICE
1.The relevance of evidence of good character........................18–004
2.The relevance of evidence of bad character..........................18–005
3.The prejudicial effect of evidence of bad character and
other misconduct.....................................................................18–007
C. C
HARACTER ADCREDIBILITY:THEPSYCHOLOGY OF THE
LAWRELATIGTOBADCHARACTEREVIDECE..........................18–011
1.The divisibility of character...................................................18–012
2.The relationship between other misconduct and
untruthfulness on oath............................................................18–014
3.Judicial directions on the use of previous convictions
and the distinction between issues of guilt and
credibility................................................................................18–016
D. T
HECOMMOLAW:EVIDECE OFCHARACTER ICIVIL
CASES.............................................................................................18–017
E. T
HECOMMOLAW:GOODCHARACTER OF THEACCUSED I
CRIMIALCASES............................................................................18–019
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F. BADCHARACTER OF THEACCUSED ICRIMIALCASES:
T
HEBACKGROUD TO THE CRIMIALJUSTICEACT2003
1.The common law similar fact rule.........................................18–021
2.Cross-examination of the accused: The Criminal
Evidence Act 1898 section 1(3)..............................................18–025
3.Reform of the law: the Law Commission proposals..............18–028
4.Reform of the law: Government policy..................................18–030
19. EVIDECE OF BAD CHARACTER I CRIMIAL CASES
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................19–001
B. S
TRUCTURE ADSCOPE OF THEACT
1.The meaning of “bad character”...........................................19–003
(A) What is included in section 98............................................19–004
(B) What is not included in section 98.....................................19–006
2.Effect of the Act on the previous law.....................................19–009
3.Admissibility of evidence of the defendant’s bad
character: the seven “gateways”...........................................19–010
C. G
EERALPRICIPLES OFITERPRETATIO OF THEEW
SCHEME...........................................................................................19–011
D. T
HEGATEWAYS IDETAIL
1.Gateway (a): evidence adduced by agreement of all
parties.....................................................................................19–015
2.Gateway (b): evidence adduced by the defendant
himself.....................................................................................19–016
3.Gateway (c): important explanatory evidence.......................19–017
4.Gateway (d): evidence relevant to an important matter
in issue between the defendant and the prosecution..............19–019
(A) Evidence of bad character to prove D’s propensity to
commit the kind of offence charged....................................19–022
(B) Evidence of bad character to prove D’s propensity to
be untruthful........................................................................19–024
(C) Discretionary exclusion of evidence of bad character
via gateway (d)....................................................................19–025
5.Gateway (e): substantial probative value in relation to
an important matter in issue between the defendant and
a co-defendant........................................................................19–026
(A) Evidence of the bad character of the accused (D1)
adduced by a co-accused (D2) as relevant to D2’s
defence.................................................................................19–028
(B) Evidence adduced by a co-accused (D2) to prove the
propensity of the accused (D1) to be untruthful.................19–032
6.Gateway (f): evidence to correct a false impression
given by the defendant............................................................19–037
(A) Evidence of good character and its rebuttal: the
previous law........................................................................19–038
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(B) Evidence to correct a false impression: the new
law.......................................................................................19–039
7.Gateway (g): the defendant has made an attack on
another person’s character.....................................................19–045
(A) Interpretation of gateway (g) and section 106: when
is an attack made?..............................................................19–047
(B) Interpretation of gateway (g) and section 106: who
can be attacked?.................................................................19–048
(C) Interpretation of gateway (g) and section 106: what is
an attack on character?......................................................19–049
(D) Interpretation of gateway (g) and section 106: the
scope and purpose of the evidence of the defendant’s
bad character......................................................................19–053
E. C
OGECY ADCOTAMIATIO
1.Cogency of evidence of bad character...................................19–056
2.Contamination of evidence of bad character.........................19–058
20. OPIIO AD EXPERT EVIDECE
A. ITRODUCTIO...............................................................................20–001
B.
O-EXPERTOPIIO....................................................................20–003
C. E
XPERTEVIDECE..........................................................................20–005
1.Matters which the court considers call for the special
skill or knowledge of an expert: the helpfulness test.............20–006
2.Reliability of expert evidence.................................................20–011
3.Who is an expert?...................................................................20–016
4.The role of an expert witness.................................................20–017
5.The ultimate issue rule...........................................................20–019
6.Hearsay and the foundation of expert opinion......................20–022
(A) Primary facts.......................................................................20–023
(B) Expert’s facts.......................................................................20–024
D. J
UDGMETS ADVERDICTS IOTHERPROCEEDIGS...................20–026
1.The rule in Hollington v F Hewthorn & Co Ltd....................20–027
2.Criminal cases: PACE section 74...........................................20–028
(A) Admissibility of the conviction of a person other than
the accused..........................................................................20–029
(B) Discretionary exclusion of the conviction under PACE
section 78............................................................................20–032
3.Civil cases: Civil Evidence Act 1968 sections 11–13............20–034
Index ...................................................................................................................907
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TABLE OF CASES
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department; C v Secretary of State for the Home Department;
D v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2005] UKHL 71; [2006] 2 A.C. 221; [2005] 3
W.L.R. 1249; [2006] 1 All E.R. 575......................... 2–024, 6–014, 8–005
A v United Kingdom (3455/05) (2009) 49 E.H.R.R. 29; 26 B.H.R.C. 1..........2–006, 2–016
AB (A Minor) (Medical Issues: Expert Evidence), Re [1995] 1 F.L.R. 181; [1995] 1 F.C.R. 280
FamDiv.................................................... 20–017
Abbey ational Mortgages Plc v Key Surveyors ationwide Ltd [1996] 1 W.L.R. 1534; [1996] 3
All E.R. 184 CA (Civ Div)........................................ 20–018
Abrath v orth Eastern Railway Co (1886) L.R. 11 App. Cas. 247 HL..............11–042
Addington v Texas (1979) 441 U.S. 418 Sup Ct (US).........................1 1–048
Adetoro v United Kingdom [2010] ECHR 609............................... 5–024
Adolf v Austria (A/49) (1982) 4 E.H.R.R. 313 ECtHR.......................... 2–019
Aegis Blaze, The [1986] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 203; (1986) 130 S.J. 15 CA (Civ Div).........10–007
Agassiz v London Tramway Co (1872) 21 W.R. 199........................... 3–012
Air Canada v Secretary of State for Trade (o.2) [1983] 2 A.C. 394; [1983] 2 W.L.R. 494
HL ......................................... 2–006, 2–028, 9–023, 9–024,
9–031
Ajodha v Trinidad and Tobago; Chandree v Trinidad and Tobago; Fletcher v Trinidad and Tobago;
oreiga v Trinidad and Tobago [1982] A.C. 204; [1981] 3 W.L.R. 1 PC (Trin) . . . 6?010, 6?011
Alexander v R. (1981) 145 C.L.R. 395 High Ct (Aus).......................... 7–019
Al-Fayed v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (o.1) [2002] EWCA Civ 780; (2002) 99(30)
L.S.G. 39.............................................. 10–022, 10–023
Alfred Crompton Amusement Machines Ltd v Customs and Excise Commissioners (o.2) [1974]
A.C. 405; [1973] 3 W.L.R. 268 HL.................... 9–023, 9–033, 9–035, 10–006,
10–031
Al-Khawaja v United Kingdom (26766/05); Tahery v United Kingdom (22228/06) (2009) 49
E.H.R.R. 1; 26 B.H.R.C. 249 ECtHR.................. 2–016, 2–020, 16–017, 17–054,
17–055, 17–057
Al-Khawaja v United Kingdom (26766/05); Tahery v United Kingdom (22228/06) [2012] 2 Costs
L.O. 139; (2012) 54 E.H.R.R. 23; 32 B.H.R.C. 1; [2012] Crim. L.R. 375.....2–020, 15–035,
17–057, 17–058
Al-Rawi v Security [2011] UKSC 34; [2012] 1 A.C. 531; [2011] 3 W.L.R. 388; [2012] 1 All E.R. 1;
[2011] U.K.H.R.R. 931; (2011) 108(30) L.S.G. 23; (2011) 155(28) S.J.L.B. 31 . . . 9–004, 9–023
Alves v DPP.SeeR. v Governor of Pentonville Prison Ex p. Alves.............9–004, 9–023
AM v Italy [1999] ECHR 141........................................ 17–054
AM&S Europe Ltd v Commisson of the European Communities.SeeAustralian Mining & Smelting
Europe Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (155/79)..............17–054
Amore v Queen, The [1994] 1 W.L.R. 547; (1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 279 PC (Jam)....7–033, 7–034
Anderson v Bank of British Columbia (1875-76) L.R. 2 Ch. D. 644 CA........10–002, 10–027
Anderson v Weston (1840) 6 Bing. .C. 296............................... 12–011
Ankin v London & orth Eastern Railway Co [1930] 1 K.B. 527 CA...............10–032
Armstrong v First York Ltd [2005] EWCA Civ 277; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 2751...........20–011
Artico v Italy (A/37) (1981) 3 E.H.R.R. 1 ECtHR............................ 2–021
Asch v Austria (A/203A) (1993) 15 E.H.R.R. 597 ECtHR...................... 16–017
Ashburton (Lord) v Pape [1913] 2 Ch. 469 CA.............8–005, 10–018, 10–021, 10–022
Ashworth Hospital Authority v MG Ltd; sub nom. Ashworth Security Hospital v MG Ltd [2002]
UKHL 29; [2002] 1 W.L.R. 2033; [2002] 4 All E.R. 193...................... 9–005
Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd v Anglo-Persian Oil Co Ltd [1916] 1 K.B. 822 CA...........9–029
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corp [1948] 1 K.B. 223; [1947] 2 All E.R.
680CA ...................................... 3–041, 7–011, 8–014, 8–018,
15–048
AT&T Istel Ltd v Tully [1993] A.C. 45; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 344 HL.........5–005, 5–006, 5–048
Atlan v United Kingdom (App. o.36533/97) (2002) 34 E.H.R.R. 33; [2001] Crim. L.R. 819
ECtHR...................................................... 9–040
Attorney General for ew South Wales v Bertrand (1867) L.R. 1 P.C. 520............12–022
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Attorney General of Hong Kong v Lee Kwong-Kut; Att-Gen of Hong Kong v Lo Chak Man [1993]
A.C. 951; [1993] 3 W.L.R. 329 PC (HK)...............................1 1–027
Attorney General v Guardian ewspapers Ltd (o.2); Att-Gen v Observer Ltd (o.2); Att-Gen v
Times ewspapers Ltd (o.2) [1990] 1 A.C. 109; [1988] 3 W.L.R. 776 HL.........2–015
Attorney General v Hitchcock (1847) 1 Ex. Ch. 91........................... 14–028
Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd; Att-Gen v Times ewspapers Ltd [1976] Q.B. 752; [1975]
3 W.L.R. 606 QBD.............................................. 9–031
Attorney General v Radloff (1854) 10 Exch. 84............................. 18–017
Attorney General?s (o.1 of 2004), Re; sub nom. R. v Edwards (Caroline Patricia); R. v Denton
(Errol); R. v Hendley (Ian); R. v Crowley (Helen) [2004] EWCA Crim 1025; [2004] 1 W.L.R.
2111; [2005] 4 All E.R. 457.......................1 1–024, 11–029, 11–031, 11–040
Attorney General?s (o.2 of 2002), Re [2002] EWCA Crim 2373; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R.
21 ................................................... 7–027, 12–020
Attorney General?s (o.4 of 2002), Re.SeeSheldrake v DPPAtt-Gen?s Reference (o.1 of 2003),
Re; sub nom. R. v W [2003] EWCA Crim 1286; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 29..........17–033
Attorney General?s (o.7 of 2000), Re [2001] EWCA Crim 888; [2001] 1 W.L.R. 1879; [2001] 2
Cr. App. R. 286................................................ 5–015
Attorney General?s Reference (o.1 of 1990), Re [1992] Q.B. 630; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 9; [1992] 3 All
E.R. 169; (1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 296 CA (Crim Div)..............8–032, 8–033, 15–050
Attorney General?s Reference (o.3 of 1979), Re (1979) 69 Cr. App. R. 411; [1979] Crim. L.R. 786
CA (Crim Div)................................................ 14–017
Attorney General?s Reference (o.3 of 1999), Re; sub nom. R. v B [2001] 2 A.C. 91; [2001] 2
W.L.R. 56; [2001] 1 All E.R. 577 HL.................................. 8–017
Attorney General?s Reference (o.3 of 2000), Re; sub nom. R. v G (Entrapment); R. v Loosley
(Grant Spencer) (o.2); R. v Loosely (Grant Spencer); R. v Looseley (Grant Spencer) (o.2)
[2001] UKHL 53; [2001] 1 W.L.R. 2060; [2001] 4 All E.R. 897 . . 3–036, 8–014, 8–027, 8–028,
8–029, 8–030, 8–031, 8–032, 8–033,
10–004
Augustien v Challis (1847) 1 Ex 279.................................... 12–009
Australian Mining & Smelting Europe Ltd v Commission of the European Communities (155/79);
sub nom. AM&S Europe Ltd v Commisson of the European Communities (155/79) [1983] Q.B.
878; [1983] 3 W.L.R. 17; [1983] 1 All E.R. 705.......................... 10–006
Averill v United Kingdom (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 839 ECtHR.................. 5–012, 5–024
Aveson v Lord Kinnaird (1805) 6 East 188................................ 17–039
B (A Child) v DPP [2000] 2 A.C. 428; [2000] 2 W.L.R. 452 HL..................1 1–017
B (Children) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof), Re [2008] UKHL 35; [2009] 1 A.C. 11; [2008] 3
W.L.R. 1..............................................1 1–047, 11–048
B v Auckland District Law Society; sub nom. Russell McVeagh McKenzie Bartleet & Co v
Auckland District Law Society [2003] UKPC 38; [2003] 2 A.C. 736 . 10–002, 10–004, 10–017,
10–026
B v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset [2001] 1 W.L.R. 340; [2001] 1 All E.R. 562
DC .......................................................1 1–046
Baegen v etherlands (16696/90)...................................... 15–032
Balabel v Air India [1988] Ch. 317; [1988] 2 W.L.R. 1036; [1988] 2 All E.R. 246 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–009
Balfour v Foreign and Commonwealth Office [1994] 1 W.L.R. 681; [1994] 2 All E.R. 588 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 9–023
Bank of England v Vagliano Bros; sub nom. Vagliano Bros v Bank of England [1891] A.C. 107
HL ................................................... 3–034, 6–018
Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 1879, Re; R. v Bono (1913) 29 T.L.R. 635............12–006
Barbera v Spain (A/146); sub nom. Barbera, Messegue, Jabardo v Spain; Barbera v Spain
(10588/83); Messegue v Spain (10589/83); Jabardo v Spain (10590/83); Messegue v Spain
(A/146); Jabardo v Spain (A/146) (1989) 11 E.H.R.R. 360 ECtHR...............16–017
Barclays Bank Plc v Eustice [1995] 1 W.L.R. 1238; [1995] 4 All E.R. 511 CA (Civ
Div)................................................. 10–013, 10–014
Barings Plc (o.2), Re.SeeSecretary of State for Trade and Industry v Baker (o.2)....10–013,
10–014
Barker v Wilson [1980] 1 W.L.R. 884; [1980] 2 All E.R. 81 DC.................. 12–005
Barnes v Chief Constable of Durham.SeeBarnes v DPP....................... 12–005
Barnes v DPP; sub nom. Barnes v Chief Constable of Durham [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 505; (1998)
162J.P.126QBD..................................... 1–018, 7–023, 7–024
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Barnetson v Framlington Group Ltd; sub nom. Framlington Group Ltd v Barnetson [2007] EWCA
Civ 502; [2007] 1 W.L.R. 2443; [2007] 3 All E.R. 1054...................... 9–044
Bastin v Carew (1824) Ry. & M. 127.................................... 14–022
Beckford (Michael) v Queen, The; Birch (Junior) v Queen, The; Shaw (Joel) v Queen, The (1993)
97 Cr. App. R. 409; [1993] Crim. L.R. 944 PC (Jam)................... 7–030, 7–031
Bedingfield (1879) 14 Cox C.C. 341.................................... 17–031
Benedetto (Alexander) v Queen, The; Labrador (William) v Queen, The [2003] UKPC 27; [2003] 1
W.L.R. 1545; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 25................................. 15–054
Benjamin v Trinidad and Tobago [2012] UKPC 8 PC (Trinidad and Tobago)...........6–013
Berd v Lovelace (1577) Cary 62....................................... 10–002
Berger v Raymond Sun Ltd [1984] 1 W.L.R. 625; (1984) 81 L.S.G. 975 Ch D.........18–018
Berkeley Peerage Case (1811) 4 Camp. 401 HL....................... 17–026, 17–027
Bermudez v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset [1988] Crim. L.R. 452 DC.........17–011
Bessela v Stern (1877) 2 C.P.D. 265..................................... 5–018
Bhimji v Chatwani (o.2); sub nom.Chatwani v Bhimji [1992] 1 W.L.R. 1158; [1992] 4 All E.R.
912ChD .................................................... 5–005
Bird v Adams [1972] Crim. L.R. 174 DC................................. 17–040
Birmingham & Midland Motor Omnibus Co Ltd v London & orth Western Railway Co [1913] 3
K.B. 850 CA................................................. 10–032
Birutis v Lithuania BAILII: [2002] ECHR 349.............................. 17–054
Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd (In Provisional Liquidation) v Maxwell; Cooper
(Provisional Liquidator of Bishopsgate Investment Management Ltd) v Maxwell; Mirror Group
ewspapers Plc v Maxwell [1993] Ch. 1; [1992] 2 W.L.R. 991; [1992] 2 All E.R. 856 CA
(Crim Div).............................................. 1–019, 5–008
Blaise v Blaise [1969] P. 54; [1969] 2 W.L.R. 1047; [1969] 2 All E.R. 1032 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 16–016
Blastland v United Kingdom (1988) 10 E.H.R.R. 528......................... 16–016
Blunt v Park Lane Hotel Ltd [1942] 2 K.B. 253 CA........................... 5–005
Blyth v Blyth (o.2); sub nom. Blyth v Blyth and Pugh [1966] A.C. 643; [1966] 2 W.L.R. 634
HL ....................................................... 12–025
Borgers v Belgium (A/214) (1993) 15 E.H.R.R. 92 ECtHR....................... 2–020
Borthwick v Vickers [1973] R.T.R. 390; [1973] Crim. L.R. 317 DC................12–036
Botmeh and Alami v United Kingdom (2007) 46 E.H.R.R. 659.................... 9–040
Boucher v R. [1955] S.C.R. 16; (1955) 110 C.C.C. 263 Sup Ct (Can)................9–007
Bowman v DPP (1990) 154 J.P. 524; [1991] R.T.R. 263; [1990] Crim. L.R. 600 DC.....12–036
Bradford & Bingley Plc v Rashid [2006] UKHL 37; [2006] 1 W.L.R. 2066; [2006] 4 All E.R.
705 ........................................................ 9–044
Bradford City Council v K [1990] Fam. 140; [1990] 2 W.L.R. 532 DC...............3–008
Bramblevale, Re [1970] Ch. 128; [1969] 3 W.L.R. 699 CA (Civ Div)...............11–046
Brandao v Barnett (1846) 12 Cl. & Fin. 787............................... 12–035
Brannan v Peek [1948] 1 K.B. 68; [1947] 2 All E.R. 572 DC..................... 8–026
Bratty v Att-Gen of orthern Ireland [1963] A.C. 386; [1961] 3 W.L.R. 965 HL........11–010
Brennan v United Kingdom (App. o.39846/98) (2002) 34 E.H.R.R. 18; [2002] Crim. L.R. 216;
(2001) 34 E.H.R.R. 507 ECtHR................................ 5–048, 10–004
Brewster v Sewell (1820) 3 B. & Ald. 296................................ 12–009
Briamore Manufacturing Ltd (In Liquidation), Re [1986] 1 W.L.R. 1429; [1986] 3 All E.R. 132 Ch
D ........................................................ 10–022
Bridlington Relay v Yorkshire Electricity Board [1965] Ch. 436; [1965] 2 W.L.R. 349 Ch
D ........................................................ 12–029
Brighty v Pearson [1938] 4 All E.R. 127 DC............................... 15–046
Bristol and West Building Society v Mothew (t/a Stapley & Co); sub nom. Mothew v Bristol and
West Building Society [1998] Ch. 1; [1997] 2 W.L.R. 436; [1996] 4 All E.R. 698 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–009
Bristol Corp v Cox; sub nom. Mayor of Bristol v Cox (1884) L.R. 26 Ch. D. 678 Ch
D ........................................................ 10–006
British Coal Corp v Dennis Rye (o.2) [1988] 1 W.L.R. 1113; [1988] 3 All E.R. 816 CA (Civ
Div)................................................. 10–017, 18–017
British Launderers Research Association v Hendon Rating Authority; sub nom. British Launderers
Research Association v Central Middlesex Assessment Committee [1949] 1 K.B. 462; [1949] 1
All E.R. 21 CA................................................ 4–003
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British Steel Corp v Granada Television Ltd [1981] A.C. 1096; [1980] 3 W.L.R. 774
HL ................................................... 9–005, 9–035
Broome v Broome [1955] P. 190; [1955] 2 W.L.R. 401 PDAD.................... 9–021
Brown v Eastern & Midlands Railway (1889) L.R. 22 Q.B.D. 391 CA..............18–017
Brown v Stott; sub nom. Stott (Procurator Fiscal) v Brown [2003] 1 A.C. 681; [2001] 2 W.L.R.
817; [2001] 2 All E.R. 97 PC (Sc).................... 2–021, 5–016, 5–045, 11–020,
11–024
Browne v Dunn (1893) 6 R. 67........................................ 14–027
Buckingham v Daily ews [1956] 2 Q.B. 534; [1956] 3 W.L.R. 37 CA..............12–018
Bunning v Cross (1978) 141 C.L.R. 54............................... 2–026, 3–044
Burmah Oil Co Ltd v Bank of England [1980] A.C. 1090; [1979] 3 W.L.R. 722 HL . 9–023, 9–024,
9–031
Burns v Edman [1970] 2 Q.B. 541; [1970] 2 W.L.R. 1005 QBD.................. 12–029
Burns v Lipman (1974) 132 C.L.R. 157 High Ct (Aus)........................ 12–028
Burr v DPP [1996] Crim. L.R. 324 QBD................................. 17–016
Burr v Ware RDC [1939] 2 All E.R. 688 CA............................... 17–042
Bursill v Tanner (1885-86) L.R. 16 Q.B.D. 1 CA............................ 10–009
Bushell v Secretary of State for the Environment [1981] A.C. 75; [1980] 3 W.L.R. 22
HL ........................................................ 1–017
Butera v DPP (Vic) (1988) 76 A.L.R. 45; (1987) 164 C.L.R. 180 High Ct (Aus)........12–002
Butler v Board of Trade [1971] Ch. 680; [1970] 3 W.L.R. 822 Ch D....10–014, 10–019, 10–021
Butler v Mountgarret (1859) 7 H.L. Cas. 633............................... 17–026
Buttes Gas & Oil Co v Hammer (o.3); Occidental Petroleum Corp v Buttes Gas & Oil Co (o.2)
[1982] A.C. 888; [1981] 3 W.L.R. 787 HL.................... 9–030, 10–011, 10–032
C’s Application for Judicial Review, Re; McE, Re; M, Re; C, Re; sub nom. McE v Prison Service
of orthern Ireland; C v Chief Constable of orthern Ireland; M v Chief Constable of orthern
Ireland [2009] UKHL 15; [2009] 1 A.C. 908; [2009] 2 W.L.R. 782 . . . 8–034, 10–004, 10–005,
10–013,
10–019
C (Minors) (Contempt Proceedings), Re; sub nom.CvC(Contempt: Evidence); C (Minors)
(Hearsay Evidence: Contempt Proceedings), Re [1993] 4 All E.R. 690; [1993] 1 F.L.R. 220 CA
(Crim Div)................................................... 3–008
C v C and C (Legitimacy: Photographic Evidence) [1972] 1 W.L.R. 1335; [1972] 3 All E.R. 577
FamDiv.................................................... 12–016
C v C and C (Legitimacy: Photographic Evidence) [1972] 1 W.L.R. 1335; [1972] 3 All E.R. 577
FamDiv.................................................... 12–016
C Plc v P; sub nom. W v P [2007] EWCA Civ 493; [2008] Ch. 1; [2007] 3 W.L.R. 437; [2007] 3
All E.R. 1034; [2007] C.P. Rep. 35.................................... 5–005
Cadder (Peter) v HM Advocate [2010] UKSC 43; [2010] 1 W.L.R. 2601; 2011 S.C. (U.K.S.C.) 13;
2010 S.L.T. 1125; 2010 S.C.L. 1265; 2010 S.C.C.R. 951; [2011] H.R.L.R. 1; [2010] U.K.H.R.R.
1171; 30 B.H.R.C. 257; (2010) 107(43) L.S.G. 21; (2010) 154(41) S.J.L.B. 30 . . 2–019, 6–031,
6–039
Calcraft v Guest [1898] 1 Q.B. 759 CA.................. 8–005, 10–007, 10–018, 10–019,
10–020, 10–021, 10–022
Callis v Gunn [1964] 1 Q.B. 495; [1963] 3 W.L.R. 931 DC............6–006, 8–006, 8–009
Campbell v Tameside MBC [1982] Q.B. 1065; [1982] 3 W.L.R. 74 CA (Crim Div) . . 9–020, 9–023,
9–032
Campbell v United Kingdom (A/233A) (1993) 15 E.H.R.R. 137 ECtHR.............10–005
Campbell v United Kingdom. AlsoSeeFox v United Kingdom................... 10–005
Capron v R.See
R. v Capron (Mark Anthony)...................................
Carpmael v Powis (1846) 1 Ph. 687..................................... 10–009
Carter v Managing Partner, orthmore, Hale, Davey & Leake (1995) 129 A.L.R. 593....10–026
Castle v Cross [1984] 1 W.L.R. 1372; [1985] 1 All E.R. 87 DC.............12–019, 12–021
Chadwick v Bowman (1885-86) L.R. 16 Q.B.D. 561 QBD...................... 10–011
Chan Wei Keung v Queen, The; sub nom. Chan Wei Keung v R [1967] 2 A.C. 160; [1967] 2
W.L.R. 552 PC (HK)............................................. 6–012
Chandrasekera v King, The; sub nom. Alisandiri v King, The [1937] A.C. 220 PC
(Cey)........................................... 16–005, 16–023, 17–005
Chard v Chard (otherwise orthcott) [1956] P. 259; [1955] 3 W.L.R. 954 PDAD........12–024
Chatterton v Secretary of State for India in Council [1895] 2 Q.B. 189 CA............9–019
Chesson v Jordan [1981] Crim. L.R. 333 DC............................... 12–036
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Chief Constable of Greater Manchester v Mcally; sub nom. Mcally v Chief Constable of Greater
Manchester [2002] EWCA Civ 14; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 37.................... 9–034
Clarke v Saffery (1824) Ry. & M. 126................................... 14–022
Clifford v Clifford; sub nom. Practice ote (PDAD: Adultery) [1961] 1 W.L.R. 1274; [1961] 3 All
E.R. 231 PDAD............................................... 14–038
Clift v Long [1961] Crim. L.R. 121 DC.................................. 12–036
Coffin v U.S. (1895) 156 U.S. 432..................................... 12–023
Cole v Kivells, Times, May 2, 1997 CA (Civ Div)........................... 14–003
Collins v Wilcock [1984] 1 W.L.R. 1172; [1984] 3 All E.R. 374 DC.................6–016
Commissioners of Customs and Excise v Harz and Power.SeeCustoms and Excise Commissioners
v Harz...................................................... 6–016
Commonwealth Shipping Representative v Peninsular and Oriental Branch Service; sub nom.
Peninsular & Oriental Branch Service v Commonwealth Shipping Representative [1923] A.C.
191; (1922) 13 Ll. L. Rep. 455 HL................................... 12–033
Comptroller of Customs v Western Lectric Co; sub nom. Comptroller of Customs v Western
Electric Co [1966] A.C. 367; [1965] 3 W.L.R. 1229 PC (Fiji)............16–021, 17–040
Condron v United Kingdom (App. o.35718/97) (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 1; 8 B.H.R.C. 290
ECtHR....................................... 2–020, 5–012, 5–024, 5–027,
5–030, 5–032, 5–034, 5–035, 13–013
Conlon v Conlons; sub nom. Conlon v Conlans [1952] 2 All E.R. 462; [1952] 2 T.L.R. 343
CA ....................................................... 10–009
Connelly v DPP; sub nom. R. v Connelly (Charles) [1964] A.C. 1254; [1964] 2 W.L.R. 1145
HL ........................................................ 8–032
Conway v Rimmer [1968] A.C. 910; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 998 HL.....9–021, 9–022, 9–023, 9–024,
9–029, 9–031, 9–032
Cooke v Maxwell (1817) 2 Stark 183.................................... 9–019
Corke v Corke and Cook [1958] P. 93; [1958] 2 W.L.R. 110; [1958] 1 All E.R. 224
CA ....................................................... 14–006
Council for the Regulation of Healthcare Professionals v General Medical Council; sub nom.
Council for the Regulation of Healthcare Professionals v Saluja; Saluja, Re [2006] EWHC 2784
(Admin); [2007] 1 W.L.R. 3094; [2007] 2 All E.R. 905....................... 8–028
Couwenbergh v Valkova [2004] EWCA Civ 676; [2004] C.P. Rep. 38................2–012
Coy v Iowa (1988) 487 U.S. 1012...................................... 16–016
CPS v F [2011] EWCA Crim 1844; [2012] Q.B. 703; [2012] 2 W.L.R. 1038; [2012] 1 All E.R. 565;
[2011] 2 Cr. App. R. 28; [2012] Crim. L.R. 282........................... 4–007
Crawford v Washington (2004) 124 S.Ct. 1354 Sup Ct......................... 16–016
Crease v Barrett (1835) 1 Cr. M. & R. 919................................ 17–027
Crescent Farm (Sidcup) Sports v Sterling Offices [1972] Ch. 553; [1972] 2 W.L.R. 91 Ch
D................................................... 10–013, 10–014
Croissant v Germany (A/237B) (1993) 16 E.H.R.R. 135 ECtHR.................. 15–019
Crossland v DPP [1988] 3 All E.R. 712; (1989) 153 J.P. 63 QBD.................. 15–046
Customs and Excise Commissioners v Harz; sub nom. R. v Harz (Samuel Mendel); R. v Power
(Jack); Customs and Excise Commissioners v Power [1967] 1 A.C. 760; [1967] 2 W.L.R. 297
HL ................................................... 5–004, 6–003
D (Minors) (Conciliation: Disclosure of Information), Re; sub nom. D (Minors) (Conciliation:
Privilege), Re [1993] Fam. 231; [1993] 2 W.L.R. 721 CA (Civ Div)..............9–044
D v ational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) [1978] A.C. 171; [1977] 2
W.L.R. 201; [1977] 1 All E.R. 589; 76 L.G.R. 5; 121 S.J. 119 HL.....9–020, 9–033, 9–034,
10–020
D v SPCC.See
D v ational Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC) . 9–020,
9–033, 9–034, 10–020
D, Re; sub nom. Life Sentence Review Commissioners v D; R. (on the application of D) v Life
Sentence Review Commissioners; CD’s Application for Judicial Review, Re [2008] UKHL 33;
[2008] 1 W.L.R. 1499; [2008] 4 All E.R. 992.................11–046, 11–047, 11–048
Daintrey Ex p. Holt, Re [1893] 2 Q.B. 116 QBD............................. 9–044
Daley v Queen, The [1994] 1 A.C. 117; [1993] 3 W.L.R. 666; [1993] 4 All E.R. 86; (1994) 98 Cr.
App. R. 447 PC (Jam)....................................... 4–007, 7–035
Dallison v Caffery [1965] 1 Q.B. 348; [1964] 3 W.L.R. 385 CA..............8–003, 9–008
Daubert v Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc (1993) 509 U.S. 579............20–013, 20–014
Davey v Harrow Corp [1958] 1 Q.B. 60; [1957] 2 W.L.R. 941 CA.................12–035
Davidson v Quirke [1923] .Z.L.R. 552.................................. 16–024
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Davie v Edinburgh Corp (o.2); sub nom. Davie v Edinburgh Magistrates, 1953 S.C. 34; 1953
S.L.T. 54 IH (1 Div)............................................ 20–011
Davies v Health and Safety Executive; sub nom. R. v Davies (David Janway) [2002] EWCA Crim
2949; [2003] I.C.R. 586....................................1 1–026, 11–037
Davies v Lowndes (1843) 6 Man. & G. 471............................... 17–026
DB Deniz akliyati TAS v Yugopetrol [1992] 1 W.L.R. 437; [1992] 1 All E.R. 205 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 12–006
Delcourt v Belgium (A/11) (1979-80) 1 E.H.R.R. 355 ECtHR................2–018, 5–011
Dennis v AJ White & Co [1917] A.C. 479 HL.............................. 12–029
Dennis v Codrington (1579) Cary 100................................... 10–002
Deokinanan v Queen, The; sub nom. Deokinan v Queen, The [1969] 1 A.C. 20; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 83
PC (Guy).................................................... 6–007
Derby & Co Ltd v Weldon (o.8) [1991] 1 W.L.R. 73; [1990] 3 All E.R. 762 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–022
Deweer v Belgium (A/35); sub nom. De Weer v Belgium [1980] E.C.C. 169; (1979-80) 2 E.H.R.R.
439 ECtHR.............................................. 2–019, 5–001
Dillon v Queen, The [1982] A.C. 484; [1982] 2 W.L.R. 538 PC (Jam)...............12–025
Doe d. Church and Phillips v Perkins (1790) 3 Term Rep. 749.................... 14–017
Doe d. Mudd v Suckermore (1837) 5 Ad. & El. 703..................... 12–012, 20–003
Doe d. Tatum v Catomore (1851) 16 Q.B. 745.............................. 12–011
Doherty, Re.SeeD,Re............................................. 12–011
Dombo Beheer BV v etherlands (A/274-A) (1994) 18 E.H.R.R. 213 ECtHR.....2–020, 15–024
Don Jayasena (Rajapakse Pathurange) v Queen, The; sub nom. Don Jayasena v R. [1970] A.C. 618;
[1970] 2 W.L.R. 448 PC (Cey)..........................1 1–006, 11–007, 11–011
Doorson v etherlands (1996) 22 E.H.R.R. 330 ECtHR........2–020, 2–026, 15–001, 15–030,
17–054
Dowsett v United Kingdom (App. o.39482/98) (2004) 38 E.H.R.R. 41; [2003] Crim. L.R. 890
ECtHR...................................................... 9–039
DPP for orthern Ireland v Lynch [1975] A.C. 653; [1975] 2 W.L.R. 641; [1975] 1 All E.R. 913;
(1975) 61 Cr. App. R. 6; [1975] Crim. L.R. 707; (1975) 119 S.J. 233 HL...........2–023
DPP v A&BC Chewing Gum Ltd [1968] 1 Q.B. 159; [1967] 3 W.L.R. 493 QBD . . 20–019, 20–020
DPP v Ara [2001] EWHC Admin 493; [2002] 1 W.L.R. 815; [2001] 4 All E.R. 559
DC .............................................. 2–019, 5–034, 9–008
DPP v Billington; Chappell v DPP; DPP v Rumble; Coryright v East [1988] 1 W.L.R. 535; [1988] 1
All E.R. 435.................................................. 8–016
DPP v Boardman; sub nom. Boardman v DPP; R. v Boardman (Derrick Rowland) [1975] A.C. 421;
[1974] 3 W.L.R. 673 HL........................ 18–002, 18–017, 18–021, 18–023,
19–022
DPP v British Telecommunications Plc (1991) 155 J.P. 869; [1991] Crim. L.R. 532
DC ........................................................ 3–037
DPP v Camplin.SeeR. v Camplin (Paul).................................. 3–037
DPP v Godwin (1992) 156 J.P. 643; [1991] R.T.R. 303 QBD..................... 8–018
DPP v Gomez (Edwin) [1993] A.C. 442; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 1067; [1993] 1 All E.R. 1
HL ........................................................ 4–006
DPP v Havering Magistrates Court.SeeR. (on the application of DPP) v Havering Magistrates
Court
....................................................... 4–006
DPP v Hester; sub nom. R. v Hester (John James) [1973] A.C. 296; [1972] 3 W.L.R. 910
HL ....................................................... 15–041
DPP v Humphrys (Bruce Edward); sub nom. R. v Humphrys (Bruce Edward) [1977] A.C. 1; [1976]
2 W.L.R. 857 HL............................................... 8–032
DPP v Hynde [1998] 1 W.L.R. 1222; [1998] 1 All E.R. 649 DC................... 12–032
DPP v Jordan; sub nom. R. v Jordan (Margaret Edith); R. v Staniforth (Donald) [1977] A.C. 699;
[1976] 3 W.L.R. 887 HL.......................................... 20–020
DPP v Kilbourne; sub nom. R. v Kilbourne (John) [1973] A.C. 729; [1973] 2 W.L.R. 254
HL................................................... 3–006, 15–054
DPP v Lawrence [2007] EWHC 2154 (Admin); [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 10; [2008] Crim. L.R.
383 ................................................... 6–032, 6–034
DPP v Leigh [2010] EWHC 345 (Admin)................................. 17–010
DPP v M [1998] Q.B. 913; [1998] 2 W.L.R. 604; [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 70 DC.........13–024
DPP v Majewski; sub nom. R. v Majewski (Robert Stefan) [1977] A.C. 443; [1976] 2 W.L.R. 623
HL ........................................................ 3–002
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DPP v Marshall (Robert Dennis) [1988] 3 All E.R. 683; [1988] Crim. L.R. 750 DC.......8–029
DPP v McGladrigan (1991) 155 J.P. 785; [1991] R.T.R. 297 DC................... 8–018
DPP v Morgan; sub nom. R. v Morgan (William Anthony); DPP v McDonald; DPP v McLarty;
DPP v Parker [1976] A.C. 182; [1975] 2 W.L.R. 913 HL...............11–005, 11–007
DPP v Morrow; sub nom. Morrow v DPP; Secretary of State for Health and Social Security and
British Pregnancy Advisory Service [1994] Crim. L.R. 58 DC.................. 9–041
DPP v P; sub nom. R. v P (A Father) [1991] 2 A.C. 447; [1991] 3 W.L.R. 161 HL......18–002,
18–017, 18–021, 18–023,
19–009, 19–056, 19–058
DPP v Ping Lin [1976] A.C. 574; [1975] 3 W.L.R. 419 HL...................... 6–006
DPP v R [2007] EWHC 1842 (Admin).............................. 6–028, 13–024
DPP v Stonehouse [1978] A.C. 55; [1977] 3 W.L.R. 143 HL...................... 4–008
DPP v Wilson [2001] EWHC Admin 198; (2001) 165 J.P. 715 DC.................. 5–016
DPP v Wright; R. (on the application of Scott) v Taunton Deane Magistrates’ Court [2009] EWHC
105 (Admin); [2010] 2 W.L.R. 497; [2009] 3 All E.R. 726 . . . 11–015, 11–016, 11–026, 11–032
Driscoll v R. (1977) 137 C.L.R. 517 High Ct (Aus)........................... 14–022
Du Bost v Beresford (1810) 2 Camp. 511................................. 17–036
Dubai Bank Ltd v Galadari [1990] Ch. 98; [1989] 3 W.L.R. 1044 CA (Civ Div)........10–011
Duff Development Co Ltd v Kelantan [1924] A.C. 797 HL...................... 12–031
Duncan (Deceased), Re; sub nom. Garfield v Fay [1968] P. 306; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 1479
PDAD..................................................... 10–006
Duncan v Cammell Laird & Co Ltd (Discovery); Craven v Cammell Laird & Co Ltd (The Thetis)
(Discovery) [1942] A.C. 624; [1942] 1 All E.R. 587 HL.......9–019, 9–021, 9–024, 9–029
Dunlop Slazenger International Ltd v Joe Bloggs Sports Ltd [2003] EWCA Civ 901.....10–017
Dwyer v Collins (1852) 7 Exch. 639.................................... 10–009
Dyer v Best (1866) 4 H. & C. 189...................................... 14–017
Ealing LBC v Woolworths Plc [1995] Crim. L.R. 58 DC........................ 8–029
Eckle v Germany (A/51) (1983) 5 E.H.R.R. 1 ECtHR..................... 2–019, 5–001
Edwards and Osakwe v DPP [1992] Crim. L.R. 576 DC........................ 17–033
Edwards v Queen, The [2006] UKPC 23; (2006) 150 S.J.L.B. 570 PC (Jamaica).........7–023
Edwards v United Kingdom (A/247B) (1993) 15 E.H.R.R. 417 ECtHR.....2–019, 5–001, 9–001,
10–026
Edwards v United Kingdom (App. o.39647/98); Lewis v United Kingdom (App. o.40461/98), 15
B.H.R.C. 189; [2003] Crim. L.R. 891; (2005) 40 E.H.R.R. 24 ECtHR........9–040, 9–041
Ellis v Home Office [1953] 2 Q.B. 135; [1953] 3 W.L.R. 105 CA.................. 9–021
Engelke v Musmann; sub nom. Musmann v Engelke [1928] A.C. 433 HL............12–031
English & American Insurance Co Ltd v Herbert Smith & Co [1988] F.S.R. 232; (1987) 137 .L.J.
148ChD ................................................... 10–022
English Exporters (London) Ltd v Eldonwall Ltd [1973] Ch. 415; [1973] 2 W.L.R. 435 Ch
D ........................................................ 20–025
Enoch and Zaretsky Bock & Co’s Arbitration, Re [1910] 1 K.B. 327 CA.............13–003
Ewer v Ambrose (1825) 3 B. & C. 746................................... 14–021
Fagernes, The; sub nom. Coast Lines Ltd v Societa azionale di avigazione of Genoa (The
Fagernes) [1927] P. 311; (1927) 28 Ll. L. Rep. 261 CA...................... 12–031
Falcon v Famous Players Film Co Ltd; sub nom. Falcon v Famous Players Film Co [1926] 2 K.B.
474CA..................................................... 17–042
Farquharson v Queen, The (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 398; [1994] Crim. L.R. 932 PC
(Jam)....................................................... 7–033
Ferguson v Queen, The [1979] 1 W.L.R. 94; [1979] 1 All E.R. 877 PC (Gren).........11–044
Ferrantelli v Italy (19874/92) (1997) 23 E.H.R.R. 288 ECtHR.................... 16–017
Fisher v Oldham Corp [1930] 2 K.B. 364 KBD.............................. 8–003
Fisher v United States (1976) 425 U.S. 391 Sup Ct............................ 5–011
Fitt v United Kingdom (2000) 30 E.H.R.R. 480 ECtHR......................... 9–040
Fletcher, Re; sub nom. Reading v Fletcher [1917] 1 Ch. 339 CA.................. 17–037
Folkes v Chadd (1782) 3 Doug K.B. 157................................. 20–005
Foti v Italy (A/56) (1983) 5 E.H.R.R. 313 ECtHR....................... 2–019, 5–001
Fox v General Medical Council [1960] 1 W.L.R. 1017; [1960] 3 All E.R. 225 PC
(UK)...................................................... 14–009
Fox v United Kingdom (A/182); Campbell v United Kingdom (A/182); Hartley v United Kingdom
(A/182) (1991) 13 E.H.R.R. 157 ECtHR................................ 8–031
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Foxley v United Kingdom (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 25; (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 637; 8 B.H.R.C. 571
ECtHR..................................................... 10–005
Frank Truman Export Ltd v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1977] Q.B. 952; [1977] 3
W.L.R. 257 QBD.............................................. 10–010
Freemantle v Queen, The [1994] 1 W.L.R. 1437; [1994] 3 All E.R. 225; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 1 PC
(Jam).................................................. 7–029, 7–031
Frye v United States (1923) 293 F. 1013.................20–011, 20–012, 20–013, 20–014
Fryer v Gathercole (1849) 4 Ex. 262.................................... 20–003
Funke v France (A/256-A) [1993] 1 C.M.L.R. 897; (1993) 16 E.H.R.R. 297 ECtHR . 2–019, 5–011,
5–013, 5–014,
5–015, 5–016, 13–012
G (A Minor) (Child Abuse: Standard of Proof), Re [1987] 1 W.L.R. 1461; [1988] 1 F.L.R. 314 Fam
Div..................................................1 1–048, 12–019
G v DPP [1998] Q.B. 919; [1998] 2 W.L.R. 609; [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 78 DC..........15–029
Gafgen v Germany (2011) 52 E.H.R.R. 1........................ 6–039, 8–005, 8–013
Gage (William Lewis) v HM Advocate [2011] HCJAC 40; 2011 S.C.L. 645; 2012 S.C.C.R. 161;
2011 G.W.D. 15-362............................................. 7–037
GAI v R. [2012] EWCA Crim 2033..................................... 18–020
Garland v British Rail Engineering Ltd; Roberts v Cleveland AHA; MacGregor Wallcoverings v
Turton [1983] 2 A.C. 751; [1982] 2 W.L.R. 918 HL......................... 2–015
Gartside v Outram (1856) 26 L.J. Ch. 113................................. 10–013
Gaskin v Liverpool City Council [1980] 1 W.L.R. 1549; 124 S.J. 498 CA (Civ Div)......9–020
Gatland v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1968] 2 Q.B. 279; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 1263
DC .......................................................1 1–014
GE Capital Corporate Finance Group v Bankers Trust Co [1995] 1 W.L.R. 172; [1995] 2 All E.R.
993 CA (Civ Div).............................................. 10–017
Gearing v DPP [2008] EWHC 1695 (Admin); [2009] R.T.R. 7.................... 8–016
General Accident Fire & Life Assurance Corp Ltd v Tanter; The Zephyr [1985] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 529
CA (Civ Div)................................................. 10–017
George Doland Ltd v Blackburn Robson Coates & Co [1972] 1 W.L.R. 1338; [1972] 3 All E.R. 959
QBD ...................................................... 10–017
George v Davies [1911] 2 K.B. 445 KBD................................. 12–035
Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza; sub nom. Ghaidan v Mendoza; Godin-Mendoza v Ghaidan; Mendoza v
Ghaidan [2004] UKHL 30; [2004] 2 A.C. 557; [2004] 3 W.L.R. 113..............2–017
Gilbey v GWR Co (1910) 102 L.T. 202.................................. 17–039
Gleadall v Huddersfield Magistrates Court [2005] EWHC 2283 QBD (Admin).........19–005
Glendarroch, The [1894] P. 226 CA.....................................1 1–042
Goddard v ationwide Building Society [1987] Q.B. 670; [1986] 3 W.L.R. 734; [1986] 3 All E.R.
264 CA (Crim Div)............................ 8–005, 10–019, 10–020, 10–021,
10–022, 10–023
Goodridge v Chief Constable of Hampshire [1999] 1 W.L.R. 1558; [1999] 1 All E.R. 896
QBD ...................................................... 10–009
Goodright d. Stevens v Moss (1777) 2 Cowp. 591........................... 17–026
Goold v Evans & Co [1951] 2 T.L.R. 1189 CA............................. 12–018
Gotha City v Sotheby?s (o.1) [1998] 1 W.L.R. 114; (1997) 94(30) L.S.G. 28 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–017
Gough v Chief Constable of Derbyshire; sub nom. Miller v Leeds Magistrates Court; Lilley v DPP;
R. (on the application of Miller) v Leeds Magistrates Court [2002] EWCA Civ 351; [2002] Q.B.
1213......................................................1
1–046
Grant v Queen, The; sub nom. Grant v Jamaica [2006] UKPC 2; [2007] 1 A.C. 1; [2006] 2 W.L.R.
835........................................ 3–030, 8–011, 16–017, 17–053
Great Atlantic Insurance Co v Home Insurance Co; sub nom. Great Atlantic Insurance Co v
American Foreign Insurance Association; Great Atlantic Insurance Co v CE Heath & Co
(International); Great Atlantic Insurance Co v Frank Elger & Co [1981] 1 W.L.R. 529; [1981] 2
All E.R. 485 CA (Civ Div).................................. 10–009, 10–017
Great Future International Ltd v Sealand Housing Corp (o.6) [2002] EWCA Civ 1183; [2003] C.P.
Rep. 3...................................................... 3–009
Great Western Rly Co v Willis (1865) 18 C.B..S. 748........................ 17–042
Greek Case (1969) 12 Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights 186......6–015
Greenough v Eccles (1859) 5 C.B..S. 786................................ 14–022
Greenough v Gaskell (1833) 1 Myl. & K. 98......................... 10–001, 10–002
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Grieves v R. [2011] UKPC 39; [2012] Crim. L.R. 212.......................... 7–031
Grobbelaar v Sun ewspapers Ltd, Times, August 12, 1999 CA (Civ Div).............3–009
Guardian Royal Exchange v Stuart [1985] 1 .Z.L.R. 596...................... 10–033
Guinness Peat Properties Ltd v Fitzroy Robinson Partnership [1987] 1 W.L.R. 1027; [1987] 2 All
E.R. 716 CA (Civ Div)......................... 10–021, 10–022, 10–028, 10–032
H (Minors) (Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof), Re; sub nom. H (Minors) (Child Abuse: Threshold
Conditions), Re; H and R (Child Sexual Abuse: Standard of Proof), Re [1996] A.C. 563; [1996]
2 W.L.R. 8 HL.....................................1 1–042, 11–048, 11–049
H v DPP [2007] EWHC 2192 (Admin)................................... 7–021
H v H (Child Abuse: Access) [1990] Fam. 86; [1989] 1 F.L.R. 212 CA (Civ Div).......11–048
Haines v Guthrie (1883-84) L.R. 13 Q.B.D. 818 CA.................... 16–004, 17–026
Halawa v Federation Against Copyright Theft [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 21; (1995) 159 J.P. 816
QBD ....................................................... 1–018
Hales v Kerr [1908] 2 K.B. 601 KBD................................... 18–017
Hall (Dennis) v Queen, The [1971] 1 W.L.R. 298; [1971] 1 All E.R. 322 PC (Jam) . . 5–019, 5–020
Harmony Shipping Co SA v Davis; Harmony Shipping Co SA v Saudi Europe Line Ltd; Harmony
Shipping Co SA v Orri (t/a Saudi Europe Line Ltd) [1979] 1 W.L.R. 1380; [1979] 3 All E.R.
177 CA (Civ Div)........................................ 10–001, 10–030
Harris (Frank Herbert) v DPP; sub nom. R. v Harris [1952] A.C. 694; [1952] 1 All E.R. 1044
HL.............................................. 3–028, 8–006, 19–056
Harris v Tippett (1811) 2 Camp. 637.............................. 14–028, 14–040
Haw Tua Tau v Public Prosecutor; Tan Ah Tee v Public Prosecutor; Low Hong Eng v Public
Prosecutor [1982] A.C. 136; [1981] 3 W.L.R. 395; [1981] 3 All E.R. 14 PC (Sing).....5–036
Hayslep v Gymer (1834) 1 Ad. & El. 162................................. 16–019
Heaney and McGuinness v Ireland (2001) 33 E.H.R.R. 264 ECtHR . . 5–011, 5–012, 5–013, 5–016
Heaney v Ireland (App. o.34720/97) (2001) 33 E.H.R.R. 12; [2001] Crim. L.R. 481
ECtHR...................................................... 2–020
Heglas v Czech Republic (5935/02) (2009) 48 E.H.R.R. 44 ECtHR............2–020, 8–013
Hellenic Mutual War Risks Association (Bermuda) Ltd v Harrison, The Sagheera [1997] 1 Lloyds
Rep. 160.................................................... 10–007
Helliwell v Piggott-Sims [1980] F.S.R. 582 Ch D....................... 3–008, 10–019
Hennessy v Wright (1888) L.R. 21 Q.B.D. 509 QBD.......................... 9–030
Herring v US (2009) 129 S. Ct. 695..................................... 2–026
Highgrade Traders Ltd, Re [1984] B.C.L.C. 151 CA (Civ Div)........10–007, 10–028, 10–033
HM Advocate v Murtagh (John) [2009] UKPC 36; 2009 S.L.T. 1060; 2009 S.C.L.
1279.................................................. 2–026, 9–003
HM Advocate v P [2011] UKSC 44; [2011] 1 W.L.R. 2497; 2012 S.C. (U.K.S.C.) 108; 2011 S.L.T.
1097; 2011 S.C.L. 1035; 2011 S.C.C.R. 712; [2012] H.R.L.R. 4; [2011] U.K.H.R.R. 1314;
(2011) 155(38) S.J.L.B. 31; 2011 G.W.D. 31-659........................... 6–039
HM Advocate v Turnbull (Robert S), 1951 J.C. 96; 1951 S.L.T. 409 HCJ.............8–010
Hoare v Silverlock (1848) 12 Q.B. 624................................... 12–029
Hobbs v CT Tinling & Co Ltd; Hobbs v ottingham Journal Ltd [1929] 2 K.B. 1 CA....14–025,
14–031, 14–032
Holgate-Mohammed v Duke; sub nom. Mohammed-Holgate v Duke [1984] A.C. 437; [1984] 2
W.L.R. 660 HL................................................ 8–003
Holland (James) v HM Advocate [2005] UKPC D1; 2005 1 S.C. (P.C.) 3.............7–024
Hollingham v Head (1858) 27 L.J.C.P. 241....................... 3–003, 3–011, 3–012
Hollingto
n v F Hewthorn & Co Ltd [1943] K.B. 587 CA............1–014, 20–027, 20–034
Holloway v McFeeters (1956) 94 C.L.R. 470............................... 16–026
Hols v etherlands (App. o. 25206/94), October 19, 1995 ECtHR................15–027
Hornal v euberger Products [1957] 1 Q.B. 247; [1956] 3 W.L.R. 1034 CA...........11–047
Howe v Malkin (1878) 40 L.T. 196..................................... 17–034
Howglen Ltd (Application for Disclosure), Re [2001] 1 All E.R. 376; [2001] B.C.C. 245 Ch
D ........................................................ 12–005
Hui Chi-Ming v Queen, The [1992] 1 A.C. 34; [1991] 3 W.L.R. 495 PC (HK).........20–027
Hunter v Chief Constable of the West Midlands; McIlkenny v Chief Constable of the West
Midlands; Walker v Chief Constable of the West Midlands; Power v Chief Constable of
Lancashire [1982] A.C. 529; [1981] 3 W.L.R. 906 HL....................... 20–027
Hunter v Mann [1974] Q.B. 767; [1974] 2 W.L.R. 742 DC....................... 9–035
IBM Corp v Phoenix International (Computers) Ltd.SeeInternational Business Machines Corp v
Phoenix International (Computers) Ltd (Discovery)......................... 9–035
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Ibrahim v King, The [1914] A.C. 599; [1914-15] All E.R. Rep. 874 PC (HK) . 3–029, 5–004, 6–006
IJL v United Kingdom (App. o.29522/95); GMR v United Kingdom (App. o.30056/96); AKP v
United Kingdom (App. o.30574/96) [2002] B.C.C. 380; (2001) 33 E.H.R.R. 11
ECtHR...................................................... 5–014
Ingram v Percival [1969] 1 Q.B. 548; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 663 DC................... 12–037
Initial Services v Putterill [1968] 1 Q.B. 396; [1967] 3 W.L.R. 1032 CA (Civ Div)......10–013
Inquiry under the Company Securities (Insider Dealing) Act 1985 (o.1), Re [1988] A.C. 660;
[1988] 2 W.L.R. 33 HL........................................... 9–037
International Business Machines Corp v Phoenix International (Computers) Ltd (Discovery) [1995]
1 All E.R. 413; [1995] F.S.R. 184 Ch D.......................... 10–006, 10–022
International Transport Roth GmbH v Secretary of State for the Home Department; sub nom. R. (on
the application of International Transport Roth GmbH) v Secretary of State for the Home
Department; Secretary of State for the Home Department v International Transport Roth GmbH
[2002] EWCA Civ 158; [2003] Q.B. 728....................1 1–025, 11–029, 11–037
Ireland v United Kingdom (A/25) (1979-80) 2 E.H.R.R. 25 ECtHR.................6–015
Isgro v Italy (A/194) (1991) 21 H.R.L.J. 100............................... 16–017
Istil Group Inc v Zahoor [2003] EWHC 165; [2003] 2 All E.R. 252 Ch D......10–022, 10–028
ITC Film Distributors Ltd v Video Exchange Ltd (o.1) [1983] E.C.C. 43; (1982) 126 S.J. 672 CA
(Civ Div).............................................. 8–005, 10–020
Jaggers v Binnings (1815) 1 Stark. 64................................... 17–042
Jalloh v Germany (App. o.54810/00) (2007) 44 E.H.R.R. 32; 20 B.H.R.C. 575
ECtHR....................................... 2–024, 5–013, 5–016, 6–014,
6–039, 8–005, 8–013
Janosevic v Sweden (App. o.34619/97) (2004) 38 E.H.R.R. 22; (2004) 38 E.H.R.R. 473
ECtHR.....................................................1 1–020
Jasper v United Kingdom (2000) 30 E.H.R.R. 441; [2000] Crim. L.R. 586 ECtHR.......9–040
JB v Switzerland (App. o.31827/96), 3 I.T.L. Rep. 663; [2001] Crim. L.R. 748
ECtHR................................................. 5–014, 5–016
Jeffrey v Black [1978] Q.B. 490; [1977] 3 W.L.R. 895 DC.............8–004, 8–006, 8–009
Jespers v Belgium (1981) 27 D.R. 61.......................... 2–018, 2–019, 10–026
John v Humphreys [1955] 1 W.L.R. 325; [1955] 1 All E.R. 793 DC..........11–014, 11–028
Jones v Great Central Railway Co [1910] A.C. 4 HL.......................... 10–007
Jones v Metcalfe [1967] 1 W.L.R. 1286; [1967] 3 All E.R. 205 QBD..........14–007, 16–006
Jones v Owen (1870) 34 J.P. 759....................................... 8–003
Jones v Warwick University; sub nom. Jones v University of Warwick [2003] EWCA Civ 151;
[2003] 1 W.L.R. 954; [2003] 3 All E.R. 760.............................. 3–009
Joseph Constantine Steamship Line Ltd v Imperial Smelting Corp Ltd [1942] A.C. 154; [1941] 2
All E.R. 165 HL....................................1 1–041, 11–042, 11–043
Jozwiak v Sadek [1954] 1 W.L.R. 275; [1954] 1 All E.R. 3; 98 S.J. 94 QBD..........17–036
JSC BTA Bank v Solodchenko [2011] EWHC 2163 (Ch); [2012] 1 All E.R. 735........10–009
Kajala v oble (1982) 75 Cr. App. R. 149; [1982] Crim. L.R. 433 DC . . . 7–027, 12–009, 12–019,
12–020
Karia v DPP; sub nom. R. (on the application of Karia) v DPP [2002] EWHC 2175; (2002) 166 J.P.
753 QBD (Admin)......................................... 1–018, 7–024
Kay v Lambeth LBC; sub nom. Lambeth LBC v Kay; Leeds City Council v Price; Gorman v
Lambeth LBC; Constantine v Lambeth LBC; Barnett v Lambeth LBC; Cole v Lambeth LBC;
Price v Leeds City Council; Dymny v Lambeth LBC [2006] UKHL 10; [2006] 2 A.C. 465;
[2006] 4 All E.R. 128............................................ 2–016
Kelly Communications Ltd v DPP [2002] EWHC 2752; (2003) 167 J.P. 73 QBD
(Admin).................................................... 12–021
Kennedy v Crown Prosecution Service; sub nom. Kennedy v DPP [2002] EWHC 2297; (2003) 167
J.P. 267; [2003] Crim. L.R. 120 QBD (Admin)............................ 8–016
Kennedy v DPP.SeeKennedy v Crown Prosecution Service...................... 8–016
Kensington International Ltd v Congo [2007] EWCA Civ 1128; [2008] 1 W.L.R. 1144; [2008] 1 All
E.R. (Comm) 934............................................... 5–008
Kershaw v Whelan [1996] 2 All E.R. 404 QBD............................. 10–017
Khan v Armaguard Ltd [1994] 1 W.L.R. 1204; [1994] 3 All E.R. 545 CA (Civ Div)......12–020
Khan v United Kingdom (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 1016 ECtHR....................... 2–020
Khan v United Kingdom (App. o.35394/97) (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 45; 8 B.H.R.C. 310; [2000] Crim.
L.R. 684 ECtHR................................. 3–036, 3–044, 8–013, 8–020
Khanna v Lovell White Durrant [1995] 1 W.L.R. 121; [1994] 4 All E.R. 267 DC........9–005
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Kilgour v Owen (1889) 88 LT. Jo. 7.................................... 12–009
King (Herman) v Queen, The [1969] 1 A.C. 304; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 391...............8–004
Kingston’s Case, Duchess of (1776) 20 How. St. Tr. 586....................... 10–002
Kirkstall Brewery Co v Furness Railway Co (1873-74) L.R. 9 Q.B. 468 QB...........17–042
Kitcat v Sharp (1882) 48 L.T. 64....................................... 9–044
Kostovski v etherlands (A/166) (1990) 12 E.H.R.R. 434 ECtHR.......2–020, 15–030, 16–017
Krasniki v Czech Republic BAILII: [2006] ECHR 176........................ 17–054
Kumho Tire Co v Carmichael (1999) 526 US 317 Sup Ct (US)................... 20–013
Kuruma v Queen, The; sub nom. Kuruma, Son of Kaniu v Queen, The [1955] A.C. 197; [1955] 2
W.L.R. 223 PC (EA).................................. 8–004, 8–006, 10–019
Kuwait Airways Corp v Iraqi Airways Co (Disclosure: Fraud Exception) [2005] EWCA Civ 286;
[2005] 1 W.L.R. 2734........................................... 10–014
L&RvR.[2011] EWCA Crim 649..................................... 6–043
L (A Child) v United Kingdom (Disclosure of Expert Evidence) [2000] 2 F.L.R. 322; [2000] 2
F.C.R. 145 ECtHR.............................................. 5–015
L (A Minor) (Police Investigation: Privilege), Re; sub nom. L (Minors) (Disclosure of Medical
Reports), Re; L (Minors) (Police Investigation: Privilege), Re [1997] A.C. 16; [1996] 2 W.L.R.
395HL.................................... 10–001, 10–027, 10–030, 10–035
L v United Kingdom [2000] F.L.R. 322.................................. 10–035
Lam Chi-Ming v Queen, The [1991] 2 A.C. 212; [1991] 2 W.L.R. 1082 PC (HK) . . . 6–003, 6–013,
6–038, 6–039,
12–001
Lamb v Munster (1882-83) L.R. 10 Q.B.D. 110; (1882) 5 L.J. Q.B. 46 QBD...........5–005
Lambeth LBC v Kay.SeeKay v Lambeth LBC.............................. 5–005
Lanford v General Medical Council [1990] 1 A.C. 13; [1989] 3 W.L.R. 665 PC (UK).....1–017,
18–017
Lau Pak gam v Queen, The [1966] Crim. L.R. 443 Sup Ct (HK).................14–019
Lawrence v Campbell (1859) 4 Drew 485................................. 10–002
Lawrie (Jeanie) v Muir [1950] J.C. 19; 1950 S.L.T. 37 HCJ Appeal............3–033, 8–010
Lee v South West Thames RHA [1985] 1 W.L.R. 845; [1985] 2 All E.R. 385 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–007
Levison v Patent Steam Carpet Cleaning Co [1978] Q.B. 69; [1977] 3 W.L.R. 90 CA (Civ
Div).......................................................1 1–043
Li Shu-Ling v Queen, The [1989] A.C. 270; [1988] 3 W.L.R. 671 PC (HK)......6–003, 12–018
Lillicrap v alder & Son [1993] 1 W.L.R. 94; [1993] 1 All E.R. 724 CA (Civ Div)......10–017
Line v Taylor (1862) 3 F. & F. 731..................................... 12–015
Lloyd v Mostyn (1842) 10 M. & W. 478.................. 8–003, 8–005, 10–018, 10–019
Lobban v Queen, The [1995] 1 W.L.R. 877; [1995] 2 All E.R. 602 PC (Jam) . 3–041, 6–043, 8–014,
19–026
London United Investments Plc, Re [1992] Ch. 578; [1992] 2 W.L.R. 850; [1992] 2 All E.R. 842
CA (Crim Div)....................................... 1–019, 5–008, 5–009
Love (Alexander) v HM Advocate, 2000 J.C. 1; 1999 S.C.C.R. 783; 1999 G.W.D. 30-1409
HCJ....................................................... 15–013
Lowery (Christopher Russell) v Queen, The; sub nom. R. v Lowery (Christopher Russell); R. v
King (Charles Ian) [1974] A.C. 85; [1973] 3 W.L.R. 235 PC (Aus)
..............20–008
Lubrizol Corp v Esso Petroleum Co Ltd (o.4) [1992] 1 W.L.R. 957; [1993] F.S.R. 64 Ch D
(Patents Ct).................................................. 10–011
Luca v Italy (2003) 36 E.H.R.R. 807.................................... 17–054
Ludi v Switzerland (A/238) (1993) 15 E.H.R.R. 173 ECtHR.................2–020, 8–027
Lui Mei Lin v Queen, The [1989] A.C. 288; [1989] 2 W.L.R. 175 PC (HK)......6–043, 14–026
Lyell v Kennedy (o.3) (1884) L.R. 27 Ch. D. 1 CA.................... 10–011, 10–027
Lynch v DPP for orthern Ireland.SeeDPP for orthern Ireland v Lynch......10–011, 10–027
M (A Minor) (Care Proceedings: Appeal), Re [1994] 1 F.L.R. 59; [1995] 1 F.C.R. 417 CA (Civ
Div).......................................................1 1–048
M v Home Office [1992] Q.B. 270; [1992] 2 W.L.R. 73; [1992] 4 All E.R. 97; [1992] C.O.D. 97;
(1991) 141 .L.J. 1663 CA (Civ Div).................................. 9–027
M v R. [2011] EWCACrim 2341....................................... 17–049
M&R (Minors) (Child Abuse: Expert Evidence), Re; sub nom. M and R (Minors) (Expert Opinion:
Evidence), Re [1996] 4 All E.R. 239; [1996] 2 F.L.R. 195 CA (Crim Div)..........3–011
M&W Grazebrook Ltd v Wallens; sub nom. Wallens v M&W Grazebrook Ltd [1973] 2 All E.R.
868; [1973] I.C.R. 256 IRC...................................... 10–006
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Mackinnon v Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corp [1986] Ch. 482; [1986] 2 W.L.R. 453
ChD....................................................... 9–005
MacPherson v R (1981) 147 C.L.R. 512................................... 6–011
Maher v DPP [2006] EWHC 1271; (2006) 170 J.P. 441 DC..................... 17–051
Makanjuola v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1992] 3 All E.R. 617 CA (Civ
Div)...................................... 9–027, 15–048, 15–049, 15–054
Makin v Att-Gen of ew South Wales [1894] A.C. 57 PC (Aus).................. 18–021
Malcolm v DPP [2007] EWHC 363 (Admin); [2007] 1 W.L.R. 1230; [2007] 3 All E.R.
578 ........................................................ 1–025
Malik v Manchester Crown Court.SeeR. (on the application of Malik) v Manchester Crown
Court....................................................... 1–025
Malone v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis (o.2) [1979] Ch. 344; [1979] 2 W.L.R. 700
ChD....................................................... 5–048
Mancini v DPP [1942] A.C. 1; [1941] 3 All E.R. 272 HL............4–008, 11–006, 11–010
Mapp v Ohio (1961) 367 U.S. 643...................................... 2–026
Marks v Beyfus (1890) L.R. 25 Q.B.D. 494 CA.................... 9–019, 9–034, 9–042
Marshall v Watt [1953] Tas. S.R. 1..................................... 16–024
Masquerade Music Ltd v Springsteen; sub nom. Springsteen v Masquerade Music Ltd; Springsteen
v Flute International Ltd [2001] EWCA Civ 563; [2001] C.P. Rep. 85.......3–013, 12–009
Matto v Wolverhampton Crown Court; sub nom. Matto (Jit Singh) v DPP; Matto v DPP [1987]
R.T.R. 337; [1987] Crim. L.R. 641 DC................................. 8–018
Maugham v Hubbard (1828) 8 B. & C. 14................................ 14–017
Maves v Grand Trunk Pacific Rail Co (1913) 14 D.L.R. 70..................... 14–015
Mawaz Khan and Amanat Khan v Queen, The [1967] 1 A.C. 454; [1966] 3 W.L.R. 1275 PC
(HK)...................................................... 16–026
Maxwell v DPP [1935] A.C. 309; (1934) 24 Cr. App. R. 152 HL.................. 19–043
McAvan v London Transport Executive (1983) 133 .L.J. 1101 CA (Civ Div).........10–032
McE, Re [2009] UKHL 15; [2009] 1 A.C. 908; [2009] 2 W.L.R. 782; [2009] 4 All E.R. 335; [2009]
.I. 258; [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 1; [2009] E.M.L.R. 19; [2009] H.R.L.R. 20; [2009] U.K.H.R.R.
853; [2009] Po. L.R. 114; [2009] Crim. L.R. 525; (2009) 153(11) S.J.L.B. 28 . . 8–034, 10–004,
10–005, 10–019
McE, Re.SeeC’s Application for Judicial Review, Re.........8–034, 10–004, 10–005, 10–019
McEwan v DPP [2007] EWHC 740 (Admin); (2007) 171 J.P. 308; (2007) 171 J.P..
642 ....................................................... 17–048
McGreevy v DPP [1973] 1 W.L.R. 276; [1973] 1 All E.R. 503 HL............1–008, 11–044
McGregor v Stokes [1952] V.L.R. 347................................... 16–024
McIlkenny v Chief Constable of West Midlands.SeeHunter v Chief Constable of the West
Midlands.................................................... 16–024
McKenna v DPP [2005] EWHC 677 QBD (Admin)...................... 7–014, 7–015
McKeown v United Kingdom (2012) 54 E.H.R.R. 7........................... 9–040
McQuaker v Goddard [1940] 1 K.B. 687 CA............................... 12–034
Meath (Bishop) v Marquess of Winchester (1836) 3 Bing. .C. 183................12–011
Mechanical and General Inventions Co Ltd v Austin; sub nom. Mechanical and General Inventions
Co Ltd v Austin Motor Co Ltd; Lehwess v Austin [1935] A.C. 346 HL...........14–024
Medcalf v Mardell (Wasted Costs Order); sub nom. Medcalf v Weatherill [2002] UKHL 27; [2003]
1 A.C. 120; [2002] 3 W.L.R. 172; [2002] 3 All E.R. 721..................... 10–002
Melik & Co v orwich Union Fire Insurance Society and Kemp [1980] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 523
QBD ...................................................... 10–033
Memory Corp Plc v Sidhu (o.2) [2000] Ch. 645; [2000] 2 W.L.R. 1106 Ch D.........5–005
Mercer v Chief Constable of Lancashire; Holder v Chief Constable of Lancashire [1991] 1 W.L.R.
367; [1991] 2 All E.R. 504 CA (Civ Div)................................ 9–005
Mercer v Denne [1905] 2 Ch. 538 CA................................... 17–027
M’Gahey v Alston (1836) 2 M. & W. 206................................. 12–009
Miller v Ministry of Pensions; sub nom. Miller v Minister of Pensions [1947] 2 All E.R. 372; 63
T.L.R. 474 KBD.........................................1 1–044, 11–046
Mills v Oddy (1834) 6 C. & P. 728..................................... 12–009
Mills v Queen, The [1995] 1 W.L.R. 511; [1995] 3 All E.R. 865; [1995] Crim. L.R. 884 PC
(Jam).................................................. 7–029, 7–033
Milne v Leisler (1862) 7 H. & . 786................................... 14–008
Minet v Morgan (1872-73) L.R. 8 Ch. App. 361 CA in Chancery............10–001, 10–002
Minter v Priest [1930] A.C. 558 HL............................... 10–001, 10–009
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Miranda v Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436................................... 5–004
M’aghten (1843) 10 Cl. & Fin. 200....................................1 1–011
M’aughton’s Case (1843) 4 St.Tr.(.S.) 847..............................1 1–011
Modarca v Moldova (14437/05) (2009) 48 E.H.R.R. 39 ECtHR................... 10–004
Mohammed (Allie) v Trinidad and Tobago [1999] 2 A.C. 111; [1999] 2 W.L.R. 552; 6 B.H.R.C. 177
PC (Trin).................................................... 3–044
Mohammed Ali Burut v Public Prosecutor of Brunei [1995] 2 A.C. 579; [1995] 3 W.L.R. 16 PC
(Bru)....................................................... 6–017
Monarch Steamship Co Ltd v A/B Karlshamns Oljefabriker; sub nom. A/B Karlshamns Oljefabriker
v Monarch Steamship Co Ltd [1949] A.C. 196; [1949] 1 All E.R. 1 HL...........12–033
Mood Music Publishing Co Ltd v De Wolfe Ltd [1976] Ch. 119; [1976] 2 W.L.R. 451; [1976] 1 All
E.R. 763 CA (Crim Div)..................................... 1–019, 18–018
Moor v Moor [1954] 1 W.L.R. 927; [1954] 2 All E.R. 459 CA................... 14–015
Moreiva de Azvedo v Portugal (1992) 13 E.H.R.R. 731 ECtHR.................... 5–011
Morris v Stratford upon Avon Rural DC [1973] 1 W.L.R. 1059; [1973] 3 All E.R. 263 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 16–032
Morrow v DPP.SeeDPP v Morrow..................................... 16–032
Mortimer v M’Callan (1840) 6 M. & W. 58................................ 12–009
Mullen v Hackney LBC; sub nom. Hackney LBC v Mullen [1997] 1 W.L.R. 1103; [1997] 2 All
E.R. 906; (1998) 2 E. & P. 37 CA (Civ Div)....................... 12–036, 12–037
Murdoch v Taylor [1965] A.C. 574; [1965] 2 W.L.R. 425 HL...............19–032, 19–033
Murphy v Waterford Commission (1964) 378 U.S. 52..................... 5–044, 5–049
Murray (Kevin Sean) v DPP [1994] 1 W.L.R. 1; (1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 396; (1993) 97 Cr. App. R.
151 HL (I).................................. 5–035, 5–036, 13–011, 13–012
Murray v United Kingdom (Right to Silence) (App. o.18731/91) (1996) 22 E.H.R.R. 29
ECtHR....................................... 2–019, 3–044, 5–011, 5–012,
5–021, 5–024, 5–035, 6–031, 13–012,
13–013, 13–014
Mutual Life Insurance Co v Hillmon (1892) 145 U.S. 284...................... 17–038
Myers (James William) v DPP; sub nom. R. v Myers (James William) [1965] A.C. 1001; [1964] 3
W.L.R. 145 HL.............................. 16–006, 16–008, 16–011, 16–021,
16–022, 17–002, 17–016, 17–060
agy v Weston [1965] 1 W.L.R. 280; [1965] 1 All E.R. 78 DC...................1 1–014
ational Justice Compania aviera SA v Prudential Assurance Co Ltd; The Ikarian Reefer (o.1)
[1995] 1 Lloyd’s Rep. 455 CA (Civ Div)............................... 20–017
ationwide Building Society v Various Solicitors, Times, February 5, 1998...........10–013
ederlandse Reassurantie Groep Holding V v Bacon & Woodrow (o.1) [1995] 1 All E.R. 976;
[1995] 2 Lloyd’s Rep. 77 QBD (Comm).......................... 10–009, 10–017
eill v orth Antrim Magistrates Court [1992] 1 W.L.R. 1220; [1992] 4 All E.R. 846
HL.................................................. 17–011, 17–036
eilson v Laugharne [1981] Q.B. 736; [1981] 2 W.L.R. 537 CA (Civ Div)............10–032
embhard (eville) v Queen, The [1981] 1 W.L.R. 1515; [1982] 1 All E.R. 183 PC
(Jam)...................................................... 15–053
ew Victoria Hospital v Ryan [1993] I.C.R. 201; [1993] I.R.L.R. 202 EAT...........10–006
icholas v Penny; sub nom. Penny v icholas [1950] 2 K.B. 466; [1950] 2 All E.R. 89
DC ....................................................... 15–046
iemietz v Germany (A/251-B) (1993) 16 E.H.R.R. 97 ECtHR................... 10–005
immo v Alexander Cowan & Sons Ltd [1968] A.C. 107; [1967] 3 W.L.R. 1169 HL.....11–015
ixon v US (1974) 418 U.S. 683 Sup Ct.................................. 9–031
ominal Defendant v Clements (1961) 104 C.L.R. 476........................ 14–009
oor Mohammed v King, The [1949] A.C. 182; [1949] 1 All E.R. 365 PC (BG)....3–028, 8–006
ormanshaw v ormanshaw and Measham (1893) 69 L.T. 468.................... 9–035
orth Cheshire and Manchester Brewery Co Ltd v Manchester Brewery Co Ltd; sub nom.
Manchester Brewery Co Ltd v orth Cheshire and Manchester Brewery Co Ltd [1899] A.C. 83
HL ....................................................... 20–019
orwich Pharmacal Co v Customs and Excise Commissioners; sub nom. Morton-orwich Products
Inc v Customs and Excise Commissioners [1974] A.C. 133; [1973] 3 W.L.R. 164
HL.......................................... 9–005, 9–029, 9–035, 9–036
ottingham City Council v Amin [2000] 1 W.L.R. 1071; [2000] 2 All E.R. 946 DC......8–029
ye v iblett [1918] 1 K.B. 23 KBD.................................... 12–029
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O’Brien v Chief Constable of South Wales [2005] UKHL 26; [2005] 2 A.C. 534; [2005] 2 All E.R.
931 ....................................... 1–019, 3–009, 18–017, 18–018,
19–020
Oceanbulk Shipping and Trading SA v TMT Asia Ltd [2010] UKSC 44; [2010] 4 All E.R.
1011 ....................................................... 9–044
O’Connell v Adams [1973] Crim. L.R. 313................................ 14–027
Ofulue v Bossert [2009] UKHL 16; [2009] 1 A.C. 990; [2009] 2 W.L.R. 749...........9–044
Ogden v London Electric Railway Co (1933) 49 T.L.R. 542..................... 10–032
O’Halloran v United Kingdom (15809/02); Francis v United Kingdom (25624/02) (2008) 46
E.H.R.R. 21; 24 B.H.R.C. 380 ECtHR................................. 5–016
Owen v Edwards (1983) 77 Cr. App. R. 191; (1983) 147 J.P. 245 DC...............14–018
Owner v Bee Hive Spinning Co Ltd [1914] 1 K.B. 105 KBD.................... 12–009
Owners of the Sapporo Maru v Owners of the Statue of Liberty; The Sapporo Maru and The Statue
of Liberty; sub nom. Owners of Motorship Sapporo Maru v Owners of Steam Tanker Statue of
Liberty [1968] 1 W.L.R. 739; [1968] 2 All E.R. 195 PDAD................... 12–019
Oxfordshire CC v M [1994] Fam. 151; [1994] 2 W.L.R. 393; [1994] 2 All E.R. 269 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 10–035
Pais v Pais [1971] P. 119; [1970] 3 W.L.R. 830 PDAD......................... 9–044
Palermo, The (1884) L.R. 9 P.D. 6 CA................................... 10–011
Paragon Finance Plc (formerly ational Home Loans Corp) v Freshfields [1999] 1 W.L.R. 1183;
[2000] C.P. Rep. 81 CA (Civ Div)................................... 10–017
Parkes v Queen, The [1976] 1 W.L.R. 1251; [1976] 3 All E.R. 380 PC (Jam).....5–018, 17–040
Parkin v Moon (1836) 7 C. & P. 408.................................... 14–025
Parkins v Harkshaw (1817) 2 Stark. .P. 239............................... 10–006
Parry v Boyle (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 310; [1987] R.T.R. 282 QBD.................12–018
Patel v Controller of Customs [1966] A.C. 356; [1965] 3 W.L.R. 1221 PC (Fiji)........16–021
Pearson Education Ltd v Prentice Hall India Private Ltd [2005] EWHC 636; [2006] F.S.R. 8
QBD ....................................................... 9–044
Pennsylvania v Muniz (1990) 110 S.Ct. 2638............................... 5–049
People v Collins (1968) 438 P. 2d 33........................... 4–022, 4–023, 4–029
Pepper (Inspector of Taxes) v Hart [1993] A.C. 593; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 1032 HL.........12–032
Pergamon Press, Re [1971] Ch. 388; [1970] 3 W.L.R. 792 CA (Civ Div)..............5–010
Perry v United Kingdom (App. o.63737/00) (Admissibility) [2003] Crim. L.R. 281
ECtHR...................................................... 8–020
Persad v Trinidad and Tobago; sub nom. Persaud v Trinidad and Tobago [2007] UKPC 51; [2007] 1
W.L.R. 2379; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 9.................................. 6–009
Pfennig v R. (1995) 127 A.L.R. 99 High Ct (Aus)...................... 18–002, 19–056
PG v United Kingdom (App. o.44787/98); JH v United Kingdom (App. o.44787/98) [2002]
Crim. L.R. 308 ECtHR.................................. 3–036, 8–013, 8–020
Pipersburgh v Queen, The [2008] UKPC 11 PC (Belize)........................ 7–023
Police v Machirus [1977] 1 .Z.L.R. 288 CA (Z)........................... 16–024
Pop (Aurelio) v Queen, The [2003] UKPC 40; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 692 PC (Belize)......7–023
Post Office Counters Ltd v Mahida [2003] EWCA Civ 1583................
3–009, 12–009
Practice Direction (CA (Crim Div): Criminal Proceedings: Consolidation); sub nom. Practice
Statement (CA (Crim Div): Consolidated Criminal Practice Direction) [2002] 1 W.L.R. 2870;
[2002] 3 All E.R. 904 CA (Crim Div)................................. 13–010
Practice Direction [2010] 2 Cr.App.R. 6.................................. 15–034
Practice ote [1975] 2 All E.R. 1072.................................... 14–037
Prasad v Queen, The; sub nom. Ragho Prasad S/O Ram Autar Rao v Queen, The [1981] 1 W.L.R.
469; [1981] 1 All E.R. 319 PC (Fiji)................................... 6–012
Preston-Jones v Preston-Jones [1951] A.C. 391; [1951] 1 All E.R. 124 HL............12–025
Prince v Samo (1838) 7 Ad. & El. 627................................... 14–043
Proulx v Governor of Brixton Prison; R. v Bow Street Magistrates Court Ex p. Proulx [2001] 1 All
E.R. 57; [2000] Crim. L.R. 997 QBD............................. 3–040, 6–023
PS v Germany (33900/96) (2003) 36 E.H.R.R. 61; [2002] Crim. L.R. 312 ECtHR........16–17
PS v Germany (Admissibility) (App. o.33900/96) (2000) 30 E.H.R.R. CD301
ECtHR..................................................... 17–054
Pyneboard Pty Ltd v Trade Practices Commission (1983) 152 C.L.R. 328.............5–004
R. (on the application of Al-Sweady) v Secretary of State for Defence [2009] EWHC 1687
(Admin)..................................................... 9–023
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R. (on the application of B) v DPP [2009] EWHC 106 (Admin); [2009] 1 W.L.R. 2072; [2009] 1
Cr. App. R. 38................................................ 13–027
R. (on the application of C) v Sevenoaks Youth Court [2009] EWHC 3088 (Admin); [2010] 1 All
E.R. 735; (2010) 174 J.P. 224...................................... 15–024
R. (on the application of D) v Camberwell Green Youth Court; R. (on the application of R) v
Balham Youth Court; R. (on the application of ) v Camberwell Green Youth Court; R. (on the
application of DPP) v Camberwell Green Youth Court; R. (on the application of G) v
Camberwell Green Youth Court [2005] UKHL 4; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 393; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R.
1 ....................................... 15–024, 15–026, 15–030, 15–031,
16–016
R. (on the application of Doughty) v Ely Magistrates’ Court [2008] EWHC 522 (Admin); (2008)
172 J.P. 259; (2008) 172 J.P.. 492................................... 20–016
R. (on the application of DPP) v Havering Magistrates Court; sub nom. R. v Havering Magistrates
Court Ex p. DPP; R. v Wirral Borough Magistrates Court Ex p. McKeown; R. (on the
application of McKeown) v Wirral Borough Magistrates Court [2001] 1 W.L.R. 805; [2001] 3
All E.R. 997; [2001] 2 Cr. App. R. 2 DC.......................... 1–018, 11–046
R. (on the application of DPP) v Kavanagh [2005] EWHC 820 (Admin); [2006] Crim. L.R.
370 ....................................................... 13–010
R. (on the application of DPP) v Redbridge Youth Court; R. (on the application of L (A Child)) v
Bicester Youth Court [2001] EWHC Admin 209; [2001] 1 W.L.R. 2403; [2001] 4 All E.R. 411
DC.................................................. 15–026, 15–030
R. (on the application of Firth) v Epping Magistrates’ Court [2011] EWHC 388 (Admin); [2011] 1
Cr.App.R. 32............................................ 9–016, 17–042
R. (on the application of Ford) v FSA [2011] EWHC 2583 (Admin); [2012] 1 All E.R.
1238...................................................... 10–007
R. (on the application of Griffin) v Richmond Magistrates’ Court [2008] EWHC 84 (Admin);
[2008] 1 W.L.R. 1525; [2008] Bus. L.R. 1014............................1 1–040
R. (on the application of Grundy & Co Excavations Ltd) v Halton Division Magistrates Court
[2003] EWHC 272; (2003) 167 J.P. 387 QBD (Admin)......................1 1–014
R. (on the application of Hallinan Blackburn-Gittings & ott (A Firm)) v Middlesex Guildhall
Crown Court [2004] EWHC 2726; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 766 QBD (Admin)...........10–014
R. (on the application of Inland Revenue Commissioners) v Kingston Crown Court [2001] EWHC
Admin 581; [2001] 4 All E.R. 72 DC.................................. 4–007
R. (on the application of Kelly) v Warley Magistrates’ Court [2007] EWHC 1836 (Admin); [2008]
1 W.L.R. 2001; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 14...............10–001, 10–004, 10–027, 10–028
R. (on the application of Malik) v Manchester Crown Court; sub nom. Malik v Manchester Crown
Court [2008] EWHC 1362 (Admin); [2008] 4 All E.R. 403; [2008] E.M.L.R. 19......5–005
R. (on the application of McCann) v Manchester Crown Court; sub nom. R. v Manchester Crown
Court Ex p. M (A Child); R. (on the application of M (A Child)) v Manchester Crown Court;
Clingham v Kensington and Chelsea RLBC [2002] UKHL 39; [2003] 1 A.C. 787.....11–046
R. (on the application of Mohamed) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
[2008] EWHC 2048 (Admin); [2009] 1 W.L.R. 2579; (2008) 105(34) L.S.G. 22.......9–005
R. (on the application of Mohamed) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
[2009] EWHC 152 (Admin); [2009] 1 W.L.R. 2653; (2009) 159 .L.J. 234....9–028, 9–029,
9–030, 9–031
R. (on the application of Mohamed) v Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs
[2010] EWCA Civ 65............................................ 9–005
R. (on the application of Morgan Grenfell & Co Ltd) v Special Commissioners of Income Tax; sub
nom. R. v Inland Revenue Commissioners Ex p. Morgan Grenfell & Co Ltd; R. v Special
Commissioners of Income Tax Ex p. Morgan Grenfell & Co Ltd [2002] UKHL 21; [2003] 1
A.C. 563.................................................... 10–004
R. (on the application of Prudential plc) v Special Commissioner of Income Tax [2010] EWCA Civ
1094; [2011] 1 All E.R. 316....................................... 10–006
R. (on the application of R) v Durham Constabulary; R. (on the application of U) v Commissioner
of Police of the Metropolis [2005] UKHL 21; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 1184; [2005] 2 All E.R.
369 ........................................................ 2–019
R. (on the application of RJM) v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions [2008] UKHL 63;
[2009] 1 A.C. 311.............................................. 17–058
R. (on the application of S) v Waltham Forest Youth Court [2004] EWHC 715; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R.
2 QBD (Admin)............................................... 15–024
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R. (on the application of Saifi) v Governor of Brixton Prison; sub nom. Saifi v Governor of Brixton
Prison; R. v Governor of Brixton Prison Ex p. Saifi [2001] 1 W.L.R. 1134; [2001] 4 All E.R.
168DC ................................................ 3–041, 8–014
R. (on the application of Smith) v Parole Board; R. (on the application of West) v Parole Board;
sub nom. Smith v Parole Board [2005] UKHL 1; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 350; [2005] 1 All E.R.
755 ........................................................ 1–017
R. (on the application of Wilkinson) v Inland Revenue Commissioners [2005] UKHL 30; [2005] 1
W.L.R. 1718; [2006] 1 All E.R. 529; [2006] S.T.C. 270; [2005] U.K.H.R.R. 704; 77 T.C. 78;
[2005] S.T.I. 904; (2005) 102(25) L.S.G. 33.............................. 2–017
R. v A (Ashraf) [2011] EWCA Crim 1517; (2011) 175 J.P. 437................... 14–013
R. v A (Complainant’s Sexual History); sub nom. R. v Y (Sexual Offence: Complainant’s Sexual
History); R. v A (o.2) [2001] UKHL 25; [2002] 1 A.C. 45; [2001] 2 Cr. App. R.
21 ........................................ 2–017, 2–021, 11–022, 14–002,
15–001, 15–008, 15–011, 15–013,
15–015, 15–016, 15–017, 15–018
R. v A (o.2).SeeR. v A (Complainant’s Sexual History).......2–017, 2–021, 11–022, 14–002,
15–001, 15–008, 15–011, 15–013,
15–015, 15–016, 15–017, 15–018
R. v A [1997] Crim. L.R. 883 CA (Crim Div).............................. 13–010
R. v AA [2007] EWCA Crim 1779..................................... 14–013
R. v Abadom (Steven) [1983] 1 W.L.R. 126; [1983] 1 All E.R. 364 CA (Crim Div)......17–044,
20–023, 20–025
R. v Abdelrahman (Samir) [2005] EWCA Crim 1367......................... 15–014
R. v Absolam (Calvin Lloyd) (1989) 88 Cr. App. R. 332; [1988] Crim. L.R. 748 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 6–028, 8–015
R. v Acott (Brian Gordon) [1997] 1 W.L.R. 306; [1997] 1 All E.R. 706; [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 94
HL ........................................................ 4–008
R. v Acton Justices Ex p. McMullen; R. v Tower Bridge Magistrates Court Ex p. Lawlor (1991) 92
Cr. App. R. 98; (1990) 154 J.P. 901 QBD............................... 17–013
R. v Adams (Denis John) (o.1) [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 467; [1996] Crim. L.R. 898 CA (Crim
Div)........................................ 4–026, 4–027, 4–029, 20–021
R. v Adams (Denis John) (o.2) [1998] 1 Cr. App. R. 377 CA (Crim Div)........4–026, 4–029
R. v Adams (Ishmael) [2007] EWCA Crim 3025; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 35; (2008) 172 J.P.
113.................................................. 17–011, 17–012
R. v Agar (Vincent Raymond) [1990] 2 All E.R. 442; (1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 318 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 9–042
R. v Ali (Faraz) [2008] EWCA Crim 1522; [2009] Crim. L.R. 40.................. 7–031
R. v Ali (Hawar Hussein) [2003] EWCA Crim 3214; [2004] 1 Cr. App. R. 39....14–009, 14–043
R. v Ali (Maqsud); R. v Hussain (Ashiq) [1966] 1 Q.B. 688; [1965] 3 W.L.R. 229 CA....8–023,
12–019
R. v Ali (Shaukat), Times, February 19, 1991............................... 8–023
R. v Ali [2001] 6 Archbold ews 2...................................... 5–029
R. v Al-Khawaja (Imad) [2005] EWCA Crim 2697; [2006] 1 W.L.R. 1078; [2006] 1 All E.R.
543 ....................................................... 17–054
R. v Alladice (Colin Carlton) (1988) 87 Cr. App. R. 380; [1988] Crim. L.R. 608 CA (Crim
Div).............................................. 6–020, 6–030, 6–031
R. v Allen (Brian Roger) [2001] UKHL 45; [2002] 1 A.C. 509; [2001] 4 All E.R. 768.....5–014
R. v Allen (Cynthia) [1995] Crim. L.R. 643 CA (Crim Div)...................... 7–020
R. v Allen (Richard William) [1996] Crim. L.R. 426 CA (Crim Div)................7–019
R. v AM.SeeR.vM............................................... 7–019
R. v Ananthanarayanan [1994] 1 W.L.R. 788; [1994] 2 All E.R. 847 CA (Crim Div).....
19–058
R. v Anderson (James); R. v eville (Richard Clive); R. v Dennis (Felix); R. v Oz Publications Ink
Ltd [1972] 1 Q.B. 304; [1971] 3 W.L.R. 939 CA (Crim Div).................. 20–020
R. v Andover Justices Ex p. Rhodes [1980] Crim. L.R. 644 DC................... 12–005
R. v Andrews (Donald Joseph); sub nom. R v Andrews [1987] A.C. 281; [1987] 2 W.L.R. 413
HL ............................................ 17–031, 17–032, 17–033
R. v Andrews [1993] Crim. L.R. 590 CA (Crim Div).......................... 7–032
R. v Apabhai [2011] EWCA Crim 917................................... 19–008
R. v Apicella (Alfred Robert) (1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 295; [1986] Crim. L.R. 238 CA (Crim
Div)........................................................ 8–011
R. v Argent (Brian) [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 27; (1997) 161 J.P. 190 CA (Crim Div) . . . 5–025, 11–006
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R. v Ashford Ex p. Hilden [1993] Q.B. 555; [1993] 2 W.L.R. 529 QBD.............17–013
R. v Askew [1981] Crim. L.R. 398 CA (Crim Div)........................... 14–031
R. v Ataou (Yiannis) [1988] Q.B. 798; [1988] 2 W.L.R. 1147 CA (Crim Div)....10–024, 10–025
R. v Athwal (Bachan Kaur); R. v Athwal (Sukhdave Singh) [2009] EWCA Crim 789; [2009] 1
W.L.R. 2430; [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 14................................. 14–009
R. v Atkins and Atkins [2009] EWCA Crim 1876; [2010] 1 Cr.App.R. 8.......20–005, 20–021
R. v Atkinson (Clayton Clar) [2006] EWCA Crim 1424; (2006) 170 J.P. 605..........19–013
R. v Atkinson [2011] EWCA Crim 1746.................................. 17–050
R. v Aujla (Ajit Singh); R. v Aujla (Harbans Kaur); R. v Aujla (Inderpal Singh) [1998] 2 Cr. App.
R. 16 CA (Crim Div)........................................ 8–019, 8–033
R. v Aziz (Kazim); R. v Tosun (Ali Yener); R. v Yorganci (Metin) [1996] A.C. 41; [1995] 3 W.L.R.
53HL............................................ 6–003, 6–040, 18–020
R. v B (Brian S) [2003] EWCA Crim 319; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 13; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B.
237 ....................................................... 15–050
R. v B (Clive) [2004] EWCA Crim 1254; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 34.................19–031
R. v B [2008] EWCA Crim 1524.................................. 7–020, 7–021
R. v B [2010] EWCA Crim 4.......................................... 3–031
R. v B [2010] EWCA Crim 4; [2011] Crim. L.R. 233.................... 13–024, 13–025
R. v B; R. v A [1979] 1 W.L.R. 1185; [1979] 3 All E.R. 460 CA (Crim Div)..........19–038
R vB (MT) [2000] Crim. L.R. 181...................................... 5–027
R. v B (T) [2006] EWCA Crim 417; [2006] 2 Cr. App. R. 3................9–007, 20–017
R. v BA [2012] EWCA Crim 1529..................................... 13–018
R. v Bagley [1980] Crim. L.R. 572 CA (Crim Div)........................... 15–054
R. v Bahador (Hussein) [2005] EWCA Crim 396............................ 15–010
R. v Bailey (Jason Gregory); R v Smith (Steven Simon) [1993] 3 All E.R. 513; (1993) 97 Cr. App.
R. 365 CA (Crim Div).................................. 5–042, 8–020, 8–023
R. v Bailey (Paula) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 262; [1995] Crim. L.R. 723 CA (Crim Div).....15–056
R. v Bains [2010] EWCA Crim 873............................... 17–008, 17–009
R. v Baker (1912) 7 Cr. App. R. 252.................................... 19–040
R. v Baker [1989] 3 .Z.L.R. 635.................................. 3–028, 4–001
R. v Baldry (1852) 16 J.P. 276......................................... 3–029
R. v Baldwin (William) (1925) 18 Cr. App. R. 175........................... 14–027
R. v Ball (William Henry); sub nom. DPP v Ball (William Henry); R. v Ball (Edith Lillian) [1911]
A.C. 47; [1911] 1 K.B. 461 HL........................... 3–004, 17–037, 18–006
R. v Barker (1829) 3 C. & P. 589...................................... 15–007
R. v Barker.SeeR.vB............................................. 15–007
R. v Barkshire [2011] EWCA Crim 1885; [2012] Crim. L.R. 453................... 9–014
R. v Barnes (Derek Michael) [2005] EWCA Crim 1158........................
20–016
R. v Barry (Adrian Joseph) [2010] EWCA Crim 195; [2010] 2 All E.R. 1004; [2010] 1 Cr. App. R.
32 ........................................................ 13–012
R. v Barry (Patrick Valentine) (1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 384 CA (Crim Div).............6–026
R. v Barton [1973] 1 W.L.R. 115; [1972] 2 All E.R. 1192 Crown Ct (Lincoln) . . . 10–024, 10–025,
10–026
R. v Bashir (Arfan) [2011] EWCA Crim 2763.............................. 14–021
R. v Bashir (Mohammed) (1983) 77 Cr. App. R. 59; [1982] Crim. L.R. 687 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 4–008
R. v Baskerville [1916] 2 K.B. 658 CCA................................. 15–041
R. v Bass (Ronald Dennis) [1953] 1 Q.B. 680; [1953] 2 W.L.R. 825 CCA............14–017
R. v Bass [1992] Crim. L.R. 647 CA (Crim Div)............................. 4–008
R. v Bateson, Times, April 10, 1991 CA (Crim Div)..........................1 1–006
R. v Bathurst (Eric Wilfred) [1968] 2 Q.B. 99; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 1092; [1968] 1 All E.R. 1175;
(1968) 52 Cr. App. R. 251; (1968) 112 S.J. 272 CA (Crim Div)...........13–008, 13–009
R. v Batt (1994) 158 J.P. 883; [1994] Crim. L.R. 592; (1994) 158 J.P.. 421 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 3–018, 3–019
R. v Bayliss (Roy Alfred) (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 235; (1993) 157 J.P. 1062 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 5–037, 6–006
R. v Beattie (Alan James) (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 302 CA (Crim Div)..........14–009, 14–032
R. v Beck (Barry Alexander) [1982] 1 W.L.R. 461; [1982] 1 All E.R. 807 CA (Crim
Div)........................................... 15–045, 15–052, 15–054
R. v Beckett (1913) 8 Cr. App. R. 204................................... 20–003
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R. v Beckford (Ian Anthony) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 94; (1995) 159 J.P. 305 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 8–032, 8–035
R. v Beckford; R. v Daley [1991] Crim. L.R. 833 CA (Crim Div).................. 6–042
R. v Beckles (Keith Anderson) [2004] EWCA Crim 2766; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 2829; [2005] 1 All E.R.
705 ......................................... 5–022, 5–032, 5–033, 5–034,
5–035
R. v Beckles (Keith Anderson); R. v Montague (Rudolph Leopold) [1999] Crim. L.R. 148 CA
(Crim Div)................................................... 5–030
R. v Becouarn (Darren) [2005] UKHL 55; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 2589; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R.
21 .................................................. 13–011, 13–012
R. v Bedi (Balwinder Singh); R. v Bedi (Kamal) (1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 21; [1992] Crim. L.R. 299
CA (Crim Div)................................................ 17–016
R. v Beland [1987] 2 S.C.R. 398....................................... 14–005
R. v Bellamy (John Alfred) (1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 222; [1986] Crim. L.R. 54 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 13–027
R. v Belmarsh Magistrates Court Ex p. Gilligan [1998] 1 Cr. App. R. 14; [1997] C.O.D. 342
QBD ...................................................... 17–011
R. v Belogun (Akindele) [2008] EWCA Crim 2006........................... 19–024
R. v Benjamin (1913) 8 Cr. App. R. 641 CCA.............................. 14–009
R. v Bentley (Thomas) (1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 342 CA (Crim Div).............7–030, 7–033
R. v Bentley [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 307 CA (Crim Div).........................1 1–004
R. v Bernard (Marcus Edward) (1909) 1 Cr. App. R. 218 CCA................... 13–008
R. v Berrada (Rachid) (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 131 (Crim Div).................... 18–019
R. v Berry (David Ronald) (1986) 83 Cr. App. R. 7; [1986] Crim. L.R. 394 CA (Crim
Div)........................................................ 3–011
R. v Betts (Raymond Christopher); R. v Hall (John Anthony) [2001] EWCA Crim 224; [2001] 2 Cr.
App. R. 16; [2001] Crim. L.R. 754..................... 5–027, 5–030, 5–031, 5–034
R. v Beverley (Elijah) [2006] EWCA Crim 1287; [2006] Crim. L.R. 1064............19–018
R. v Billingham (Mark Phillip) [2009] EWCA Crim 19; [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 20; [2009] Crim. L.R.
529 ....................................................... 14–032
R. v Bills (Adrian Mark) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 643 CA (Crim Div).................18–008
R. v Birch (1924) 18 Cr. App. R. 26 CCA................................. 14–032
R. v Birchall (Keith) [1999] Crim. L.R. 311 CA (Crim Div)................5–035, 13–012
R. v Birchall, Times, March 23, 1995.................................... 15–050
R. v Birks (Dene) [2002] EWCA Crim 3091; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 7...............14–010
R. v Birmingham City Juvenile Court Ex p. Birmingham City Council [1988] 1 W.L.R. 337; [1988]
1 All E.R. 683 CA (Crim Div)...................................... 16–016
R. v Bishop (Roger Anthony) [1975] Q.B. 274; [1974] 3 W.L.R. 308 CA (Crim Div).....19–049
R. v Black (1922) 16 Cr. App. R. 118.................................... 17–039
R. v Blackburn (Paul) [2005] EWCA Crim 1349; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 30 . . 6–005, 6–023, 20–009
R. v Blake and Tye (1844) 6 Q.B. 126................................... 17–043
R. v Blastland (Douglas) [1986] A.C. 41; [1985] 3 W.L.R. 345 HL . . 1–010, 3–014, 3–015, 3–016,
3–017, 6–042, 12–022, 16–005, 16–006,
16–010, 17–011, 17–036, 17–038,
17–045, 20–030
R. v Bleakley [1993] Crim. L.R. 203 CA (Crim Div).......................... 7–019
R. v Blenkinsop (David Richard) [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 7 CA (Crim Div)..............
7–031
R. v Bliss (1837) 7 Ad. & El. 550...................................... 17–034
R. v Bonython [1984] SASR 45................................. 20–005, 20–010
R. v Botmeh (Jawad); R. v Alami (Samar) [2001] EWCA Crim 2226; [2002] 1 W.L.R.
531 ........................................................ 9–041
R. v Bottrill Ex p. Kuechenmeister [1947] K.B. 41; [1946] 2 All E.R. 434 CA.........12–031
R. v Bovell (Kelvin Anthony); R. v Dowds (Peter Andrew) [2005] EWCA Crim 1091; [2005] 2 Cr.
App. R. 27....................................... 19–011, 19–013, 19–048
R. v Bowden (Brian Thomas) [1999] 1 W.L.R. 823; [1999] 4 All E.R. 43; [1999] 2 Cr. App. R. 176
CA (Crim Div)................................ 5–023, 5–034, 10–017, 13–012
R. v Bowden [1993] Crim. L.R. 379 CA (Crim Div)........................... 7–030
R. v Bowers (Victor John); R. v Taylor (David Patrick); R. v Millan (John David) (1999) 163 J.P.
33; [1998] Crim. L.R. 817 CA (Crim Div).......................... 5–025, 5–026
R. v Boyson [1991] Crim. L.R. 274 CA (Crim Div)...............18–020, 20–030, 20–033
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R. v Bracewell (Michael Geoffrey) (1979) 68 Cr. App. R. 44; [1979] Crim. L.R. 111 CA (Crim
Div).................................................. 3–002, 19–038
R. v Bradley (Kirk Trevor) [2004] EWCA Crim 1481.......................... 7–030
R. v Braithwaite (Stephen) [2010] EWCA Crim 1082; [2010] 2 Cr. App. R. 18; (2010) 174 J.P. 387;
[2010] Crim. L.R. 855................................ 4–001, 14–034, 14–037
R. v Branchflower (Paul Lee) [2009] EWCA Crim 1239....................... 13–012
R. v Breslin (Martin Anthony) (1985) 80 Cr. App. R. 226 CA (Crim Div).............7–034
R. v Brett (Barbara) [2005] EWCA Crim 983............................... 8–030
R. v Brewster and Cromwell [2010] EWCA Crim 1194; [2010] 2 Cr.App.R. 20 . . 14–034, 14–035,
14–037, 14–038
R. v Briley [1991] Crim. L.R. 444 CA (Crim Div)............................ 4–008
R. v Brima (Jimmy) [2006] EWCA Crim 408; [2007] 1 Cr. App. R. 24..............19–022
R. v Brine [1992] Crim. L.R. 122 CA (Crim Div)............................. 6–024
R. v Britton (Stanley Richard) [1987] 1 W.L.R. 539; [1987] 2 All E.R. 412 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 14–018
R. v Britton and Richards [1989] Crim. L.R. 144 Crown Ct (Leeds).................7–018
R. v Britzmann (Frederick John); R. v Hall (Henry) [1983] 1 W.L.R. 350; [1983] 1 All E.R. 369
CA (Crim Div)................................................ 19–051
R. v Brizzalari (Michael) [2004] EWCA Crim 310............................ 5–022
R. v Brophy (Edward Manning) [1982] A.C. 476; [1981] 3 W.L.R. 103 HL (I).........6–011
R. v Brown (Daniel); R. v Brown (Matthew) [1997] 1 Cr. App. R. 112; [1996] Crim. L.R. 659 CA
(Crim Div).................................................. 13–003
R. v Brown (Davina) [2001] EWCA Crim 961; [2002] 1 Cr. App. R. 5...............4–007
R. v Brown (Jamie) [1998] Crim. L.R. 196 CA (Crim Div)....................... 4–007
R. v Brown (Milton) [1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 364 CA (Crim Div)................... 15–019
R. v Brown (Richard Bartholomew); R. v Daley (Desmond Roy) (1988) 87 Cr. App. R. 52; [1988]
Crim. L.R. 239 CA (Crim Div)...................................... 9–042
R. v Brown (Winston) [1994] 1 W.L.R. 1599; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 191; (1994) 91(31) L.S.G. 36;
(1994) 138 S.J.L.B. 146 CA (Crim Div)................................ 2–026
R. v Brown (Winston) [1998] A.C. 367; [1997] 3 W.L.R. 447 HL.................14–005
R. v Brown [1995] Crim. L.R. 716 CA (Crim Div)............................ 3–019
R. v Browning (Edward Owen) (1992) 94 Cr. App. R. 109; [1992] R.T.R. 49 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 7–030
R. v Browning (Edward) [1995] Crim. L.R. 227 CA (Crim Div).................. 14–005
R. v Bruce (Steven Emmanuel); R. v Herbert (David); R. v Herbert (Peter); R. v Morgan (George
Edward); R. v Timms (Alan) [1975] 1 W.L.R. 1252; [1975] 3 All E.R. 277 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 19–035
R. v Brushett [2001] Crim. L.R. 471..................................... 9–013
R. v Bryant (Horace Henry); R. v Dickson (Victor Richard) (1946) 31 Cr. App. R. 146
CCA ....................................................... 9–008
R. v Bryant (Philip Roy); R. v Oxley (Alan Michael) [1979] Q.B. 108; [1978] 2 W.L.R. 589 CA
(Crim Div).................................................. 18–019
R. v Bryce (Paul Andrew) [1992] 4 All E.R. 567; (1992) 95 Cr. App. R. 320 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 5–043, 8–022
R. v BT, MH.
SeeR. v T (Complainant’s Sexual History)................... 5–043, 8–022
R. v Buckingham (Michael); sub nom. R v Michael Buckingham; R. v Brumfield (Gary Denzil); R.
v Slater (Alan Charles); R. v Ruben (Malcolm) (1994) 99 Cr. App. R. 303; [1994] Crim. L.R.
283 CA (Crim Div)............................................. 20–030
R. v Buckley (1873) 13 Cox C.C. 293................................... 17–038
R. v Bucknor [2010] EWCA Crim 1152..................................1 1–045
R. v Bullen (Lee David) [2008] EWCA Crim 4; [2008] 2 Cr. App. R. 25; [2008] Crim. L.R.
472 ....................................................... 19–022
R. v Burge (Sean Gary); R. v Hurst (Carl); R. v Pegg (David Graham) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 163;
(1995) 139 S.J.L.B. 99 CA (Crim Div)....................... 3–021, 3–022, 3–023
R. v Burgess (Henry George) [1968] 2 Q.B. 112; [1968] 2 W.L.R. 1209 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 6–012
R. v Burlingham [1995] 2 S.C.R. 206.................................... 3–045
R. v Burton [2011] EWCA Crim 1990................................... 17–049
R. v Busby (Charles Jonathan) (1982) 75 Cr. App. R. 79; [1982] Crim. L.R. 232 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 14–040
R. v Butterwasser (Abraham) [1948] 1 K.B. 4; [1947] 2 All E.R. 415 CCA...........19–053
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R. v Button (Christina Marina) (o.1); R. v Tannahill (Simon David) [2005] EWCA Crim 516;
[2005] Crim. L.R. 571............................................ 8–024
R. v Byrne (James) (Retrial) [2002] EWCA Crim 632; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 21; [2002] Crim. L.R.
487 ........................................................ 3–011
R. v C (Alan David); R. v B (Julie) [2003] EWCA Crim 29..................... 15–014
R. v C [2006] EWCA Crim 1079; [2006] 1 W.L.R. 2994; [2006] 3 All E.R. 689........19–059
R. v C [2010] EWCA Crim 72; [2010] Crim. L.R. 858........................ 17–049
R. v Cairns (Alison Louise); R. v Zaidi (Samina); R. v Chaudhary (Abdul Qavai) [2002] EWCA
Crim 2838; [2003] 1 W.L.R. 796; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R. 38.........9–015, 13–003, 14–004
R. v Callan (Michael) (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 467; (1994) 158 J.P. 33 CA (Crim Div)......6–042
R. v Camberwell Green Youth Court.SeeR. (on the application of D) v Camberwell Green Youth
Court....................................................... 6–042
R. v Cambridge (Connor) [2011] EWCA Crim 2009; [2012] Crim. L.R. 373...........19–006
R. v Camelleri [1922] 2 K.B. 122 CCA.................................. 14–010
R. v Cameron (Leon) [2001] EWCA Crim 562; [2001] Crim. L.R. 587..............15–032
R. v Campbell (Kenneth George) [2007] EWCA Crim 1472; [2007] 1 W.L.R. 2798; [2007] 2 Cr.
App. R. 28................................. 19–001, 19–024, 19–032, 19–044,
19–053
R. v Campbell [1994] Crim. L.R. 357 CA (Crim Div).......................... 7–019
R. v Campbell [2010] EWCA Crim 1578............................ 19–023, 19–024
R. v Campbell and Williams [1993] Crim. L.R. 448 CA (Crim Div).................6–042
R. v Camplin (Paul); sub nom. DPP v Camplin [1978] A.C. 705; [1978] 2 W.L.R. 679
HL ........................................................ 3–002
R. v Canale (Ramon Michael) [1990] 2 All E.R. 187; (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 1 CA (Crim
Div).............................................. 3–043, 5–043, 6–032
R. v Cannings (Angela) [2004] EWCA Crim 1; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 2607; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R.
7 ................................................... 20–005, 20–015
R. v Cape (Jason Bradley); R. v Jackson (Stephen Anthony); R. v Gardner (David Kevin) [1996] 1
Cr. App. R. 191; (1996) 146 .L.J. 918 CA (Crim Div)...................... 7–031
R. v Capron (Mark Anthony) [2006] UKPC 34.............................. 7–031
R. v Carass (Clive Louden); sub nom. R. v CLC [2001] EWCA Crim 2845; [2002] 1 W.L.R. 1714;
[2002] 2 Cr. App. R. 77..........................................1 1–040
R. v Card.SeeR.vC..............................................1 1–040
R. v Carr-Briant [1943] K.B. 607 CCA.............................1 1–011, 11–012
R. v Carter (Colin Mark) (1997) 161 J.P. 207; [1997] Crim. L.R. 505 CA (Crim Div).....19–005
R. v Cartnall [1995] Crim. L.R. 944 CA.................................. 17–032
R. v Cartwright (John) (1914) 10 Cr. App. R. 219(1914) 10 Cr. App. R. 219 CCA........7–023
R. v Castillo (Luis Angel) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 438; (1996) 140 S.J.L.B. 12 CA (Crim
Div)........................................... 17–011, 17–012, 17–015
R. v Castle [1989] Crim. L.R. 567 CA (Crim Div)........................... 20–029
R. v Central Criminal Court Ex p. Francis & Francis (A Firm) [1989] A.C. 346; [1988] 3 W.L.R.
989HL............................................... 10–001, 10–015
R. v Chable [2009] EWCA Crim 496
.............................. 19–040, 19–044
R. v Chal (Amolak Singh) [2007] EWCA Crim 2647; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 18; (2008) 172 J.P.
17......................................................... 1–018
R. v Chalkley (Tony Michael); R. v Jeffries (Tony Brisbane) [1998] Q.B. 848; [1998] 3 W.L.R. 146;
[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 79 CA (Crim Div).................. 3–026, 3–032, 3–038, 3–039,
3–040, 8–002, 8–012, 8–020, 8–033,
8–034
R. v Chandler (Roy Frank) [1976] 1 W.L.R. 585; [1976] 3 All E.R. 105 CA (Crim
Div)......................................... 5–019, 5–020, 5–021, 5–038
R. v Chaney (Shane Cornelius) [2009] EWCA Crim 21; [2009] 1 Cr. App. R. 35; [2009] Crim. L.R.
437 ........................................................ 7–011
R. v Chard (Peter John) (1972) 56 Cr. App. R. 268 CA (Crim Div).................20–007
R. v Chargot Ltd (t/a Contract Services) [2008] UKHL 73; [2009] 1 W.L.R. 1; [2009] 2 All E.R.
645 .......................................................1 1–037
R. v Charles (Chuks Emmanuel) [2009] EWCA Crim 1570; [2010] 1 W.L.R. 644; [2010] 1 Cr. App.
R.2.......................................................1 1–017
R. v Chaulk [1990] 3 S.C.R. 1303 Sup Ct (Can).............................1 1–011
R. v Cheema (Julie Mary) [1994] 1 W.L.R. 147; [1994] 1 All E.R. 639 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 15–054
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R. v Chenia (Shokat) [2002] EWCA Crim 2345; [2004] 1 All E.R. 543.....5–024, 5–035, 7–038
R. v Chief Constable of Avon and Somerset Constabulary.SeeB v Chief Constable of Avon and
Somerset........................................... 5–024, 5–035, 7–038
R. v Chief Constable of the West Midlands Ex p. Wiley; R. v Chief Constable of ottinghamshire
Ex p. Sunderland [1995] 1 A.C. 274; [1994] 3 W.L.R. 433 HL . . . 9–023, 9–025, 9–027, 9–028,
9–032
R. v Chief Immigration Officer, Heathrow Airport Ex p. Bibi (Salamat) [1976] 1 W.L.R. 979;
[1976] 3 All E.R. 843 CA (Crim Div).................................. 2–015
R. v Ching (Yap Chuan) (1976) 63 Cr. App. R. 7; [1976] Crim. L.R. 687 CA (Crim
Div).................................................1 1–044, 12–029
R. v Chinn (Michael) [2012] EWCA Crim 501; [2012] 1 W.L.R. 3401; [2012] 3 All E.R. 502;
[2012] 2 Cr. App. R. 4; (2012) 176 J.P. 209; [2012] Crim. L.R. 707 . . . 7–026, 14–007, 14–017
R. v Chisholm [2010] EWCA Crim 258.................................. 15–035
R. v Chopra (Manoj Kumar) [2006] EWCA Crim 2133; [2007] 1 Cr. App. R. 16; [2007] Crim. L.R.
380 ....................................................... 19–021
R. v Choudhury (Munaj Alaur Rab); R. v Abbas (Zaheer) [2008] EWCA Crim 3179.....11–022
R. v Christie [1914] A.C. 545 HL........................ 3–027, 3–028, 5–017, 5–019,
5–020, 5–038, 7–025, 8–006, 14–007,
17–040
R. v Christou (Anastasis); R. v Wright (Christopher) [1992] Q.B. 979; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 228; (1992)
95 Cr. App. R. 264 CA (Crim Div)..................... 3–038, 3–041, 6–027, 6–032,
8–014, 8–021, 8–024
R. v Chrysostomou [2010] EWCA Crim 1403.............................. 17–009
R. v Chung (Howard) (1991) 92 Cr. App. R. 314; [1991] Crim. L.R. 622 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 5–043
R. v Clancy (Thomas) [1997] Crim. L.R. 290 CA (Crim Div).................... 14–040
R. v Clare (Richard); R. v Peach (icholas William) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 333; (1995) 159 J.P. 412
CA (Crim Div)................................................. 7–027
R. v Clark (George Thomas) [1955] 2 Q.B. 469; [1955] 3 W.L.R. 313 CCA.....19–049, 19–051
R. v Clark (igel Paul) [2006] EWCA Crim 231............................ 15–051
R. v Clark (Sally) (Appeal against Conviction) (o.2) [2003] EWCA Crim 1020; [2003] 2 F.C.R.
447........................................ 4–029, 9–006, 20–005, 20–017
R. v Clarke (Robert Lee); sub nom. R. v Clarke (Bobby Lee) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 425 CA (Crim
Div)....................................... 7–026, 7–027, 18–005, 18–006,
20–006, 20–021
R. v Clarke [2008] EWCA Crim 651..............................1 1–026, 11–036
R. v Clarke [2011] EWCA Crim 407.................................... 14–021
R. v Clarke [2011] EWCA Crim 939.............................. 19–053, 19–055
R. v Cleobury [2012] EWCA Crim 17................................... 20–016
R. v Clift [2012] EWCA Crim 2750..................................... 20–033
R. v Clifton [1986] Crim. L.R. 399 CA (Crim Div)............................ 7–029
R. v CM [2009] EWCA Crim 158...................................... 18–020
R. v Coates (Phillip) [2007] EWCA Crim 1471; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 3; [2007] Crim. L.R.
887 ....................................................... 14–032
R. v Cole (Konrad); R. v Keet (Rocky) [2007] EWCA Crim 1924; [2007] 1 W.L.R. 2716; [2008] 1
Cr. App. R. 5........................................... 17–011, 17–012
R. v Cole (Michael Patrick) [1990] 1 W.L.R. 866; [1990] 2 All E.R. 108; (1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 478
CA (Crim Div)................................................ 17–014
R. v Coll (1889) 25 L.R. Ir. 522....................................... 14–009
R. v Collins (Jamie Lee); R. v Keep (James Carson) [2004] EWCA Crim 83; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 1705;
[2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 11........................................... 5–019
R. v Collins [1987] 1 S.C.R. 265....................................... 3–045
R. v Collister (Thomas James); R v Warhurst (John) (1955) 39 Cr. App. R. 100 CCA.....14–005
R. v Commission for Racial Equality Ex p. Cottrell and Rothon [1980] 1 W.L.R. 1580; [1980] 3 All
E.R. 265 DC.................................................. 1–017
R. v Compton (Robert) [2002] EWCA Crim 2835; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 24.............5–022
R. v Condron (Karen); R. v Condron (William) [1997] 1 W.L.R. 827; [1997] 1 Cr. App. R. 185 CA
(Crim Div)......................................... 5–024, 5–036, 10–017
R. v Constantinou (Richard) (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 74; (1989) 153 J.P. 619 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 17–005
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R. v Conway (John Patrick) (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 143; [1990] Crim. L.R. 402 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 7–018, 7–020
R. v Cook (Albert Samuel John) [1959] 2 Q.B. 340; [1959] 2 W.L.R. 616 CCA . . . 19–049, 19–051
R. v Cook (Christopher) [1987] Q.B. 417; [1987] 2 W.L.R. 775; [1987] 1 All E.R. 1049 CA (Crim
Div).................................................. 7–028, 17–005
R. v Cooke (Gary) (1987) 84 Cr. App. R. 286 CA (Crim Div).................... 20–027
R. v Cooke (Stephen) [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 318; [1995] Crim. L.R. 497 CA (Crim
Div)......................................... 3–036, 7–002, 8–014, 8–016
R. v Cooper (Sean) [1969] 1 Q.B. 267; [1968] 3 W.L.R. 1225 CA (Crim Div).....7–011, 17–045
R. v Cooper [2010] EWCA Crim 979.................................... 15–045
R. v Corelli (Ernesto) [2001] EWCA Crim 974; [2001] Crim. L.R. 913...............6–043
R. v Corrie; R. v Watson (1904) 20 T.L.R. 365; (1904) 68 J.P. 294 CCR.............13–008
R. v Cottrill (Philip) [1997] Crim. L.R. 56 CA (Crim Div)...................... 10–019
R. v Coulman (1927) 20 Cr. App. R. 106................................. 19–040
R. v Court [1962] Crim. L.R. 697 CCA................................... 8–007
R. v Courtnell [1990] Crim. L.R. 115 CA (Crim Div).......................... 7–031
R. v Cowan (Donald); R. v Gayle (Ricky); R. v Ricciardi (Carmine) [1996] Q.B. 373; [1995] 3
W.L.R. 818; [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 1 CA (Crim Div)..........5–030, 5–034, 5–035, 5–036,
5–046, 11–006, 13–010, 13–011,
13–012, 13–013
R. v Cox (Richard Cobden); R. v Railton (Richard Johnson) (1884-85) L.R. 14 Q.B.D. 153;
[1881-85] All E.R. Rep. 68 CCR.................................... 10–013
R. v Cox [1898] 1 Q.B. 179 CCR...................................... 20–003
R. v Cox [1991] Crim. L.R. 276 CA (Crim Div).................... 6–011, 6–023, 6–035
R. v Cox [2012] EWCA Crim 549; [2012] 2 Cr.App.R. 6....................... 15–024
R. v Cramp (1880) 14 Cox.C.C. 390..................................... 5–017
R. v Crampton (Kenneth) (1991) 92 Cr. App. R. 369; [1991] Crim. L.R. 277 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 6–023, 6–025
R. v Crawford (Charisse) [1997] 1 W.L.R. 1329; [1998] 1 Cr. App. R. 338 CA (Crim
Div)................................................. 19–033, 19–034
R. v Crawford (Jerome).SeeR. v Freeman (Daniel Robert)................19–033, 19–034
R. v Crown Court at Kingston.SeeR. (on the application of Inland Revenue Commissioners) v
Kingston Crown Court................................................
R. v Cummings [1948] 1 All E.R. 551; 92 S.J. 284 CCA....................... 14–010
R. v D (Ilhan) (A Juvenile) [2000] Crim. L.R. 178; (1999) 96(47) L.S.G. 29 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 5–035
R. v D (Sarah Louise) (A Juvenile) (2000) 164 J.P. 721; [2001] Crim. L.R. 126 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 20–032
R.vD(Video Testimony) [2002] EWCA Crim 990; [2003] Q.B. 90; [2002] 2 Cr. App. R.
36 .................................................. 13–027, 17–012
R. v Da Silva (Michael Reginald) [1990] 1 W.L.R. 31; [1990] 1 All E.R. 29 CA (Crim
Div)................................................. 14–019, 14–020
R. v Dadson (Peter Ernest) (1983) 77 Cr. App. R. 91; [1983] Crim. L.R. 540 CA (Crim
Div).......................................................
12–005
R. v Dallagher (Mark Anthony) [2002] EWCA Crim 1903; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R. 12......7–037,
20–005, 20–006, 20–012,
20–016
R. v Daniel (Anthony Junior) [1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 373; (1998) 162 J.P. 578 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 5–030, 5–035
R. v Daniel (Anthony Lala) [2002] EWCA Crim 959; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R. 99.........11–040
R. v Davarifar [2009] EWCA Crim 2294................................. 15–014
R. v Davies (Anita Elizabeth) [2006] EWCA Crim 2643; [2007] 2 All E.R. 1070; (2006) 150
S.J.L.B. 1288................................................. 17–013
R. v Davies (Keith) [2002] EWCA Crim 85; (2002) 166 J.P. 243.................. 10–030
R. v Davies (Lewis John) [1962] 1 W.L.R.1111;[1962] 3 All E.R. 97 CMAC....20–003, 20–019
R. v Davis (Alan Douglas) [1975] 1 W.L.R. 345; [1975] 1 All E.R. 233 CA (Crim
Div)................................................. 19–034, 19–035
R. v Davis (Iain); R. v Simms (Rodrigo Fernando); R. v Ellis (Marcus Junior); R. v Gregory
(Michael); R. v Martin (athan) [2006] EWCA Crim 1155; [2006] 1 W.L.R. 3130; [2006] 2 Cr.
App. R. 32............................................. 15–034, 15–035
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R. v Davis (Iain); R. v Simms (Rodrigo Fernando); R. v Ellis (Marcus Junior); R. v Gregory
(Michael); R. v Martin (athan) [2008] UKHL 36; [2008] 1 A.C. 1128; [2008] 3 W.L.R.
125.................................................. 15–036, 17–057
R. v Davis (Michael George) (o.1); R. v Rowe (Raphael George) (o.1); R. v Johnson (Randolph
Egbert) (o.1) [1993] 1 W.L.R. 613; [1993] 2 All E.R. 643 CA (Crim Div).....9–038, 9–039
R. v Davis (Michael George); R. v Rowe (Raphael George); R. v Johnson (Randolph Egbert)
[2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 115 CA Crim Div)................................ 2–021
R. v Davis (William Albert); R v Murphy (Patrick Colin) (1972) 56 Cr. App. R. 249 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 19–005
R. v Davis [1990] Crim. L.R. 860 CA (Crim Div)............................ 6–011
R. v Davis [2008] EWCA Crim 1156.................................... 19–018
R. v De Silva (Marc Anthony) [2002] EWCA Crim 2673; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 5........8–022
R. v Deakin (Richard Albin); sub nom. R. v Deac, [1994] 4 All E.R. 769; [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 471
CA (Crim Div)................................................ 13–027
R. v Dean Smith.SeeR. v Smith (Dean Martin)............................. 13–027
R. v Deenik [1992] Crim. L.R. 578 CA (Crim Div)............................ 7–011
R. v Dehar [1969] .Z.L.R. 763........................................ 3–023
R. v Delaney (Joseph Patrick) (1989) 88 Cr. App. R. 338; (1989) 153 J.P. 103 CA (Crim
Div).............................................. 6–025, 6–026, 6–032
R. v Deputy Industrial Injuries Commissioner Ex p. Moore [1965] 1 Q.B. 456; [1965] 2 W.L.R. 89
CA ........................................................ 1–017
R. v Derby Magistrates Court Ex p. B [1996] A.C. 487; [1995] 3 W.L.R. 681 HL . 10–002, 10–004,
10–007, 10–021,
10–024, 10–025, 10–026, 10–033,
10–035, 14–032
R. v Devani (Maya) [2007] EWCA Crim 1926; [2008] 1 Cr. App. R. 4...............6–035
R. v Devonport (Derrick); R. v Pirano (Vincenzo); R. v White (Stephen) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 221;
[1996] Crim. L.R. 255 CA (Crim Div)................................. 17–043
R. v Dhorajiwala (Bhavna) [2010] EWCA Crim 1237; [2010] 2 Cr. App. R. 21; (2010) 174 J.P. 401;
(2010) 107(25) L.S.G. 12.......................................... 6–011
R. v Diane [2009] EWCA Crim 1494; [2010] 2 Cr.App.R. 1..................... 15–026
R. v Director of the Serious Fraud Office Ex p. Smith; sub nom. Smith v Director of the Serious
Fraud Office [1993] A.C. 1; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 66 HL.........1–019, 5–003, 5–004, 5–007,
5–009
R. v Dixon (Sarah Louise).SeeR. v D (Sarah Louise) (A Juvenile) . . 1–019, 5–003, 5–004, 5–007,
5–009
R. v Dixon [2012] EWCA Crim 2163.............................. 19–040, 19–044
R. v DJX; sub nom. R. v X; R. v Y; R. v Z; R. v SCY; R. v GCZ (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 36; [1990]
Crim. L.R. 515 CA (Crim Div)..................................... 15–025
R. v Dodson (Patrick); R. v Williams (Danny Fitzalbert) [1984] 1 W.L.R. 971; (1984) 79 Cr. App.
R. 220 CA (Crim Div)................................. 7–027, 7–031, 12–019
R. v Doheny (Alan James); R. v Adams (Gary Andrew) [1997] 1 Cr. App. R. 369; [1997] Crim.
L.R. 669 CA (Crim Div)................................ 4–026, 4–029, 20–021
R. v Dolan (Edward George) [2002] EWCA Crim 1859; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R. 18; [2003] Crim. L.R.
41......................................................... 1–010
R. v Doldur.SeeR. v D (Ilhan) (A Juvenile)................................ 1–010
R. v Doncaster (Roger George) [2008] EWCA Crim 5; (2008) 172 J.P. 202; [2008] Lloyd’s Rep.
F.C.150 .............................................. 18–020, 19–018
R. v Donovan [2012] EWCA Crim 2749
.................................. 15–035
R. v Doolan [1988] 1988] Crim. L.R. 747.................................. 6–026
R. v Doosti (Reza) (1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 181; [1985] Crim. L.R. 665 CA (Crim Div)....20–027
R. v Downer [2009] EWCA Crim 1361; [2010] 1 W.L.R. 846; [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 28; [2009]
Crim. L.R. 886................................................ 20–033
R. v Downey (James) [1995] 1 Cr. App. R. 547; [1995] Crim. L.R. 414 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 7–031
R. v DPP Ex p. Kebilene; sub nom. R. v DPP Ex p. Kebelene; R. v DPP Ex p. Boukemiche (Farid);
R. v DPP Ex p. Souidi (Sofiane); R. v DPP Ex p. Rechachi (Fatah) [2000] 2 A.C. 326; [1999] 3
W.L.R. 972; [2000] 1 Cr. App. R. 275 HL..............2–017, 11–013, 11–018, 11–024,
11–025, 11–029, 11–031, 11–041,
15–016
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R. v DPP Ex p. Lee [1999] 1 W.L.R. 1950; [1999] 2 All E.R. 737; [1999] 2 Cr. App. R. 304
QBD ............................................. 5–034, 9–008, 9–009
R. v Dragic (Filip) [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 232; (1996) 160 J.P. 771 CA (Crim Div).......17–014
R. v Duffy (Paula) (o.1) [1999] Q.B. 919; [1998] 3 W.L.R. 1060 CA (Crim Div).......15–032
R. v Dunbar (Ronald Patrick) [1958] 1 Q.B. 1; [1957] 3 W.L.R. 330 CCA............11–011
R. v Duncan (Findlay) (1981) 73 Cr. App. R. 359; [1981] Crim. L.R. 560 CA (Crim
Div).................................................. 6–040, 14–013
R. v Dunford (icholas James) (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 150; [1991] Crim. L.R. 370 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 6–031
R. v Dunn (Gary) (1990) 91 Cr. App. R. 237; [1990] Crim. L.R. 572 CA (Crim Div) . 6–031, 6–033
R. v Dunphy (John) (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 393 CA (Crim Div)................... 15–029
R. v Durbin (Barry Henry) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 84 CA (Crim Div)...........18–020, 19–038
R. v Dutton [1994] Crim. L.R. 910 CA (Crim Div)........................... 15–050
R. v E (Dennis Andrew) [2004] EWCA Crim 1313; [2005] Crim. L.R. 227...........15–014
R. v E (John) (Sexual Abuse: Delay) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 88; (1995) 92(28) L.S.G. 40 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 15–050
R. v E [2011] EWCA Crim 1690....................................... 16–042
R. v E [2011] EWCA Crim 3028; [2012] Crim. L.R. 563....................... 14–027
R. v Early (John); R. v Bajwa (arip Singh); R. v Vickers (Royston Gary); R. v Dowell (Richard
Alexander); R. v Patel (Rahul); R. v Patel (ilam); R. v Pearcy (Colin); R. v Patel
(Madhusudan Maganbhai) [2002] EWCA Crim 1904; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R. 19........9–039
R. v Eastlake (icky) [2007] EWCA Crim 603; (2007) 151 S.J.L.B. 258.............19–021
R. v Edmonton Justices Ex p. Brooks [1960] 1 W.L.R. 697; [1960] 2 All E.R. 475
DC ....................................................... 16–016
R. v Edwards (Elroy Everton) [1998] Crim. L.R. 207 CA (Crim Div)...........3–019, 3–020
R. v Edwards (Errington) [1975] Q.B. 27; [1974] 3 W.L.R. 285 CA (Crim Div) . . 11–007, 11–014,
11–015, 11–016,
11–027, 11–036
R. v Edwards (John) [1991] 1 W.L.R. 207; [1991] 2 All E.R. 266; (1991) 93 Cr. App. R. 48 CA
(Crim Div)................................. 14–028, 14–038, 14–040, 20–027
R. v Edwards (Karl Adrian); R. v Fysh (Stephen John); R. v Duggan (James Edward); R. v Chohan
(aveed asir) [2005] EWCA Crim 1813; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 3 . . . 19–011, 19–012, 19–013,
19–018,
19–020, 19–022, 19–053, 19–054
R. v Edwards (Maxine) [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 345; (1996) 140 S.J.L.B. 43 CA (Crim
Div)................................................. 14–040, 14–041
R. v Edwards (icholas Webb) (1983) 77 Cr. App. R. 5; (1983) 147 J.P. 316 CA (Crim
Div).......................................................1 1–004
R. v Edwards (Stewart Dean); R. v Rowlands (Tony); R. v McLean (Michael); R. v Smith (David
Reginald); R. v Enright (Kevin James); R. v Gray (Rosalind) [2005] EWCA Crim 3244; [2006]
1 W.L.R. 1524............................... 19–004, 19–006, 19–007, 19–011,
19–013, 19–016, 19–022, 19–030
R. v Edwards [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 31................................... 18–003
R. v EED [2010] EWCA Crim 1213; [2010] Crim. L.R. 862..................... 17–049
R. v El-Hinnachi (Samir); R. v Cooney (icholas); R. v Ward (Francis); R. v Tanswell (Warren)
[1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 226; [1998] Crim. L.R. 881 CA (Crim Div)................7–013
R. v Elleray (Colin Woods) [2003] EWCA Crim 553; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 11..........6–028
R. v Elliott [2010] EWCA Crim 2378................................... 17–009
R. v Ellis (1826) 6 B. & C. 145.................................. 17–028, 19–007
R. v Ellis (Thomas) [1910] 2 K.B. 746 CCA............................... 19–040
R. v Ellis [2010] EWCA Crim 163..................................... 19–024
R. v Emmerson (Geoffrey) (1991) 92 Cr. App. R. 284; [1991] Crim. L.R. 194 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 6–021
R. v Enright (Kevin James).SeeR. v Edwards (Stewart Dean).................... 6–021
R. v Ensor (Max Angus) [2009] EWCA Crim 2519; [2010] 1 Cr. App. R. 18; [2010] M.H.L.R. 4;
[2010] Crim. L.R. 731........................................... 13–010
R. v Eriswell (Inhabitants) (1790) 3 Term Rep. 707........................... 16–004
R. v Essa (Daha) [2009] EWCA Crim 43............................. 5–034, 9–018
R. v Everett [1988] Crim. L.R. 826 CA (Crim Div)....................... 6–026, 6–035
R. v Ewens [1967] 1 Q.B. 322; [1966] 2 W.L.R. 1372 CCA.....................1 1–014
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R. v Ewing (Terence Patrick) [1983] Q.B. 1039; [1983] 3 W.L.R. 1 CA (Crim Div)......11–050,
12–012
R. v Exall (1866) 4 F. & F. 922; 176 E.R. 850............................... 3–005
R. v F [2005] EWCA Crim 493; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 2848; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 13........15–010
R. v F [2008] EWCA Crim 2859....................................... 15–010
R. v F [2011] EWCA Crim 726....................................... 15–050
R. v Fairfax (Kenneth) (o.1) [1995] Crim. L.R. 949 CA (Crim Div)...............17–011
R. v Feely (David) [1973] Q.B. 530; [1973] 2 W.L.R. 201 CA (Crim Div).............4–006
R. v Feigenbaum (Marks) [1919] 1 K.B. 431; (1920) 14 Cr. App. R. 1 CCA...........5–019
R. v Fergus (Ivan) (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 313; (1993) 157 J.P.. 699 CA (Crim Div) . 4?007, 7?008,
7–034, 7–035
R. v Fergus [1992] Crim. L.R. 363 CA (Crim Div)............................ 7–014
R. v Ferguson (1909) 2 Cr. App. R. 250.................................. 19–040
R. v Field Ex p. White (1895) 64 L.J.M.C. 158............................. 12–036
R. v Fields and Adams [1991] Crim. L.R. 38; (1990) 154 J.P.. 722 CA (Crim Div)......3–037
R. v Finch (David Barry) [2007] EWCA Crim 36; [2007] 1 W.L.R. 1645; [2007] 1 Cr. App. R.
33 ................................................... 6–043, 17–048
R. v Finley [1993] Crim. L.R. 50 CA (Crim Div)................... 7–007, 7–020, 7–021
R. v Flynn (Kris Ronald); R. v St John (Joe Philip) [2008] EWCA Crim 970; [2008] 2 Cr. App. R.
20; [2008] Crim. L.R. 799......................... 3–037, 7–037, 7–038, 20–003,
20–011
R. v Folan (Patrick) [2003] EWCA Crim 908; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 477..........7–011, 7–018
R. v Forbes (Anthony Leroy) [2001] 1 A.C. 473; [2001] 2 W.L.R. 1; [2001] 1 All E.R. 686
HL ......................................... 2–021, 5–001, 7–010, 7–012,
7–014, 7–015
R. v Ford [2010] EWCA Crim 2250; [2011] Crim. L.R. 475...............15–037, 17–060
R. v Foster (Geoffrey Andrew) [2003] EWCA Crim 178....................... 15–056
R. v Fowden and White [1982] Crim. L.R. 588 CA (Crim Div).................... 7–027
R. v Fowkes, Times, March 8, 1856..................................... 14–008
R. v Fox (Leslie Raymond); sub nom. Fox v Chief Constable of Gwent [1986] A.C. 281; [1985] 1
W.L.R. 1126; (1986) 82 Cr. App. R. 105 HL.............................. 8–011
R. v Fox [2010] EWCA Crim 1280..................................... 17–060
R. v Foxley (Gordon) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 523; (1995) 16 Cr. App. R. (S.) 879 CA (Crim
Div)........................................... 12–007, 17–016, 17–017
R. v Francis (1874) L.R. 2 C.C.R. 128................................... 12–015
R. v Fraser (Francis); R. v Warren (Robert) (1956) 40 Cr. App. R. 160 CCA..........14–021
R. v Freeman (Daniel Robert); R. v Crawford (Jerome) [2008] EWCA Crim 1863; [2009] 1 W.L.R.
2723; [2009] 2 All E.R. 18............................. 19–020, 19–021, 19–057
R. v Freeman [2010] EWCA Crim 1997.................................. 17–049
R. v French (Lee Ernest); R. v Gowhar (Walid Mohammed) (1993) 97 Cr. App. R. 421 CA (Crim
Div)................................................. 17–014, 17–015
R. v Friend (Billy-Joe) (Appeal against Conviction) (o.1) [1997] 1 W.L.R. 1433; [1997] 2 All E.R.
1011; [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 231 CA (Crim Div)........................... 13–010
R. v Fulcher (Dominic Josef) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 251; [1995] Crim. L.R. 883 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 1–010
R. v Fullerton [1994] Crim. L.R. 63 CA (Crim Div).......................... 13–009
R. v Fulling (Ruth Susan) [1987] Q.B. 426; [1987] 2 W.L.R. 923; [1987] 2 All E.R. 65 CA (Crim
Div)........................................ 3–034, 3–039, 6–018, 6–019,
6–020, 6–022, 6–024
R. v Funderburk (Roy) [1990] 1 W.L.R. 587; [1990] 2 All E.R. 482 CA (Crim Div).....14–028,
14–029, 14–031, 14–040,
15–006
R. v Fysh (Stephen John).SeeR. v Edwards (Karl Adrian)....14–028, 14–029, 14–031, 14–040,
15–006
R. v G [2004] EWCA Crim 1240; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 38...................... 20–016
R. v G; R. v B [2004] EWCA Crim 1368; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 2932.................. 10–021
R. v Galbraith (George Charles) [1981] 1 W.L.R. 1039; [1981] 2 All E.R. 1060 CA (Crim
Div)....................................... 4–007, 6–041, 15–056, 17–052,
17–059
R. v Gall (Gerald) (1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 64; [1989] Crim. L.R. 745 CA (Crim Div) . 7–020, 7–021,
7–022
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R. v Gallagher (Robert John) [1974] 1 W.L.R. 1204; [1974] 3 All E.R. 118 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 13–004
R. v Gandy (David) (1989) 11 Cr. App. R. (S.) 564; [1990] Crim. L.R. 346 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 1–018
R. v George (Barry Michael) [2002] EWCA Crim 1923; [2003] Crim. L.R. 282.........7–026
R. v Ghosh (Deb Baran) [1982] Q.B. 1053; [1982] 3 W.L.R. 110 CA (Crim Div)........4–006
R. v Gibbons (Dean) [2008] EWCA Crim 1574; (2009) 173 J.P. 260; [2009] Crim. L.R.
197 ....................................................... 14–032
R. v Gibson (1887) L.R. 18 Q.B.D. 537 CCR......................... 16–005, 16–006
R. v Gibson [1993] Crim. L.R. 453 CA (Crim Div)........................... 14–029
R. v Giga (Zulfikar Ali) [2007] EWCA Crim 345; [2007] Crim. L.R. 571.............7–031
R. v Gilbert (Raymond Sidney) (1978) 66 Cr. App. R. 237; [1978] Crim. L.R. 216 CA (Crim
Div).............................................. 5–021, 5–022, 5–036
R. v Gilfoyle (orman Edward) (Appeal against Conviction) [2001] 2 Cr. App. R. 5; [2001] Crim.
L.R. 312 CA (Crim Div).................................... 20–010, 20–012
R. v Gilfoyle (orman Edward) [1996] 3 All E.R. 883; [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 302 CA (Crim
Div)........................................... 17–032, 17–033, 17–036
R. v Gill (Samuel James) [1963] 1 W.L.R. 841; [1963] 2 All E.R. 688 CCA...........11–010
R. v Gill (Sewa Singh); R. v Gill (Paramjit Singh) [2003] EWCA Crim 2256; [2004] 1 W.L.R. 469;
[2004] 1 Cr. App. R. 20................................. 6–006, 6–035, 8–015
R. v Gill (Stephen Ian) [2001] 1 Cr. App. R. 11; [2000] Crim. L.R. 922 CA (Crim
Div)......................................... 5–024, 5–027, 5–030, 5–035
R. v Gill and Ranuana [1989] Crim. L.R. 358 CA (Crim Div)..................... 8–027
R. v Gilmore (Vincent Martin).SeeR. v Hanson (icky)........................ 8–027
R. v Girma (Yeshiembert) [2009] EWCA Crim 912; [2010] 1 Cr. App. R. (S.) 28.......20–030
R. v Glaves [1993] Crim. L.R. 685 CA (Crim Div)............................ 6–014
R. v Gloster (1888) 16 Cox C.C. 471.................................... 17–039
R. v Gokal (Abas Kassimali) [1997] 2 Cr. App. R. 266 CA (Crim Div) . . 17–012, 17–014, 17–015,
17–019
R. v Goldenberg (Meir) (1989) 88 Cr. App. R. 285; (1988) 152 J.P. 557 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 6–025
R. v Golder (Sidney Elmer); R. v Jones (Arthur Patrick); R. v Porritt (George Anthony) [1960] 1
W.L.R. 1169; [1960] 3 All E.R. 457 CCA......................... 14–022, 14–031
R. v Golder.SeeR. v Robertson (Malcolm).......................... 14–022, 14–031
R. v Goodway (Gary Michael) [1993] 4 All E.R. 894; (1994) 98 Cr. App. R. 11 CA (Crim
Div)................................................... 3–022, 3–023
R. v Gordon (Stafford George) [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 61; [1995] Crim. L.R. 142 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 3–019
R. v Goring (Curtis Lee) [2011] EWCA Crim 2; [2011] Crim. L.R. 790..............1–008
R. v Governor of Brixton Prison Ex p. Levin; sub nom. Levin (Application for a Writ of Habeas
Corpus), Re [1997] A.C. 741; [1997] 3 W.L.R. 117 HL.................3–040, 12–019
R. v Governor of Brixton Prison Ex p. Osman (o.1); sub nom. R. v Governor of Pentonville
Prison Ex p. Osman (o.4) [1991] 1 W.L.R. 281; [1992] 1 All E.R. 108 DC.........9–030
R. v Governor of Pentonville Prison Ex p. Alves; sub nom. Alves v DPP; Alves, Re [1993] A.C.
284; [1992] 3 W.L.R. 844; [1992] 4 All E.R. 787 HL....................... 14–022
R. v Governor of Pentonville Prison Ex p. Osman (o.1); sub nom. Osman (o.1), Re [1990] 1
W.L.R. 277; [1989] 3 All E.R. 701 QBD............................... 10–014
R. v Graham (Jason) [2007] EWCA Crim 1499.............................. 3–019
R. v Graham [1994] Crim. L.R. 212................................ 7–020, 7–022
R. v Grannell (Robert James) (1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 149 CA (Crim Div)..............7–021
R. v Grant (Edward) [2005] EWCA Crim 1089; [2006] Q.B. 60; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R.
28 ......................................... 4–003, 8–034, 8–035, 10–004
R. v Grant (Richard Francis) [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 272 CA (Crim Div)...............7–034
R. v Grant (Stephen) [1996] 1 Cr. App. R. 73; [1995] Crim. L.R. 715 CA (Crim Div).....3–019
R. v Grant [1960] Crim. L.R. 424......................................1 1–011
R. v Gray (David John); R. v Liggins (William James); R. v Riding (Mark); R. v Rowlands
(Catherine Mar, [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 100; [1995] Crim. L.R. 45 CA (Crim Div).....17–043
R. v Gray (John) [2004] EWCA Crim 1074; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 30; (2004) 148 S.J.L.B.
665 ....................................................... 18–020
R. v Gray (Richard Michael) (1974) 58 Cr. App. R. 177 CA (Crim Div).............11–044
R. v Gray (Rosalind).SeeR. v Edwards (Stewart Dean)........................1 1–044
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R. v Gray [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 498 CA.................................. 18–020
R. v Greenacre (1837) 8 C. & P. 35.....................................1 1–009
R. v Greenberg (Joseph) (1924) 17 Cr. App. R. 107 CCA....................... 15–007
R. v Greenwood (Andrew Philip) [2004] EWCA Crim 1388; [2005] 1 Cr. App. R. 7......3–016
R. v Gregson (Paul) [2003] EWCA Crim 1099; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R. 34.............14–009
R. v Grossman (Joseph Henry) (1981) 73 Cr. App. R. 302; [1981] Crim. L.R. 396 CA (Civ
Div)....................................................... 12–007
R. v Guildhall Magistrates Court Ex p. Primlaks Holdings Co (Panama) Inc [1990] 1 Q.B. 261;
[1989] 2 W.L.R. 841; (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 215 DC....................... 10–015
R. v Gummerson and Steadman [1999] Crim. L.R. 680......................... 7–038
R. v Gunewardene (Sumatalage Reginald) [1951] 2 K.B. 600; [1951] 2 All E.R. 290; (1951) 35 Cr.
App. R. 80 CCA............................................... 6–008
R. v Guney (Erkin Ramadan) (Disclosure) [1998] 2 Cr. App. R. 242; [1999] Crim. L.R. 485 CA
(Crim Div)........................................ 3–020, 14–038, 14–040
R. v Gyima (Edward); R. v Adjei (Francis) [2007] EWCA Crim 429; [2007] Crim. L.R.
890 ....................................................... 17–012
R. v H (Arthur Henry); sub nom. R. v H (Sexual Assault); R. v H (Henry) [1998] 2 Cr. App. R.
161; [1998] Crim. L.R. 409 CA (Crim Div)............................. 15–050
R. v H (Childhood Amnesia); sub nom. R. v JRH; R. v TG (Deceased); R. v X (Childhood
Amnesia) [2005] EWCA Crim 1828; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 10.................. 20–010
R. v H (Evidence: Corroboration); sub nom. R. v Hepburn (Evidence: Corroboration) [1995] 2 A.C.
596; [1995] 2 W.L.R. 737 HL........................... 18–023, 19–025, 19–058
R. v H (Joseph Robert) (1990) 90 Cr. App. R. 440; [1990] Crim. L.R. 51 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 20–027
R. v H [1994] Crim. L.R. 205 CA...................................... 18–020
R. v H [2011] EWCA Crim 2344; [2012] 1 Cr.App.R. 30....................... 14–013
R. v H; R. v C [2004] UKHL 3; [2004] 2 A.C. 134; [2004] 2 Cr. App. R. 10 . 9–007, 9–038, 9–039,
9–040,
9–041, 15–037
R. v Hackett (David James) [2011] EWCA Crim 380; [2011] 2 Cr. App. R. 3; (2011) 175 J.P. 503;
[2011] Crim. L.R. 879....................................... 3–022, 5–029
R. v Halpin [1996] Crim. L.R. 112 CA (Crim Div)............................ 3–020
R. v Hamadi (Zeeyad) [2007] EWCA Crim 3048.................15–004, 15–010, 15–012
R. v Hamer [2010] EWCA Crim 2053............................. 18–020, 19–022
R. v Hamid (Ahmed Youssef); R. v Hamid (Beebee azmoon) (1979) 69 Cr. App. R. 324 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 15–045
R. v Hamidi (Khaled) [2010] EWCA Crim 66; [2010] Crim. L.R. 578...............13–012
R. v Hammer [1923] 2 K.B. 786 CCA.................................... 4–004
R. v Hammond (Leslie Walter) [1941] 3 All E.R. 318; (1943) 28 Cr. App. R. 84 CCA.....6–011
R. v Hampshire (David Peter) [1996] Q.B. 1; [1995] 1 W.L.R. 260; [1995] 2 Cr. App. R. 319 CA
(Crim Div)............................................. 13–024, 13–027
R. v Hanson (icky); R. v Gilmore (Vincent Martin); R. v Pickstone (Robert Alan) [2005] EWCA
Crim 824; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 3169; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 21 . . . 2–007, 14–037, 19–011, 19–013,
19–022, 19–023, 19–024, 19–025,
19–032, 19–048, 19–049, 19–053,
19–057
R. v Harden (Alan Goldstone) [1963] 1 Q.B. 8; [1962] 2 W.L.R. 553 CCA...........
12–013
R. v Hardy (1794) 12 St. Tr. 199....................................... 2–005
R. v Hardy (Brian); R. v Hardy (Danny) [2002] EWCA Crim 3012; [2003] 1 Cr. App. R.
30......................................................... 8–013
R. v Harris (Lorraine); R. v Rock (Raymond Charles); R. v Cherry (Alan Barry); R. v Faulder
(Michael Ian) [2005] EWCA Crim 1980; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 5.....9–007, 20–014, 20–015,
20–017
R. v Harris (Martin) (1987) 84 Cr. App. R. 75 CA (Crim Div).................... 13–009
R. v Harris (Triston Fabian) [2003] EWCA Crim 174; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 237.....7–014, 7–015
R. v Harron (Robert David) [1996] 2 Cr. App. R. 457; [1996] Crim. L.R. 581 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 3–022
R. v Hart (Richard Charles) (1958) 42 Cr. App. R. 47 CCA..................... 14–031
R. v Harvey (1869) 11 Cox C.C. 546.................................... 14–017
R. v Harwood [1989] Crim. L.R. 285 CA (Crim Div).......................... 8–027
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R. v Hasan (Aytach); sub nom. R. v Z [2003] EWCA Crim 191; [2003] 1 W.L.R. 1489; [2003] 2
Cr. App. R. 12; [2003] Crim. L.R. 627; Times, March 26, 2003; reversed [2005] UKHL 22;
[2005] 2 A.C. 467; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 22...............3–034, 3–036, 6–003, 17–040
R. v Hassan (Peter Raymond) [1970] 1 Q.B. 423; [1970] 2 W.L.R. 82 CA (Crim Div)....20–027
R. v Hasson (Michael Paul); R. v Davey (Kevin John) [1997] Crim. L.R. 579 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 3–038
R. v Hatton (James) (1977) 64 Cr. App. R. 88; [1977] Crim. L.R. 218 CA (Crim Div)....19–035
R. v Hay (Christopher Paul) (1983) 77 Cr. App. R. 70; [1983] Crim. L.R. 390 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 20–027
R. v Hayes (Geoffrey) [1977] 1 W.L.R. 234; [1977] 2 All E.R. 288; (1977) 64 Cr. App. R. 194 CA
(Crim Div)................................. 13–021, 13–023, 13–026, 16–009
R. v Hayter (Paul Ali) [2005] UKHL 6; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 605; [2005] 2 Cr. App. R. 3 . 6–008, 6–009
R. v Heaton [1993] Crim. L.R. 593 CA (Crim Div)............................ 6–021
R. v Henderson [2010] EWCA Crim 1269; [2011] 2 Cr.App.R. 24......20–005, 20–015, 20–016
R. v Hendrick [1992] Crim. L.R. 427 CA (Crim Div)......................... 20–030
R. v Henry (eville Benson); R. v Manning (Jeffrey Patrick) (1969) 53 Cr. App. R. 150; [1969]
Crim. L.R. 142................................................ 15–005
R. v Henry (igel) [2005] EWCA Crim 1681; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 6...............20–007
R. v Henry H.SeeR. v H (Arthur Henry)................................. 20–007
R. v Heron, Times, ovember 22, 1993.............................. 6–022, 8–021
R. v Hersey [1998] Crim. L.R. 281...................................... 7–038
R. v Hertfordshire CC Ex p. Green Environmental Industries Ltd; sub nom. Green Environmental
Industries Ltd, Re; Green Environmental Industries Ltd v Hertfordshire CC [2000] 2 A.C. 412;
[2000] 2 W.L.R. 373; [2000] 1 All E.R. 773 HL........................... 5–014
R. v Hester (Colin); R. v McKray (Andrew John) [2007] EWCA Crim 2127...........14–37
R. v Heston-Francois (Michael) [1984] Q.B. 278; [1984] 2 W.L.R. 309 CA (Crim Div)....8–033
R. v Hickmet (Mustapha) [1996] Crim. L.R. 588 CA (Crim Div).................. 18–020
R. v Highton (Edward Paul); R. v Van guyen (Dong); R. v Carp (Anthony Mark) [2005] EWCA
Crim 1985; [2005] 1 W.L.R. 3472; [2006] 1 Cr. App. R. 7 . . 19–011, 19–012, 19–017, 19–030,
19–044, 19–054
R. v Hill (1851) 2 Den. 254.......................................... 13–027
R. v Hill (Valerie Mary); R. v Hall (Jennife) (1989) 89 Cr. App. R. 74; [1989] Crim. L.R. 136 CA
(Crim Div)................................................... 4–008
R. v Hilton (Keith) [1972] 1 Q.B. 421; [1971] 3 W.L.R. 625 CA (Crim Div)..........14–024
R. v Hinks (Karen Maria) [2001] 2 A.C. 241; [2000] 3 W.L.R. 1590 HL..............4–006
R. v Hoare (Kevin); R. v Pierce (Graham) [2004] EWCA Crim 784; [2005] 1 W.L.R.
1804.................................................. 5–032, 5–033
R. v Hodges (Kevin John); R. v Walker (John) [2003] EWCA Crim 290; [2003] 2 Cr. App. R.
15 .................................................. 20–016, 20–021
R. v Hodgkiss (1836) 7 C. & P. 298..................................... 19–038
R. v Holmes (1871) L.R. 1 C.C.R. 334................................... 15–007
R. v Holmes (Joseph) [1953] 1 W.L.R. 686; [1953] 2 All E.R. 324 CCA.............20–019
R. v Holy Trinity, Kingston-upon-Hull, Inhabitants (1827) 7 B. & C. 611.............12–009
R. v Honeyghon (Jason orman) and Sayles [1999] Crim. L.R. 221 CA (Crim Div)......14–021
R. v Hong Qiang He.SeeR. v Weir (Antony Albert).......................... 14–021
R. v Hookway [2011] EWCA Crim 1989................................. 20–015
R. v Hope, Limburn and Bleasdale [1994] Crim. L.R. 118 CA (Crim Div)........7–019, 7–021
R. v Horncastle (Michael Christopher); R. v Blackmore (David Lee); R. v Carter (David Michael);
R. Marquis (Abijah); R. v Graham (Joseph David [2009] EWCA Crim 964; [2009] 4 All E.R.
183; [2009] 2 Cr. App. R. 15; affirmed [2009] UKSC 14; [2010] 2 W.L.R. 47; [2010] 2 All E.R.
359 ........................................ 2–016, 2–026, 3–037, 15–035,
15–037, 16–010, 16–017, 17–046,
17–055, 17–057, 17–058, 17–060
R. v Horne [1992] Crim. L.R. 304 CA (Crim Div)........................... 16–022
R. v Horseferry Road Magistrates Court Ex p. Bennett (o.1); sub nom. Bennett v Horseferry Road
Magistrates Court [1994] 1 A.C. 42; [1993] 3 W.L.R. 90 HL....3–036, 5–001, 8–027, 8–032
R. v Howell (Jeffrey John) [2003] EWCA Crim 1; [2005] 1 Cr. App. R. 1........5–032, 5–034
R. v Hudson (Albert Charles) (1981) 72 Cr. App. R. 163; [1981] Crim. L.R. 107 CA (Crim
Div)....................................................... 6–017
R. v Hudson [1912] 2 K.B. 464 CCA.................................... 19–049
TABLE OF CASESl
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Another Random Document on
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—— human, in ancient Greece, 161 sqq.;
mock human, 214 sqq.
—— vicarious, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 n.
1
St. George and the Dragon, 107;
swinging on the festival of, 283
St. John's Day (the summer solstice), swinging at, 280
—— Eve, Russian ceremony on, 262
Saint-Lô, the burning of Shrove Tuesday at, 228 sq.
St. Peter's Day, the twenty-ninth of June, 262
Saintonge and Aunis, burning the Carnival in, 230
Sakalavas, sanctity of relics of dead kings among the, 202
Salamis in Cyprus, human sacrifices at, 166 n.
1
Salih, a prophet, 97
Salish Indians, their sacrifice of their firstborn children to the sun,
184
Salmoneus, his imitation of thunder and lightning, 165
Samaracand, New Year ceremony at, 151
Samnites, guided by a bull, 186 n.
4
Samoa, expiation for disrespect to a sacred animal in, 216 sq.
Samorin, title of the kings of Calicut, 47 sq.

Samothracian mysteries, 89
Santal custom of swinging on hooks, 279
Santos, J. dos, 37 sq.
Sarawak, Dyaks of, 277
Saturday, Holy, 244
Savage Island, mimic rite of circumcision in, 219 sq.
Savages believe themselves naturally immortal, 1
Savou, island of, 287
“Sawing the Old Woman,” a Lenten ceremony, 240 sqq.
Saws at Mid-Lent, 241, 242
Saxon kings, their marriage with their stepmothers, 193
Saxons of Transylvania, the hanging of an effigy of Carnival among
the, 230 sq.
Saxony, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208
Scarli, 224 n.
1
Schmidt, A., 59 n.
1
Schmiedel, Professor P., 261 n.
1
Schoolcraft, H. R., 137 sq.
Schörzingen, the Carnival Fool at, 231

Schwegler, F. C. A., 187 n.
4
Sdach Méac, title of annual temporary king of Cambodia, 148
Sea Dyaks, their stories of the origin of omen birds, 126, 127 sq.
Seligmann, C. G., 17, 21, 22, 23, 26, 30, 33
Semang, the, 85
Semic in Bohemia, beheading the king on Whit-Monday at, 209
Seminoles of Florida, souls of the dying caught among the, 199
Semites, sacrifices of children among the, 166 sqq.
Semitic Baal, 75
Senjero, sacrifice of firstborn sons in, 182 sq.
Sepharvites, their sacrifices of children, 171
Seriphos, custom of swinging in the island of, 283 sq.
Serpent, the Brazen, 86;
sacred, on the Acropolis at Athens, 86;
or dragons personated by kings, 82;
transmigration of the souls of the dead into, 84
Servitude for the slaughter of dragons, 70, 78
Servius, on the legend of Erigone, 282
Seven youths and maidens, tribute of, 74 sqq.
—— -legged effigy of Lent, 244 sq.
Shadow Day, a gypsy name for Palm Sunday, 243

—— Queen, the, 243
Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 169, 170
Sham fight, 24
Shark, king of Dahomey represented with body of a, 85
Shilluk, a tribe of the White Nile, 17 sqq.;
custom of putting to death the divine kings, 17 sqq., 204, 206;
ceremony on the accession of a new king of the, 204
Shirt worn by the effigy of Death, its use, 247, 249
Shooting stars, superstitions as to, 53 sqq.
Shrines of dead kings, 24 sq.
Shrove Tuesday, Burial of the Carnival on, 221 sqq.;
mock death of, 227 sqq.;
drama of Summer and Winter on, 257
Shrovetide custom in the Erzgebirge, 208 sq.;
in Bohemia, 209
—— Bear, the, 230
[pg 303]
Shurii-Kia-Miau, aboriginal tribe in China, 145
Siam, annual temporary kings in, 149 sq.
Siamese, mock human sacrifices among the, 218
Sick, sacrifices for the, 20, 25;
thought to be possessed by the spirits of kings, 25 sq.

Silesia, “Carrying out Death” in, 236 sq., 250 sq.
Singalang Burong, the Ruler of the Spirit World, 127, 128
Sioo or Siauw, mock human sacrifices in the island of, 218
Sirius, the soul of Isis in, 5
Sister, marriage with, in royal families, 193 sq.
Siu, a Sea Dyak, and his bird wife, 127 sq.
Siva and Pârvatî, marriage of the images of, 265 sq.
Six hundred and sixty-six, the number of the Beast, 44
Skoptsi, a Russian sect, 196 n.
3
Skull of dead king used as a drinking-vessel, 200
Skulls of dead kings removed and kept, 202 sq.
Sky-spirit, sacrifice of children to, 181
Slaughter of the Dragon, drama of the, at Delphi and Thebes, 78
sqq., 89;
myth of the, 105 sqq.
Slavs, custom of regicide among the, 52;
festival of the New Year among the old, 221;
"Sawing the Old Woman" among the, 242
Slaying of the king in legend, 120 sqq.
Smith, W. Robertson, 8 n.
1
Snake, rajahs of Manipur descended from a, 133

Sofala, kings of, put to death, 37 sq.;
dead kings of, consulted as oracles, 201
Solar and lunar time, early attempts to harmonise, 68 sq.
Son of the king sacrificed for his father, 160 sqq.
Sons of gods, 5
“Soranian Wolves,” 186 n.
4
Soul, succession to the, 196 sqq.
Souls of the dead supposed to resemble their bodies, as these were
at the moment of death, 10 sq.;
associated with falling stars, 64 sqq.;
transmitted to successors, 198
South American Indians, their insensibility to pain, 138
Spain, seven-legged effigies of Lent in, 244
Spartan kings liable to be deposed every eighth year, 58 sq.
Spears, sacred, 19
Spectral Huntsman, 178
Spencer and Gillen, quoted, 180 n.
1
, 187 n.
6
Spirit, the Great, of the American Indians, 3
Spitting to avert demons, 63
Spring equinox, custom of swinging at, 284;
drama of Summer and Winter at the, 257
Spring, magical ceremonies for the revival of nature in, 266 sqq.

“Spring, the Sacred,” among the ancient Italian peoples, 186 sq.
Springs, oracular, 78 sq.
Stadium, the Olympic, 287
Standing on one foot, custom of, 149, 150, 155, 156
Stars, the souls of Egyptian gods in, 5;
shooting, superstitions as to, 58 sqq.;
their supposed influence on human destiny, 65 sq., 67 sq.
Stepmother, marriage with a, 193
Stevens, Captain John, his History of Persia quoted, 158 sq.
Stigand, Captain C. H., 182
Stool at installation of Shilluk kings, 24
Students of Fez, their mock sultan, 152 sq.
Styx, oath by the, 70 n.
1
Substitutes, voluntary, for capital punishment in China, 145 sq., 273
sqq.
Succession in Polynesia, customs of, 190 sq.
—— to the kingdom through marriage with a sister or with the king's
widow, 193 sq.;
conferred by personal relics of dead kings, 202 sq.
—— to the soul, 196 sqq.
Sufi II., Shah of Persia, 158
Suicide of Buddhist monks, 42 sq.;

epidemic of, in Russia, 44 sq.;
by hanging, 282
——, religious, 42 sqq., 54 sqq.;
in India, 54 sq.
——, hand of, cut off, 220 n.
Sulka, the, of New Britain, 65
“Sultan of the Scribes,” 152 sq.
Summer, bringing in, 233, 237, 238, 246 sqq.
—— and Winter, dramatic battle of, 254 sq.
—— solstice in connexion with the Olympic festival, 90;
swinging at the, 280
—— trees, 246, 251 sq.
Sun represented by a bull, 71 sq.;
represented as a man with a bull's head, 75;
eclipses of the, beliefs and practices as to, 73 n.
2
, 77;
sacrifice of firstborn children to the, 183 sq.;
called “the golden swing in the sky,” 279
[pg 304]
Sun and Moon, mythical and dramatic marriage of, 71, 73 sq., 78, 87
sq., 92, 105
Sunday of the Rose, 222 n.
1
Supply of kings, 134 sqq.
Supreme Beings, otiose, in Africa, 19 n.

Swabia, Whitsuntide mummers in, 207;
Shrovetide or Lenten ceremonies in, 230, 233
Sweden, May Day in, 254
Swedish kings, traces of nine years' reign of, 57 sq.
Swing in the Sky, the Golden, description of the sun, 279
Swinging as a ceremony or magical rite, 150, 156 sq., 277 sqq.;
on hooks run through the body, Indian custom, 278 sq.;
as a mode of inspiration, 280;
as a festal rite in modern Greece, Spain, and Italy, 283 sq.
Swords, golden, 75
Syene, 144 n.
2
Syntengs of Assam, 55
Syro-Macedonian calendar, 116 n.
1
Tahiti, remarkable rule of succession in, 190
Tahitians, their notions as to eclipses of the sun and moon, 73 n.
2
Tailltiu or Tailltin, the fair of, 99, 101
Takilis or Carrier Indians, succession to the soul among the, 199
Talos, a bronze man, perhaps identical with the Minotaur, 74 sq.
Tammuz or Adonis, 7
Tara, pagan cemetery at, 101
Tarahumares, the, of Mexico, 62

Taui Islanders, 61
Tchiglit Esquimaux, the, 65
Tel-El-Amarna tablets, 170 n.
5
Teltown, the fair at, 99
Tempe, the Vale of, 81
Temporary kings, 148 sqq.
Tenedos, sacrifice of infants to Melicertes in, 162
Tengaroeng in Borneo, swinging at, 280, 281
Thalavettiparothiam, a custom observed in Malabar, 52 sq.
Thamus, an Egyptian pilot, 6
Thebes, festival of the Laurel-Bearing at, 78 sq., 88 sq.
Theopompus, 95
Theseus and Ariadne, 75
Thiodolf, the poet, 161
Thracians, funeral games held by the, 96;
their contempt of death, 142
Throne, reverence for the, 51
Thüringen, Whitsuntide mummers in, 208;
Carrying out Death in, 235 sq.
Tiamat and Marduk, 105 sq., 107 sq.

Tiberius, his enquiries as to the death of Pan, 7;
his attempt to put down Carthaginian sacrifices of children, 168

Tilton, E. L., 232
Time, Greek and Latin modes of reckoning intervals of, 59
Timoleon, funeral games in his honour, 94
Tinneh Indians, the, 65, 278
Tirunavayi temple, 49
Tlachtga, pagan cemetery at, 101
Toboongkoos, mock human sacrifices among the, 219
Todtenstein, 264
Tonquinese custom of catching the soul of the dying, 200
Tooth of dead king kept, 203
Tophet, 169, 170, 171
Torres Straits, funeral custom in, 92 sq.
Totemism of the Dinka, 30 sq.;
possible trace of Latin, 186 n.
4
;
the source of a particular type of folk-tales, 129 sqq.
Totems, sacrifices to, 31;
stories told to account for the origin of, 129
Toumou, Egyptian god, 5

Transformations into animals, 82 sqq.
Transmigration of souls of the dead into serpents and other animals,
84 sq.;
belief in, a motive for infanticide, 188 sq.
Transmission of soul to successor, 198 sqq.
Trasimene Lake, battle of, 186
Tree-spirit, killing of the, 205 sqq.;
resurrection of the, 212;
in relation to vegetation-spirit, 253
Trees, masks hung on, 283
Trevelyan, G. M., 154 n.
1
Tribute of youths and maidens, 74 sqq.
Triennial tenure of the kingship, 112 sq.
Trinity, Christian doctrine of the, 5 n.
3
Trocadero Museum, statues of kings of Dahomey in the, 85
Trojeburg, 77
Trophonius at Lebadea, 166 n.
1
Troy, the game of, 76 sq.
Tshi-speaking negroes of the Gold Coast, their stories to explain their
totemism, 128 sq.
Turrbal tribe of Queensland, 60

Typhon, the soul of, in the Great Bear, 5
Uganda, king of, 39 sq.;
human sacrifices in, 139;
firstborn sons strangled in, 182;
dead kings of, give oracles through inspired mediums, 200 sq.
Ujjain in Western India, 122 sqq., 132, 133
Ulster, tombs of the kings of, 101
Unyoro, kings of, put to death, 34
Upsala, 161;
sepulchral mound at, 57;
great festival at, 58
[pg 305]
Uranus mutilated by his son Cronus, 192
Urvasi and King Pururavas, Indian story of, 131
Ushnagh, pagan cemetery at, 101
Valhala, 13
Varro on a Roman funeral custom, 92;
on suicides by hanging, 282
Vegetation, death and revival of, 263 sqq.
—— -spirit perhaps generalised from a tree-spirit, 253
Vicarious sacrifices, 117;
in ancient Greece, 166 n.
1
Vikramaditya, legendary king of Ujjain, 122 sqq., 132

Vintage, first-fruits of the, offered to Icarius and Erigone, 283
Virbius or Hippolytus killed by horses, 214
Virgil, on the game of Troy, 76;
on the creation of the world, 108 sq.
Vishnu, mock human sacrifice in the worship of, 216
Volcano, sacrifice of child to, 218
Vosges Mountains, superstition as to shooting stars in the, 67
Vṛtra, the dragon, 106 sq.
Wachtl in Moravia, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257
Wadai, Sultan of, 39
Wade, Sir Thomas, 273 sq.
Waizganthos, an old Prussian god, 156
Wak, a sky-spirit, 181
Wambugwe, the, 65
Water, effigies of Death thrown into the, 234 sqq., 246 sq.
—— -bird, a Whitsuntide mummer, 207 n.
1
—— -dragon, drama of the slaying of, 78
Weinhold, K., 57 n.
2
Wends, their custom of killing and eating the old, 14
Westermarck, Dr. E., 16 n.
1
, 153 n.
1
, 189 n.
2
, 204 n.
1

Wheat at Lammas, offerings of, 101
Wheel, effigy of Death attached to a, 247
Whiteway, R. S., 51 n.
2
Whitsuntide, drama of Summer and Winter at, 257
—— King, 209 sqq.
—— Mummers, 205 sqq.
—— Queen, 210
Widow of king, succession to the throne through marriage with the,
193
Wieland's House, 77
Wild Man, a Whitsuntide mummer, 208 sq., 212
Winter, Queen of, in the Isle of Man, 258;
effigy of, burned at Zurich, 260 sq.
—— and Summer, dramatic battle of, 254 sqq.
Wolf, transformation into, 83;
said to have guided the Samnites, 186 n.
4
—— -god, Zeus as the, 83
Wolves, Soranian, 186 n.
4
Woman, Sawing the Old, a Lenten ceremony, 240 sqq.
Wood, King of the, at Nemi, 28

Woodpecker (picus) said to have guided the Piceni, 186 n.
4
;
sacred among the Latins, ib.
Worship of dead kings, 24 sq.
Wotjobaluk, the, 64
Wounding the dead or dying, custom of, 13 sq.
Wrestling-matches in honour of the dead, 97
Wurmlingen in Swabia, Whitsuntide custom at, 207 sq.;
the Carnival Fool at, 231 sq.
Wyse, W., 144
Xeres, Fr., early Spanish historian, 185
Xerxes in Thessaly, 161, 163
Ximanas, an Indian tribe of the Amazon, kill all their firstborn
children, 185 sq.
Yarilo, the funeral of, 261, 262 sq.
Year, the Great, 70
Years, mode of counting the, in Manipur, 117 n.
1
Yerrunthally tribe of Queensland, 64
Yorubas, the, 41, 112
Youths and maidens, tribute of, sent to Minos, 74 sqq.
Zagmuk, a Babylonian festival, 110 sq., 113, 115 sqq.
Zeus, the grave of, 3;

oracular cave of, 70;
on Mount Lycaeus, 70 n.
1
;
his transformations into animals, 82 sq.;
the Wolf-god, 83;
the Olympic victors regarded as embodiments of, 90 sq.;
swallows his wife Metis, 192;
his marriage with his sister Hera, 194;
and Europa, 73
—— and Hera, sacred marriage of, 91
—— Laphystian, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165
Zimmern, H., 111 n.
1
Zoganes at Babylon, 114
Zulu kings put to death, 36 sq.
Zurich, effigies of Winter burnt at, 260 sq.

1.
Footnotes
For examples see M. Dobrizhoffer, Historia de Abiponibus
(Vienna, 1784), ii. 92 sq., 240 sqq.; C. Gay, “Fragment d'un
voyage dans le Chili et au Cusco,” Bulletin le la Société de
Géographie (Paris), Deuxième Série, xix. (1843) p. 25; H.
Delaporte, “Une Visite chez les Araucaniens,” Bulletin de la
Société de Géographie (Paris), Quatrième Série, x. (1855)
p. 30; K. von den Steinen, Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-
Brasiliens (Berlin, 1894), pp. 344, 348; E. F. im Thurn,
Among the Indians of Guiana (London, 1883), pp. 330 sq.;
A. G. Morice, “The Canadian Dénés,” Annual Archaeological
Report, 1905; (Toronto, 1906), p. 207; (Sir) George Grey,
Journals of Two Expeditions of Discovery into North-West
and Western Australia (London, 1841), ii. 238; A. Oldfield,
“The Aborigines of Australia,” Transactions of the
Ethnological Society of London, N.S. iii. (1865) p. 236; J.
Dawson, Australian Aborigines (Melbourne, Sydney, and
Adelaide, 1881), p. 63; Rev. G. Taplin, “The Narrinyeri,”
Native Tribes of South Australia (Adelaide, 1879), p. 25; C.
W. Schürmann, “The Aboriginal Tribes of Port Lincoln,”
Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 237; H. E. A. Meyer, in
Native Tribes of South Australia, p. 195; R. Brough Smyth,
The Aborigines of Victoria (Melbourne, 1878), i. 110, ii. 289
sq.; W. Stanbridge, in Transactions of the Ethnological
Society of London, New Series, i. (1861) p. 299; L. Fison
and A. W. Howitt, Kamilaroi and Kurnai, pp. 250 sq.; A. L. P.
Cameron, “Notes on some Tribes of New South Wales,”

Journal of the Anthropological Institute, xiv. (1885) pp. 361,
362 sq.; W. Ridley, Kamilaroi, Second Edition (Sydney,
1875), p. 159; Baldwin Spencer and F. J. Gillen, Native
Tribes of Central Australia (London, 1899), pp. 46-48;
Cambridge Anthropological Expedition to Torres Straits, v.
(Cambridge, 1904) pp. 248, 323; E. Beardmore, “The
Natives of Mowat, British New Guinea,” Journal of the
Anthropological Institute, xix. (1890) p. 461; R. E. Guise,
“On the Tribes inhabiting the Mouth of the Wanigela River,
New Guinea,” Journal of the Anthropological Institute,
xxviii. (1899) p. 216; C. G. Seligmann, The Melanesians of
British New Guinea (Cambridge, 1910), p. 279; K. Vetter,
Komm herüber und hilf uns! oder die Arbeit der Neuen-
Dettelsauer Mission, iii. (Barmen, 1898) pp. 10 sq.; id., in
Nachrichten über Kaiser-Wilhelmsland und den Bismarck-
Archipel, 1897, pp. 94, 98; A. Deniau, “Croyances
religieuses et mœurs des indigènes de l'ile Malo,” Missions
Catholiques, xxxiii. (1901) pp. 315 sq.; C. Ribbe, Zwei Jahre
unter den Kannibalen der Salomo-Inseln (Dresden-
Blasewitz, 1903), p. 268; P. A. Kleintitschen, Die
Küstenbewohner der Gazellehalbinsel (Hiltrup bei Münster,
n.d.), p. 344; P. Rascher, “Die Sulka,” Archiv für
Anthropologie, xxix. (1904) pp. 221 sq.; R. Parkinson,
Dreissig Jahre in der Südsee (Stuttgart, 1907), pp. 199-
201; G. Brown, D.D., Melanesians and Polynesians (London,
1910), p. 176; Father Abinal, “Astrologie Malgache,”
Missions Catholiques, xi. (1879) p. 506; A. Grandidier,
“Madagascar,” Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris),
Sixième Série, iii. (1872) p. 399; Father Campana, “Congo,
Mission Catholique de Landana,” Missions Catholiques, xxvii.
(1895) pp. 102 sq.; Th. Masui, Guide de la Section de l'État
Indépendant du Congo à l'Exposition de Bruxelles-
Tervueren en 1897 (Brussels, 1897), p. 82. The discussion
of this and similar evidence must be reserved for another
work.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
C. Meiners, Geschichte der Religionen (Hannover, 1806-
1807), i. 48.
R. I. Dodge, Our Wild Indians, p. 112.
F. Blumentritt, “Der Ahnencultus und die religiösen
Anschauungen der Malaien des Philippinen-Archipels,”
Mittheilungen d. Wiener geogr. Gesellschaft, 1882, p. 198.
Sir James E. Alexander, Expedition of Discovery into the
Interior of Africa, i. 166; H. Lichtenstein, Reisen im
Südlichen Africa (Berlin, 1811-1812), i. 349 sq.; W. H. I.
Bleek, Reynard the Fox in South Africa (London, 1864), pp.
75 sq.; Theophilus Hahn, Tsuni-Goam, the Supreme Being
of the Khoi-Khoi (London, 1881), pp. 56, 69.
Callimachus, Hymn to Zeus, 9 sq.; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 61;
Lucian, Philopseudes, 3; id., Jupiter Tragoedus, 45; id.,
Philopatris, 10; Porphyry, Vita Pythagorae, 17; Cicero, De
natura deorum, iii. 21. 53; Pomponius Mela, ii. 7. 112;
Minucius Felix, Octavius, 21; Lactantius, Divin. instit. i. II.
Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 35; Philochorus, Fragm. 22, in C.
Müller's Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum, i. p. 378;
Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos, 8, ed. Otto; J. Tzetzes, Schol. on
Lycophron, 208. Compare Ch. Petersen, “Das Grab und die
Todtenfeier des Dionysos,” Philologus, xv. (1860) pp. 77-91.
The grave of Dionysus is also said to have been at Thebes
(Clemens Romanus, Recognitiones, x. 24; Migne's
Patrologia Graeca, i. col. 1434).
Porphyry, Vit. Pythag. 16.
Philochorus, Fr. 184, in C. Müller's Fragmenta historicorum
Graecorum, ii. p. 414.
Ch. Lobeck, Aglaophamus (Königsberg, 1829), pp. 574 sq.
G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient
classique: les origines, pp. 108-111, 116-118. On the

12.
13.
mortality of the Egyptian gods see further A. Moret, Le
Rituel du culte divin journalier en Égypte (Paris, 1902), pp.
219 sqq.
Plutarch, Isis et Osiris, 21, 22, 38, 61; Diodorus Siculus, i.
27. 4; Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci inscriptiones selectae, i.
No. 56, p. 102.
A. Wiedemann, Die Religion der alten Aegypter, pp. 59 sq.;
G. Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient
classique: les origines, pp. 104-108, 150. Indeed it was an
article of the Egyptian creed that every god must die after
he had begotten a son in his own likeness (A. Wiedemann,
Herodots zweites Buch, p. 204). Hence the Egyptian deities
were commonly arranged in trinities of a simple and natural
type, each comprising a father, a mother, and a son.
“Speaking generally, two members of such a triad were
gods, one old and one young, and the third was a goddess,
who was, naturally, the wife, or female counterpart, of the
older god. The younger god was the son of the older god
and goddess, and he was supposed to possess all the
attributes and powers which belonged to his father.... The
feminine counterpart or wife of the chief god was usually a
local goddess of little or no importance; on the other hand,
her son by the chief god was nearly as important as his
father, because it was assumed that he would succeed to
his rank and throne when the elder god had passed away.
The conception of the triad or trinity is, in Egypt, probably
as old as the belief in gods, and it seems to be based on
the anthropomorphic views which were current in the
earliest times about them” (E. A. Wallis Budge, The Gods of
the Egyptians, London, 1904, i. 113 sq.). If the Christian
doctrine of the Trinity took shape under Egyptian influence,
the function originally assigned to the Holy Spirit may have
been that of the divine mother. In the apocryphal Gospel to
the Hebrews, as Mr. F. C. Conybeare was kind enough to
point out to me, Christ spoke of the Holy Ghost as his

14.
15.
mother. The passage is quoted by Origen (Comment. in
Joan. II. vol. iv. col. 132, ed. Migne), and runs as follows:
“My mother the Holy Spirit took me a moment ago by one
of my hairs and carried me away to the great Mount Tabor.”
Compare Origen, In Jeremiam Hom. XV. 4, vol. iii. col. 433,
ed. Migne. In the reign of Trajan a certain Alcibiades, from
Apamea in Syria, appeared at Rome with a volume in which
the Holy Ghost was described as a stalwart female about
ninety-six miles high and broad in proportion. See
Hippolytus, Refut. omnium haeresium, ix. 13, p. 462, ed.
Duncker and Schneidewin. The Ophites represented the
Holy Spirit as “the first woman,” “mother of all living,” who
was beloved by “the first man” and likewise by “the second
man,” and who conceived by one or both of them “the light,
which they call Christ.” See H. Usener, Das Weihnachtsfest,
pp. 116 sq., quoting Irenaeus, i. 28. As to a female
member of the Trinity, see further id., Dreiheit, ein Versuch
mythologischer Zahlenlehre (Bonn, 1903), pp. 41 sqq.;
Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, ch. 1. vol.
ix. p. 261, note g (Edinburgh, 1811). Mr. Conybeare tells
me that Philo Judaeus, who lived in the first half of the first
century of our era, constantly defines God as a Trinity in
Unity, or a Unity in Trinity, and that the speculations of this
Alexandrian Jew deeply influenced the course of Christian
thought on the mystical nature of the deity. Thus it seems
not impossible that the ancient Egyptian doctrine of the
divine Trinity may have been distilled through Philo into
Christianity. On the other hand it has been suggested that
the Christian Trinity is of Babylonian origin. See H.
Zimmern, in E. Schrader's Die Keilinschriften und das Alte
Testament,
3
pp. 418 sq., 440.
L. W. King, Babylonian Religion and Mythology (London,
1899), p. 8.
Plutarch, De defectu oraculorum, 17.

16.
17.
This is in substance the explanation briefly suggested by F.
Liebrecht, and developed more fully and with certain
variations of detail by S. Reinach. See F. Liebrecht, Des
Gervasius von Tilbury Otia Imperialia (Hanover, 1856), p.
180; S. Reinach, Cultes, mythes et religions, iii. (Paris,
1908), pp. 1 sqq. As to the worship of Tammuz or Adonis in
Syria and Greece see my Adonis, Attis, Osiris, Second
Edition (London, 1907). In Plutarch's narrative confusion
seems to have arisen through the native name (Tammuz) of
the deity, which either accidentally coincided with that of
the pilot (as S. Reinach thinks) or was erroneously
transferred to him by a narrator (as F. Liebrecht supposed).
An entirely different explanation of the story has been
proposed by Dr. W. H. Roscher. He holds that the god
whose death was lamented was the great ram-god of
Mendes in Egypt, whom Greek writers constantly mistook
for a goat-god and identified with Pan. A living ram was
always revered as an incarnation of the god, and when it
died there was a great mourning throughout all the land of
Mendes. Some stone coffins of the sacred animal have
been found in the ruins of the city. See Herodotus, ii. 46,
with A. Wiedemann's commentary; W. H. Roscher, “Die
Legende vom Tode des groszen Pan,” Fleckeisen's
Jahrbücher für classische Philologie, xxxviii. (1892) pp. 465-
477. Dr. Roscher shews that Thamus was an Egyptian
name, comparing Plato, Phaedrus, p. 274 d É; Polyaenus, iii.
2. 5; Philostratus, Vit. Apollon. Tyan. vi. 5. 108. As to the
worshipful goat, or rather ram, of Mendes, see also
Diodorus Siculus, i. 84; Strabo, xvii. 1. 19, p. 802; Clement
of Alexandria, Protrept. ii. 39, p. 34, ed. Potter; Suidas, s.v.
Μένδην.
F. Liebrecht, op. cit. pp. 180 sq.; W. Robertson Smith,
Religion of the Semites,
2
pp. 412, 414. The latter writer
observes with justice that “the wailing for 'Uncūd, the
divine Grape-cluster, seems to be the last survival of an old

18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
vintage piaculum.” “The dread of the worshippers,” he adds,
“that the neglect of the usual ritual would be followed by
disaster, is particularly intelligible if they regarded the
necessary operations of agriculture as involving the violent
extinction of a particle of divine life.” On the mortality of the
gods in general and of the Teutonic gods in particular, see
J. Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie,
4
i. 263 sqq.; compare E. H.
Meyer, Mythologie der Germanen (Strasburg, 1903), p. 288.
As to the mortality of the Irish gods, see Douglas Hyde,
Literary History of Ireland (London, 1899), pp. 80 sq.
“Der Muata Cazembe und die Völkerstämme der Maravis,
Chevas, Muembas, Lundas und andere von Süd-Afrika,”
Zeitschrift für allgemeine Erdkunde, vi. (1856) p. 395; F. T.
Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa
(London, 1861), ii. 241 sq.
See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 6, 7 sq.
See Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 26 sqq.
W. W. Gill, Myths and Songs of the South Pacific (London,
1876), p. 163.
H. A. Junod, Les Ba-Ronga (Neuchatel, 1898), pp. 381 sq.
W. Barbrooke Grubb, An Unknown People in an Unknown
Land (London, 1911), p. 120.
T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes of Manipur (London, 1911),
p. 159.
Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 281.
Ch. Wilkes, Narrative of the U.S. Exploring Expedition
(London, 1845), iii. 96.
U.S. Exploring Expedition, Ethnology and Philology, by H.
Hale (Philadelphia, 1846), p. 65. Compare Th. Williams, Fiji
and the Fijians,
2
i. 183; J. E. Erskine, Journal of a Cruise

28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
among the Islands of the Western Pacific (London, 1853),
p. 248.
G. Turner, Samoa, p. 335.
Martin Flad, A Short Description of the Falasha and
Kamants in Abyssinia, p. 19.
H. Diels, Die Fragmente der Vorsokratiker,
2
i. (Berlin, 1906)
p. 81; id., Herakleitos von Ephesos
2
(Berlin, 1909), p. 50,
Frag. 136, ψυχαὶ ἀρηίφατοι καθαρώτεραι ἢ ἐνὶ νούσοις.
F. de Castelnau, Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l'Amérique du Sud, iv. (Paris, 1851) p. 380. Compare id. ii.
49 sq. as to the practice of the Chavantes, a tribe of
Indians on the Tocantins river.
R. Southey, History of Brazil, iii. (London, 1819) p. 619; R.
F. Burton, in The Captivity of Hans Stade of Hesse (Hakluyt
Society, London, 1874), p. 122.
C. von Dittmar, “Über die Koräken und die ihnen sehr nahe
verwandten Tschuktschen,” Bulletin de la Classe
philologique de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-
Pétersbourg, xiii. (1856) coll. 122, 124 sq. The custom has
now been completely abandoned. See W. Jochelson, “The
Koryak, Religion and Myths” (Leyden and New York, 1905),
p. 103 (Memoir of the American Museum of Natural History,
The Jesup North Pacific Expedition, vol. vi. part i.).
C. von Dittmar, op. cit. col. 132; De Wrangell, Le Nord de la
Sibérie (Paris, 1843), i. 263 sq.; “Die Ethnographie
Russlands nach A. F. Rittich,” Petermann's Mittheilungen,
Ergänzungsheft, No. 54 (Gotha, 1878), pp. 14 sq.; “Der
Anadyr-Bezirk nach A. W. Olssufjew,” Petermann's
Mittheilungen, xlv. (1899) p. 230; V. Priklonski,
“Todtengebräuche der Jakuten,” Globus, lix. (1891) p. 82;
R. von Seidlitz, “Der Selbstmord bei den Tschuktschen,” ib.
p. 111; Cremat, “Der Anadyrbezirk Sibiriens und seine

35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
Bevölkerung,” Globus, lxvi. (1894) p. 287; H. de Windt,
Through the Gold-fields of Alaska to Bering Straits (London,
1898), pp. 223-225; W. Bogaras, “The Chukchee” (Leyden
and New York, 1904-1909), pp. 560 sqq. (Memoir of the
American Museum of Natural History, The Jesup North
Pacific Expedition, vol. vii.).
L. A. Waddell, “The Tribes of the Brahmaputra Valley,”
Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, lxix. part iii. (1901)
pp. 20, 24; T. C. Hodson, The Naga Tribes of Manipur
(London, 1911), p. 151.
K. Simrock, Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie,
5
pp. 177
sq., 507; H. M. Chadwick, The Cult of Othin (London,
1899), pp. 13 sq., 34 sq.
Procopius, De bello Gothico, ii. 14.
J. Grimm, Deutsche Rechtsalterthümer,
3
p. 488. A custom
of putting the sick and aged to death seems to have
prevailed in several branches of the Aryan family; it may at
one time have been common to the whole stock. See J.
Grimm, op. cit. pp. 486 sqq.; O. Schrader, Reallexikon der
indogermanischen Altertumskunde, pp. 36-39.
See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, ii. 4 sq.
Taboo and the Perils of the Soul, pp. 5 sq.
J. B. Labat, Relation historique de l'Éthiopie occidentale
(Paris, 1732), i. 260 sq.; W. Winwood Reade, Savage Africa
(London, 1863), p. 362.
G. Merolla, Relazione del viaggio nel regno di Congo
(Naples, 1726), p. 76. The English version of this passage
(Pinkerton's Voyages and Travels, xvi. 228) has already
been quoted by Sir John Lubbock (Lord Avebury) in his
Origin of Civilisation,
4
pp. 358 sq. In that version the native
title of the pontiff is misspelt.

43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
Diodorus Siculus, iii. 6; Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 822.
R. Lepsius, Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula
of Sinai (London, 1853), pp. 202, 204. I have to thank Dr.
E. Westermarck for pointing out these passages to me.
Fazoql lies in the fork between the Blue Nile and its
tributary the Tumat. See J. Russeger, Reisen in Europa,
Asien und Afrika, ii. 2 (Stuttgart, 1844), p. 552 note.
Brun-Rollet, Le Nil Blanc et le Soudan (Paris, 1855), pp. 248
sq. For the orgiastic character of these annual festivals, see
id. p. 245. Fazolglou is probably the same as Fazoql. The
people who practise the custom are called Bertat by E.
Marno (Reisen im Gebiete des blauen und weissen Nil
(Vienna, 1874), p. 68).
J. Russegger, Reisen in Europa, Asien und Afrika, ii. 2, p.
553. Russegger met Assusa in January 1838, and says that
the king had then been a year in office. He does not
mention the name of the king's uncle who had, he tells us,
been strangled by the chiefs; but I assume that he was the
Yassin who is mentioned by Brun-Rollet. Russegger adds
that the strangling of the king was performed publicly, and
in the most solemn manner, and was said to happen often
in Fazoql and the neighbouring countries.
R. Lepsius, Letters from Egypt, Ethiopia, and the peninsula
of Sinai (London, 1853), p. 204. Lepsius's letter is dated
“The Pyramids of Meroë, 22nd April 1844.” His informant
was Osman Bey, who had lived for sixteen years in these
regions. An anqareb or angareb is a kind of bed made by
stretching string or leather thongs over an oblong wooden
framework.
I have to thank Dr. Seligmann for his kindness and courtesy
in transmitting to me his unpublished account and allowing
me to draw on it at my discretion.
Č

50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
As to Jŭok (Čuok), the supreme being of the Shilluk, see P.
W. Hofmayr, “Religion der Schilluk,” Anthropos, vi. (1911)
pp. 120-122, whose account agrees with the briefer one
given by Dr. C. G. Seligmann. Otiose supreme beings (dieux
fainéants) of this type, who having made the world do not
meddle with it and to whom little or no worship is paid, are
common in Africa.
P. W. Hofmayr, “Religion der Schilluk,” Anthropos, vi. (1911)
pp. 123, 125. This writer gives Nykang as the name of the
first Shilluk king.
P. W. Hofmayr, op. cit. p. 123.
This is the view both of Dr. C. G. Seligmann and of Father P.
W. Hofmayr (op. cit. p. 123).
The word kengo is applied only to the shrines of Nyakang
and the graves of the kings. Graves of commoners are
called roro.
On the use of flowing blood in rain-making ceremonies see
The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 256, 257 sq.
Dr. C. G. Seligmann, The Shilluk Divine Kings (in
manuscript).
On this subject Dr. Seligmann writes to me (March 9th,
1911) as follows: “The assumption of the throne as the
result of victory in single combat doubtless occurred once;
at the present day and perhaps for the whole of the historic
period it has been superseded by the ceremonial killing of
the king, but I regard these stories as folk-lore indicating
what once really happened.”
These particulars I take from letters of Dr. C. G.
Seligmann's to me (dated 8th February and 9th March
1911). They are not mentioned in the writer's paper on the
subject.

58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
When one of the king's wives is with child, she remains at
Fashoda till the fourth or fifth month of her pregnancy; she
is then sent away to a village, not necessarily her own,
where she remains under the charge of the village chief
until she has finished nursing the child. Afterwards she
returns to Fashoda, but the child invariably remains in the
village of his or her birth and is brought up there. All royal
children of either sex, in whatever part of the Shilluk
territory they may happen to die, are buried the village
where they were born.
As to the disappearance of the early Roman kings see The
Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, vol. ii. pp. 312 sqq.;
as to the disappearance of the early kings of Uganda, see
the Rev. J. Roscoe, The Baganda (London, 1911), p. 214.
See The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 1 sqq., ii.
376 sqq.
“E. de Pruyssenaere's Reisen und Forschungen im Gebiete
des Weissen und Blauen Nil,” Petermann's Mittheilungen,
Ergänzungsheft, No. 50 (Gotha, 1877), pp. 18-23. Compare
G. Schweinfurth, The Heart of Africa, Third Edition (London,
1878), i. 48 sqq. In the text I have followed de
Pruyssenaere's description of the privations endured by the
Dinka in the dry season. But that description is perhaps
only applicable in seasons of unusual drought, for Dr. C. G.
Seligmann, writing from personal observation, informs me
that he regards the description as much overdrawn; in an
average year, he tells me, the cattle do not die of famine
and the natives are not starving. According to his
information the drinking of the blood of their cattle is a
luxury in which the Dinka indulge themselves at any time of
the year.
For this and the following information as to the religion,
totemism, and rain-makers of the Dinka I am indebted to
the kindness of Dr. C. G. Seligmann, who investigated the

63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
Shilluk and Dinka in 1909-1910 and has most obligingly
placed his manuscript materials at my disposal.
On the importance of the rain-makers among the Dinka and
other tribes of the Upper Nile, see The Magic Art and the
Evolution of Kings, i. 345 sqq.
Emin Pasha in Central Africa, being a Collection of his
Letters and Journals (London, 1888), p. 91; J. G. Frazer,
Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 529 sq. (from information given
by the Rev. John Roscoe).
Father Guillemé, in Annales de la Propagation de la Foi, lx.
(1888) p. 258; id., “Credenze religiose dei Negri di Kibanga
nell' Alto Congo,” Archivio per lo studio delle tradizioni
popolari, vii. (1888) p. 231.
The Travels of the Jesuits in Ethiopia, collected and
historically digested by F. Balthazar Tellez, of the Society of
Jesus (London, 1710), p. 197. We may compare the death
of Saul (1 Samuel, xxxi. 3-6).
Lieut. H. Pope-Hennessy, “Notes on the Jukos and other
Tribes of the Middle Benue,” Journal of the Anthropological
Institute, xxx. (1900) p. (29).
J. G. Frazer, Totemism and Exogamy, ii. 608, on the
authority of Mr. H. R. Palmer, Resident in Charge of Katsina.
F. T. Valdez, Six Years of a Traveller's Life in Western Africa
(London, 1861), ii. 194 sq.
Nathaniel Isaacs, Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa
(London, 1836), i. 295 sq., compare pp. 232, 290 sq.
The Magic Art and the Evolution of Kings, i. 392.
J. dos Santos, “Eastern Ethiopia,” in G. McCall Theal's
Records of Southeastern Africa, vii. (1901) pp. 194 sq. A
more highly-flavoured and full-bodied, though less slavishly
accurate, translation of this passage is given in Pinkerton's

73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
Voyages and Travels, xvi. 684, where the English translator
has enriched the unadorned simplicity of the Portuguese
historian's style with “the scythe of time” and other flowers
of rhetoric.
J. dos Santos, op. cit. p. 193.
Xenophon, Hellenica, iii. 3. 3; Plutarch, Agesilaus, 3; id.,
Lysander, 22; Pausanias, iii. 8. 9.
Herodotus, iii. 20; Aristotle, Politics, iv. 4. 4.; Athenaeus,
xiii. 20, p. 566. According to Nicolaus Damascenus (Fr. 142,
in Fragmenta historicorum Graecorum, ed. C. Müller, iii. p.
463), the handsomest and bravest man was only raised to
the throne when the king had no heirs, the heirs being the
sons of his sisters. But this limitation is not mentioned by
the other authorities.
G. Nachtigal, Saharâ und Sûdân, iii. (Leipsic, 1889) p. 225;
A. Bastian, Die deutsche Expedition an der Loango-Küste
(Jena, 1874-75), i. 220.
P. W. Joyce, Social History of Ancient Ireland (London,
1903), i. 311.
Strabo, xvii. 2. 3, p. 823; Diodorus Siculus, iii. 7.
Mohammed Ebn-Omar El-Tounsy, Voyage au Darfour (Paris,
1845), pp. 162 sq.; Travels of an Arab Merchant in Soudan,
abridged from the French by Bayle St. John (London,
1854), p. 78; Bulletin de la Société de Géographie (Paris),
IVme Série, iv. (1852) pp. 539 sq.
R. W. Felkin, “Notes on the Waganda Tribe of Central
Africa,” in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh,
xiii. (1884-1886) p. 711; J. Roscoe, “Further Notes on the
Manners and Customs of the Baganda,” Journal of the
Anthropological Institute, xxxii. (1902) p. 77 (as to
sneezing).

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The Law Of Evidence 5th Edition I H Dennis

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