The origin of the universe and it's theories .pptx

Origin of the universe

1. UNIT I: EARTH SCIENCE Chapter 1: The Origin and System of Earth Chapter 2: Earth: The Evolution of Earth Chapter 3: Earth: Natural Hazards, Mitigation and Adaptation

2. How did the universe come to be? What is it made of?

3. Creation Myths Is a symbolic narrative of the beginning of the world as understood by a culture. These are handed down from generation to generation through oral traditions such as stories, poems and songs, and works of art, among others.

4. Formation of the Universe: Scientific Theories

5. Big Bang Theory

6. Big Bang Theory Alexander Friedmann & Georges Lamaitre (1920) 13.7 Gya (billion years ago) According to the theory there was nothing and nowhere then suddenly, due to random fluctuation in an empty void, there was a great explosion or expansion. The explosion sent space, time, matter and energy in all directions.

7. Events after Big Bang

8. Inflationary Epoch 10 -35 to 10 -33 The universe expanded from the size of an atomic nucleus to 10 35 meters in width

9. Formation of the Universe The universe continue to expand. It become distinct, possessing, gravity, strong nuclear force, and electromagnetic force The universe was made up of fundamental particles and energy.

10. Formation of Basic Elements Protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen nuclei and hydrogen nuclei began to combine in pairs to form helium nuclei.

11. Radiation Era Most of energy in the universe was in the form of radiation. This included different wavelengths of lights, x-rays, radio waves, and ultraviolet rays. They formed what was called the cosmic microwave background radiation.

12. Matter Domination Matter began to dominate at the end of the radiation era At this stage, lithium atom began to be formed. Electrons joined with hydrogen and helium nuclei to make small neutral atoms.

13. Birth of Star and Galaxies The slightly irregular areas of gas cloud gravitationally attracted nearby matter and became denser. The dense gas clouds collapsed and eventually gained enough mass to ignite and produce light. The huge clouds of gas could be the birthplace for dozens of stars. The group stars became the galaxies.

14. Four Basic Forces

15. Evidences of the Big Bang Theory

16. Galaxies Moving Away Edwin Hubble (1924) found that stars are not uniformly distributed in space. Instead, they gather, forming clusters called galaxies. By determining the velocities of the galaxies based on the amount of light they emit, he found out that nearly all galaxies were moving away, with the distance between distant galaxies increasing with time. If it was expanding, they must have been closer together in the past, and may even come from a single point in the beginning.

17. Presence of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson (1960) discovered a background radio emission coming from every direction in the sky. This radiation was speculated as the remnant energy left over from the formation of the universe. This energy probably dates to the recombination era, when atoms were just beginning to form. The discovery of CMB placed an end to the steady state theory of the universe.

18. Abundance of Light Elements Elements like helium, hydrogen with trace amount of lithium and beryllium found in the observable universe agrees with the hypotheses of the big bang theory. Their abundance is checked from the spectra of the oldest stars and gas clouds. The ratios of these light elements match with what was expected from the big bang nucleosynthesis.

19. Steady State Theory

20. Flatness The Wilkinson Microwave Theory Anistropy Probe (WMAP) revealed that the geometry of the universe is nearly flat. However, according to the big bang theory, there should be curvature as time grows.

21. Monopole The Big bang theory predicted the production of heavy stable magnetic monopoles in the early universe. However, there were no magnetic monopoles that have been observed.

22. Horizon Based on the big bang expansion, distant regions of space in opposite directions of the sky are so far apart that they could never have been in casual contact with each other.

23. Cosmic Inflation Theory

24. Inflation Theory Proposed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhart, Andy Albrecht Offered solution to the unresolved problems revolving the big bang. The theory proposed a period of exponential expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual big bang expansion During this rapid expansion, the energy density of the universe was dominated by a cosmological constant-type of vacuum energy. Later, the energy decayed to produce the matter and radiation which filled up the universe This theory is regarded as an extension of the standard big bang theory.

25. String Theory

26. String Theory String theory is the idea in theoretical physics that reality is made up of infinitesimal vibrating strings, smaller than atoms, electrons or quarks. According to this theory, as the strings vibrate, twist and fold, they produce effects in many, tiny dimensions that humans interpret as everything from particle physics to large-scale phenomena like  gravity .

27. M-Theory

28. M-Theory Stephen Hawling and Leonard Mlodinow argue that the collisions of M-branes leads to a new universe. In the M-theory, the origin of the universe occurs as a result of the contact of two hyperdimensional branes. The M- theory used by Hawling can allow for an infinite number of parallel universes which have the possibility of interphasing .

29. Solar System

30. Our solar system is made up of a star—the Sun—eight planets, 146 moons, a bunch of comets, asteroids and space rocks, ice, and several dwarf planets, such as Pluto. Planets, asteroids, and comets orbit our Sun. They travel around our Sun in a flattened circle called an ellipse. It takes the Earth one year to go around the Sun. Mercury goes around the Sun in only 88 days. It takes Pluto, the most famous dwarf planet, 248 years to make one trip around the Sun.

31. Where does Solar System come from?

32. Theories on the Origin of Solar System

33. Descartes’ Vortex Theory Rene Descartes was the first proponent of the model of the solar system. It was formed into bodies with nearly circular orbits because whirlpool-like motion in the pre-solar material. He explained the orbits of the planets are the primary whirlpool motion and the satellites the secondary whirlpool motion.

34. Buffon’s Collision Theory George-Louis Leclerc and Comte de Buffon Planets were formed by the collision of the sun with giant comet. The resulting debris formed into planets that rotate in the same direction as they revolved around the sun.

35. Kant-Laplace Nebular Theory Based on the ideas of Descartes, Immanuel Kant and Pierre Simon Laplace Proposed the nebular theory which suggested that a great cloud of gas and dust called nubula, began to collapse because of gravitational pull. As a cloud contracted, it spun more rapidly.

36. Jeans-Jeffrey’s Tidal Theory James Hopwood Jeans and Harold Jeffreys suggested a dualistic theory in which the sun and planets were produced by different mechanisms. Proposed that the planets were formed from the substance that was torn out of the sun. As a speeding massive star passed near the sun, it pulled off material due to gravitational attraction. The torn-off material subsequently condensed to form the planets.

37. Solar Nebular Theory According to the solar nebular theory, the formation of the planets involves different stages. In contrast to the single process of nebular theory. Th first stage is the accretion of gained-sized particles to form centimeter-sized particles which would later grow to several kilometers in diameter. The second stage involves the formation of more massive objects from coalescing planetesimals.