The overview of leukemia presentation.pptx

Leukemia, it's cause's, treatment, symptoms

1. Leukemia Research Planning and Scientific Writing Submitted To: Dr. Tanzila Sehar Submitted By: Nida Rani Roll No: 22-15 Program: BS Biochemistry (Morning – Section B) Department: Biochemistry

2. Introduction • ‘Leukemia’ derived from Greek ‘leukos’ (white) and ‘heima’ (blood) (Blackburn et al., 2019). • Among most common hematological malignancies (~20,000 new cases/year) (Shahab & Raziq, 2014). • Uncontrolled proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells (Stewart & Keating, 1988). • Major global cause of cancer mortality (Shephard et al., 2016). • Aggressive in children due to systemic spread (Malik et al., 2022).

3. History • 1811: Peter Cullen described ‘milky’ blood (Kampen, 2012). • 1845: John Bennett coined ‘leucocythemia’; 1847: Virchow renamed ‘leukämie’. • Late 19th century: Classified into AML, ALL, CML, CLL (Blackburn et al., 2019). • 20th century: Bone marrow biopsy essential (Shahab & Raziq, 2014). • Modern molecular tools revolutionized classification (Malik et al., 2022).

4. Types of Leukemia • Four major types: AML, ALL, CML, CLL (Blackburn et al., 2019). • AML: Immature myeloid cell proliferation (Blackburn et al., 2019). • ALL: Uncontrolled lymphoblast replication (Shahab & Raziq, 2014). • CML: Caused by Philadelphia chromosome translocation (Ilhan et al., 2006). • CLL: Gradual accumulation of mature lymphocytes (Stewart & Keating, 1988).

5. Causes • Combination of genetic and environmental factors (Tebbi, 2021). • Risk factors: radiation, benzene, chemo drugs, viruses (Ilhan et al., 2006). • Genetic syndromes: Down, Fanconi, Bloom (Ilhan et al., 2006). • ‘Two-hit’ model: mutation + secondary insult (Tebbi, 2021). • Therapy-related leukemia post chemo/radiation (Stewart & Keating, 1988).

6. Diagnosis • Early symptoms: fatigue, fever, pallor, bleeding (Shahab & Raziq, 2014). • Often delayed due to nonspecific signs (Shephard et al., 2016). • Blood & bone marrow exam confirm diagnosis (Stewart & Keating, 1988). • Lab findings: anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia (Blackburn et al., 2019). • Advanced testing: cytogenetic, molecular, immunophenotypic (Malik et al., 2022).

7. Treatment • Shift from single to combination chemotherapy (Clarkson et al., 1975). • Cytarabine + thioguanine increased remission rates. • Bone marrow transplant for relapsed/high-risk cases (Stewart & Keating, 1988). • Phased therapy: induction → consolidation → maintenance (Blackburn et al., 2019). • Targeted therapies: TKIs for CML, CAR-T immunotherapy (Blackburn et al., 2019). • Nursing role: monitoring, managing side effects, patient support.

8. Prevention and References • Reduce exposure to radiation and benzene (Ilhan et al., 2006). • Use protective gear in industrial work. • Promote early detection and awareness (Shephard et al., 2016). • Adopt healthy lifestyle and avoid tobacco (Blackburn et al., 2019). References: Blackburn et al., 2019; Clarkson et al., 1975; Ilhan et al., 2006; Kampen, 2012; Malik et al., 2022; Shahab & Raziq, 2014; Shephard et al., 2016; Stewart & Keating, 1988; Tebbi, 2021.