The principles of language learning

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1. Institute of Education University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir Group members Syed Basit Ali Naqvi (07) Raja Amir (17) Mushahid Abbasi (20) Raja Zeshan (36) Mamon Mughal (43) Raja Adnan (46)

2. The Principles of Language Learning

3. At the end of this presentation students will be having general understanding about the fundamental principles of language learning and the utility of these methods to speed up language learning process. Learning Outcomes

4. Contents Introduction Principles of language learning Conclusion Activity

5. Introduction In Pakistan English is taught both as a foreign language and as a second language. There are certain basic principles common to all good language teaching since these principles are fruitful for teaching all languages they are called general principles of language teaching.

6. Sr # Principle Sr # Principle 1 Naturalness 9 Gradation 2 Exposure 10 Phonology 3 Habit Formation 11 Interest 4 Using Mother Tongue 12 Learning by Doing 5 Order and Proportion 13 Multiple Line of Approach 6 Passive and Active Vocabulary 14 Accuracy and Correctness 7 Motivation 15 Co-relation with Life 8 Selection 16 Aptitude and Imitation Principles of Language Learning

7. 1. Principle of Naturalness The mother tongue is learnt more easily because a natural environment exists for learning it (in family and in neighborhood) but this is not true for foreign language. Provide the child with a natural environment for learning this foreign language. For this following points be considered: Talking to the student in foreign language in the class, playground etc. Encouraging students to converse only in this language. Arranging for group discussion.

8. 2. Principle of Exposure Teacher should try to expose student to an environment loaded with the foreign language. Distribute pamphlets in foreign language Form a foreign language speaking club in the school Display charts with slogans written in English on walls etc. Show slides in English. Take students to watch English movies. The use of mother tongue in class room be minimized to give students maximum exposure to English.

9. 3. Principle of Habit Formation Language learning is essentially a habit forming process, a process during which we acquire new habits In language teaching following habits should be formulates in students: Habit of listening and distinguishing between sounds. Habit of speaking with proper accent. Habit of imitating. Habit of spelling and repeating. Habit of reading aloud with exact articulation. Habit of silent reading and using correct grammar. Habit of using words in their proper context. Habit of correct pronunciation and consulting dictionary. Habit of reading newspapers, journals, story-books etc. Habit of going to library.

10. 4. Principle of Using Mother-tongue According to Roberts Paul “When we learnt first language we face the universe directly and learn to clothe it with speech; when we learn a second language, we tend to filter the universe with the language already known”. According to P. Gurrey “The teaching of mother-tongue and the teaching of a foreign language can support and assist each other”.

11. 5. Principle of Order and Proportion Natural order of learning is made up of learning the four basic language skills. Understanding (listening) Speaking Reading Writing No skills should be over emphasized or neglected. According to palmer “Items in the whole range of subject and aspects must receive an appropriate degree of attention so that the students’ knowledge of them may form a harmonious whole”

12. 6.Principle of Passive and Active Vocabulary To increase vocabulary is one of the objectives of teaching English. There are two kinds of vocabulary Passive vocabulary It consists of those words which are recognized and understood by seldom used in speaking and writing. Active vocabulary It consists of those words which are understood and constantly used by the learner while speaking and writing.

13. 7. Principle of Motivation Motivation is the core of learning. Special teachings are required to motivate students to learn the foreign language. These are following Arousing Techniques Techniques that arouses students from a state sleepiness, inducting anxiety, frustration and curiosity. b) Expectancy Techniques Formulate clear goals before students. c) Incentive Techniques Techniques are prize, praise, punishment, compilation etc.

14. 8. Principle of Selection These principles are based on the assumption that it is not possible to teach the whole system of the language within a short period. While selecting the teaching matter following points must be kept in mind. a) Frequency Those words or sentences should be selected which have a high frequency of occurrence e.g. book, pen, table etc. b) Range Every word has its range. Range shows the number of situations in which a word can be used. For teaching select the word having a long range.

15. Principle of Selection.. c) Availability The word is convenient to teach as table, chair, book etc. because of their availability in class room. If The word is useful as plate, spoon, cup etc. because of their indispensable characteristics. Words with these characteristics i.e. convenient to teach and useful should be selected. d) Coverage Words having more covering capacity should be selected. E.g. the word ‘cereal’ has a capacity to display ‘wheat’, ‘rice’, ‘pulse’ etc.

16. Principle of Selection.. e) Teach ability Words which can be taught easily by making use of different devices. f) Learn ability The age of students be kept in mind the the choice be made keeping in mind the learning ability of students.

17. 9. Principle of Gradation Selected words and structures are put in suitable order for teaching. This is called gradation. These are as follows Principle of grouping According to it the material selected is grouped on the basis of sound, situation, sentence structure, meaning. i . Phonetic grouping The material is grouped on the basis of sound e.g. go, row, sow etc.

18. Principle of Gradation.. ii. lexical grouping If the basis of grouping of words is situation then it is called lexical grouping e.g. father, mother, brother, sister etc. iii. Grammatical grouping If the basis of grouping of teaching material is sentence structure then it is called grammatical grouping. iv. Semantic grouping If the material is grouped on the basis of meaning.

19. Principle of Gradation.. b) Principle of Sequencing Three types of sequencing i . Grammatical sequence Structures having subject, verb, object should be taught first. ii. Lexical Sequence It is concerned with the fact which word follows which e.g. or follows either nor follows neither etc. iii. Semantic Sequence According to it words of same or rather same meaning are taught one by one.

20. 10. Principle of Phonology Oral speech is the quickest way of learning a language. According to Wren states “There was speech in the world a long time before there was writing”. According to Prof. Kitson In his book “theory and practice of learning teaching” writes, “learning to speak a language is always by far the shortest road to learning to read it and to write it”.

21. 11. Principle of Interest To arouse interest in the students teacher can made the use of following a) Audio-visual aids, pictures, charts, records etc. b) Relating the material to everyday life. c) Undertaking various activities such as speaking, reading, writing etc. 12. Principle of learning by Doing It places more emphasis on acquiring the skill by doing. For foreign language acquisition written work, pronunciation, reading, writing, spelling, hearing are necessary activities. Students be given a good practice of these.

22. 13. Principle of multiple line of Approach According to R.N Safaya , “The term multiple line implies that one is to proceed simultaneously from many different points towards the one and the same end. Various approaches that may be used as follows. Social Functional Cultural Behavioral Phonetic Situational Structural

23. 14. Principle of Accuracy and Correctness Accuracy means to make use of right of exact words. The selection of words should be right. Use of words should be economical. Expression should be impressible. 15. Principle of Correlation with life Teacher should make efforts to relate the subject-matter to life, customs, traditions and characteristics of society to which the student belongs.

24. 16. Principle of Language Aptitude and Imitation Aptitude Carrol and Spoon, who are specialists of language have opined that for learning a language. Language aptitude is needed. Phonetic coding: Ability to code sounds in such a way that it can be remembered. Grammar: Ability to handle grammar. c) Rote memorization. d) Inferring linguistic rules, patterns etc.

25. Principle of Language Aptitude and Imitation... Imitation Good speech is the result of imitating good models of speech. Teacher must provide a good model of speech before the students.

26. Conclusion Above principles must be follow in the teaching of English if the teacher wants his teaching to be fruitful, if he wants the rate of learning to be accelerated.