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1. GENETICS
GENES

2. GENETICS
Geneticsis the study of the mechanisms involved in the control, transmission and
expression of inherited characteristics
•Variation
•Continuous variation

3. Discontinuous variation

4. •Chromosomes and Genes

5. •Chromosome Numbers
somatic cells
gametes
diploid
2n
monoploidhaploid

6. Species Diploid Number (2n) Haploid number (n)
Humanbeing46 23
Rat 40 20
Fruitfly 8 4
Onion 16 8
Tomato 24 12

7. •Chromosome Types
sex
chromosomes autosomes

8. The Language of Genetics
•Chromosome
•Gene:
polygenic inheritance

9. •Allele:
multiple alleles

10. •Genotype
•Phenotype
•Dominant

11. •Recessive:
•Codominance:
I
A
I
B
•Homozygous:

12. •Heterozygous:
Aa, Tt Bb
•Mendel’s Experiments

13. •Experiment 1
•Let T = allele for tallness and t = allele for shortness
•Note:
first parental generation (P1-generation).
first filial generation (F1-
generation).

14. •Experiment 2
F1 ¾
¼

15. 3:1
0.750.25
¼ X 1000 = 250
•Exercise:
(R)
(r)

16. •Exercise:

17. •Back Cross (Test Cross)

18. •(a) If the organism is homozygous dominant (TT)

19. •(b)If the organism is heterozygous (Tt)

20. •Blood Group inheritance in Humans
three alleles
I
A
, I
B
I
O
I
A
I
B
I
O

22. •Points to take note of
group AB NEVER O child
group O NEVER AB child
homozygous group A (I
A
I
A
)homozygous group B
(I
B
I
B
) NEVER
group O child
heterozygous (I
A
I
O
or I
B
I
O
).
one parent is heterozygous group A (I
A
I
O
)
heterozygous group B ( I
B
I
O
) any blood group

23. •Sex Inheritance in Humans
X
Y sex chromosomes
genotype XX is
female genotype XY is male
are equal

25. •Sex Linkage
non sex gene sex chromosome
sex-linked
X chromosome X-linked
haemophiliared-green colour
blindness on the Y
chromosome extra (non-homologous)

26. •Haemophilia
poor clotting of blood
VIII IX (h)
(H)
X
H
X
H
X
H
X
h
X
h
X
h
X
H
Y
X
h
Y

27. •Red-green Colour Blindness
(r)
recessive (R)dominant
X
R
X
R
X
R
X
r
X
r
X
r
X
R
Y
X
r
Y

29. mutant
mutagenmutagenic factor carcinogens
gene mutations chromosome mutations
•Gene Mutation:

30. Albinism:

31. •Sickle cell Anaemia:
malaria.

32. Chromosome Mutation:
Down’s syndrome
47 chromosomes
NB: