Chapter 2. Mood and modality
the French imperative uses the present subjunctive endings for several verbs such
as avoir, être, savoir and vouloir and all the forms for the indirect imperative are
drawn from the present subjunctive [suppletive imperative]. This is also true for
the imperative forms of ‘to be’ in English where ‘be’ is the sole form for both moods.
With the subjunctive mood, we reach a higher level of abstraction than
expressed by the indicative and the imperative. Both the imperative and the
subjunctive express volition, but the subjunctive has a much greater variety of
modalities or attitudes which can be roughly divided in three categories: volition
(commands, wishes, requirements, requests, etc.), subjectivity (in judgment,
opinion, belief, etc.) and doubt, all of which only exist in the mind of the speaker
at the moment of the discourse.
Finally, the infinitive form of a verb is its uninflected form, that is, its base
form. It is sometimes called the nominalized form of the verb because it “attaches
labels to states of being, to events or to actions to indicate the type of verb pro-
cessed involved” (Matte 1989: 173). Incidentally, very few verbs have indeed been
nominalized such as le boire ‘drinks, drinking’, le manger ‘food, eating’, le rire
‘laugh’. We will also consider past and present participles.
2.2.2 The indicative and subjunctive alternation in French
The indicative mood is the most common realis mood used to express the factual-
ity of an opinion (e.g. je pense que vous avez raison ‘I think you are right’), state a
fact (e.g. le président Kennedy a été assassiné ‘President Kennedy was assassinated’),
or ask a question (e.g. savez-vous si la pièce a déjà commencé? ‘do you know if the
play has already started?’). It is probably the mood with which learners are most
familiar because it is introduced very early on in the curriculum of instructed
foreign languages and because indicative morphological forms (i.e. tenses) convey
all three temporalities: past, present, future. Moreover, the indicative is considered
as the default mood, while the subjunctive is viewed as a marked mood because it
must be triggered and occurs in fewer contexts, syntactically.
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Morphologically, French exhibits simple tenses (present, imparfait, future,
passé simple), compound tenses (passé composé, plus-que-parfait, futur antérieur),
as well as lexical expressions (être en train de and aller en + present participle,
venir de, aller + infinitive, to express the progressive, a recent past, and a near
future, respectively).
If the indicative mood expresses certainty, then the subjunctive mood expresses
uncertainty as well as subjectivity in many different cases (superlatives, emotion,
. The word subjonctif comes from Latin subjungere which means ‘to place under the
dependance of’.