The Self as Cognitive Construct Presentation pptx

Self Cognitive

1. Definition of SELF by Psychology There are interchangeable definitions of self in the world of psychology as many theorists have provided their own studies and perception on regards with “ SELF ”

2. William James He conceptualized the self as having two aspects: “ I ”- The thinking, acting, and feeling self “ ME ”- is the physical characteristics as well as psychological capabilities that makes who you are

3. The Self as Cognitive Construct Prepared by: Gladys M. Babiera, RPm

4. Carl Rogers He is known for his theory of Person-Centered Theory . He believes that every person have the capability to change and attain self-actualization He made a diagram of Self Concept which includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are perceived in awareness by the individual. Self concept is not identical to organismic self Ideal self is defined as one’s view of self as one wishes to be. “ Awareness ” is the symbolic representation by some portion of our experience.

5. Becoming a person Positive regard- If we perceived that others, especially significant others care for, prize us, or value us then our need to receive positive regard Positive self Regard- You can show and express value and importance of yourself. Conditions of Worth- They perceive that their parents, partners and peers accept them only because of certain conditions Self-Schema – Organized system or collection of knowledge about who we are.

6. Sigmund Freud A known psychologists because of his theory of Psychoanalysis which is known to any academic area. He believed that there are three levels of mental life are: Conscious Preconscious Unconscious He also believed that there are three provinces of the mind : Id Ego Superego

7. George Herbert Mead He is a sociologist who is known for his theory of the self. Mead’s theory of the self maintains that the conception a person holds of themselves in their mind emerges from social interaction with others. For Mead, Self comprises of: “ I ” – person’s individuality. This is the response of “ME”, Self as object “ ME ”- represents the expectations and attitudes of others. Self as subjects Three activities which the “Self” is developed: Language, Play and Game.

8. Lev Vygotsky Lev Vygotsky is known for his Social Development Theory . He stresses that the fundamental role of social interaction in the development of cognition as he believed strongly that community plays a central role in the process of “making meaning”

9. The Self Social Interaction and group affiliation are vital factors in creating our self-concept especially in the aspect of providing us with our social identity or our perception of who we are based on our membership to certain group. Self-awareness - when we are aware of our self-concepts. Carver and Scheier identified two types of self that we can be aware of: Private Self- Internal standards and private thoughts and feelings Public Self- Public image commonly geared toward having a good presentation of yourself to others.

10. Self-Schema Self-awareness also presents us with at least three other self-schema : Actual Self- Who you are at the moment Ideal Self- Who you like to be Ought Self- Who you think you should be Our group identity and self-awareness also has a great impact on our self-esteem. In large crowds, we may experience deindividuation or “the loss of individual self-awareness and individual accountability in groups”.

11. Self-Esteem Baumeister , Smart and Boden in their research on self-esteem concluded that programs, activities and parenting styles to boost self-esteem should only be for rewarding good behavior and other achievements and not for the purpose of merely trying to make children feel better about themselves or to appease them when they get angry or sad.

12. Social Comparison Theory We learn about ourselves, the appropriateness of our behaviors, as well as our social status by comparing aspects of ourselves with other people. Downward social comparison is the more common type of comparing ourselves with others.

13. The Self in Western and Eastern Thoughts

14. Self-Evaluation Maintenance Theory Social Comparison also entails what is called self-evaluation maintenance theory, which states that we can feel threatened when someone out-performs us, especially when that person is close to us. In an attempt to increase or maintain self-esteem, some people become narcissistic. Narcissism is a “trait characterized by overly high self-esteem, self-admiration, and self-centeredness”.

15. Confucianism It can be seen as a code of ethical conduct, of how one should properly act according to their relationship with other people: thus, it is also focused on having a harmonious social life. Self-cultivation is seen as the ultimate purpose of life but the characteristics of a chun-tzu . A man of virtue or noble character, is still embedded in his social relationships.

16. Taoism Taoism is living the way of Tao or the universe. It rejects the hierarchy and strictness brought by Confucianism and would prefer a simple lifestyle and its teachings thus aim to describe how to attain that life. The self is not just an extension of the family or the community; it is part of the universe, one of the forms and manifestations of the Tao.

17. Buddhism The self is seen as an illusion, born out of ignorance, of trying to hold and control things, or human-centered needs; thus, the self is also the source of these sufferings. It is therefore, our quest to forget about the self, forget the cravings of the self, break the attachments you have with the world, and to renounce the self which is the cause of all suffering and in doing so, attain the state of Nirvana.