The Universe and the Solar System.pdfkdl

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1. FORMATION OF UNIVERSE
The Universe and the Solar System
3
LESSON
COURSE

2. At the end of the lesson , students should
be able to:
Understand the
formation of
the Universe
1
Distinguish
different theories
of the formation
of the Universe
2 3
Realize the
importance of the
structure of the
Universe

3. Formation of the Universe
Our Solar System consists of Stars, Sun and its
orbiting planets. Along with moons, asteroids,
comet materials, rocks and dust.
Sun is just one star among the hundreds of
billions of stars in our Milky Way Galaxy.
Galaxy is a large group of stars, gas and dust
held together by gravity. The Milky Way is just
one of billion of galaxies in the universe.

4. What is
Universe?
is everything that physically
exists throughout all of space
and time.
Approximately, the known is
about 14 Billion years old.
A light year is the distance
travelled by light in a year which
is approximately 6 trillion years

5. THEORIES OF THE FORMATION OF
THE UNIVERSE

6. Theories on the Origin of the Universe
In an effort to make sense of the Universe,
humans used religion, traditions, philosophy,
and science to describe its origin and structure.
Humankind’s most recent understanding of the
universe is built upon previous knowledge and
enhanced by integrating data acquired from
latest technologies.

7. The narrative from Genesis, one of the boof of the Hebrew
Bible and Christian Old Testament, described how God
separated light from darkness created the sky, land, sea,
moon, stars, and every living creature in a span of six days.
Theory of Special Creation or Divine Creation

8. Hindu Text
The Hindu text Rigveda describes that the universe as an
oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brabmanda,
containing the whole universe - including the sun, moon,
planets, and space, expands out of a single concentrated
point called Bindu. and will eventually collapse agin.

9. Fifth Century to Third Century BCE, the Greek philosophers present their own
description of universe. Anaxagoras believed in a primordial universe and
explained the original state of the cosmos was primordial mixture of all its
ingridients which infinitesimally small fragments of themselves.
Primodial Universe
Mixtures was set in motion by action of
“nous” or mind. Whirling motion was
produced cosmos of separate material
objects with different properties.

10. Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus believed in an Atomic
Universe. They held the universe was composed of very small, indivisible,
and indestructible atoms. The stoic philosophers believed that the
universe like a giant living body, with the sun and stars that are
interconnected. What happens in one place affects the events that occur
elsewhere.
Atomic Universe

11. Greek philosophers Aristotle and
Ptolemy proposed geocentric
universe, where Earth stayed
motionless in the heavens and
everything is revolving around it.
Geocentric Universe

12. Proposed by astronomer Nicolaus
Copernicus in 1543, contradicts
geocentric universe. He demonstrated
that the motions of celestial objects
can be explained without putting Earth
in the center of the universe.
Theory of Heliocentrism

13. In 1584, the Italian PhIlosopher
Giordano Bruno suggested that even
Solar System is not the center of the
Universe, it is merely just another star
system among an infinite multitude of
others.
Infinite Universe

14. In 1687, Isaac Newton described the
universe as a static, steady-state,
infinite universe. Matter on the large
scale is uniformly distributed, and the
universe is gravitationally balanced but
essentially unstable.

15. Rene Descartes a french philosopher outlined a Cartesian Vortex model of
the Universe.
His model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter,
producing what would later be called gravitational effect

16. Albert Einstein model of universe was no different
from Newton’s work. He added a cosmological
constant to his general theory of relativityequations
to counteract the dynamic effects of gravity.
He later abandon this part of the theory when, in 1929
American astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that the
universe was not stable.

17. MODERN
THEORIES ON
THE ORIGIN OF
THE UNIVERSE

18. Modern Theories on the
Origin of the Universe
it is a synthesis of the past observations, theories, and
laws, as well as new understanding of mass, energy, and
relativity. The invention of new types of telescopes and
sensors which extended humankind’s ability to observe
the farther regions of the universe were vital in the
development of these modern theories.
Image Credit: NASA/SDO

19. Big Bang Theory
It is the current accepted model on the formation of the universe.
It describes the universe as expanding, and originated in an infinitely tiny, infinitely
dense point around 14 billion years ago. (Gigayears or Gya)
Matter was not present at the beggining of time; there was only pure energy
compressed in a single point called Singularity.

20. Big Bang Theory
Is attributed to Belgian Roman Catholic Priest Edouard Lemaitre in 1927.
It was later supported by Edwin Hubble’s demonstration of the continously expanding
universe through his obeservation of galactic redshifts in 1929, and the discovery of
the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in
1965.
It was a massive explosion which caused the inflation and
expansion of the universe. At that moment, the universe was
extremely hot that matter cannot yet exist. In a fraction of a
second, four fundamental forces were formed: gravity (attraction
between bodies), electromagnetic force (binds atoms into
molecules), strong nucler force (binds protons and neutron
together in the nucleus), and weak nuclear force (break down an
atom’s nucleus and produce radioactive decay).

21. Oscillating Universe Theory
An oscillating universe was Albert Einstein’s favored model after rejecting his own
original model. The oscillating universe followed the general theory of relativity
equations of the universe with positive curvature. This curvature results in the
expansion of the Universe for a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull of its
gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big crunch.

22. Steady State Theory
Proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi, the steady
state theoy predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density -
matter was inserted into the universe as it expanded in order to maintain a constant
density.

23. Inflationary Theory
American Physicist Alan Guth proposed a model of the universe based on the Big
Bang Theory. This become known as the Inflationary Model. Another variation of the
inflationary model was the cyclic model developed by Paul Steinhardt and Neil Turok
in 2002, which incorporated the ideas based on the superstring theory.

24. Multiverse
Russian - American physicist Andrei Linde developed the concept of inflationary
universe from his chaotic inflationary theory in 1983. This theory sees the universe as
just one of many “bubbles” that grew as a part of a multiverse. American physicist
Hugh Everett III and Bryce DeWitt had initially developed and popularized the concept
of “many world” structure of the universe in the 1960's and 1970's.