THE WRITING PROCESS - WRITING YOUR RESEARCH REPORT

This presentation is a guide on writing a research report. Particularly, this is used in Grade 10 English class.

1. WRITING YOUR RESEARCH REPORT

2. WRITING THE INTRODUCTION

3. Parts of a Research Report Introduction Body Conclusion

4. Introduction The introduction part of your research report establishes the nature of your study. The introduction serves the purpose of leading the reader from a general subject area to a particular field of research. One usually starts from the international picture of a problem (mega level), the local level (macro level), and going down to the context of the research by setting the local scene (micro level)( Sicat , 2009).

5. Parts of the Introduction Brief Background Objectives Significance of the Study Literature Review

6. Brief background It provides an interview of the scope of the research.

7. Objectives of the Study Articulate what you intend to find out or achieve in the study.

8. Significance of the Study Discuss the relevance of the study to your intended audience. Cite the specific benefits that they can get from the findings of the research.

9. Literature Review Discuss previous studies done on the chosen topic. Discuss how your research relates to these previous researches.

10. Citing Sources An in-text citation recognizes your research source for a paraphrased information or quotation. Two Ways of Citing Sources: 1. Direct quotation 2. Paraphrase

11. Short quotation examples: According to Jones (1998), “the students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time” (p.199). Jones (1998) found “students often had difficulty using APA style” (p.199); what implications does this have for teachers? She stated, “Students often had difficulty using APA style” (Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why.

12. Summary or Paraphrase examples: According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners. APA style is a difficult citation format for first-time learners (Jones, 1998).

13. Two authors: Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports… (Wegener & Petty, 1994) Kernis et al. (1993) suggest… ( Kernis et al., 1993)

14. Two authors: Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports… (Wegener & Petty, 1994) Kernis et al. (1993) suggest… ( Kernis et al., 1993) Three authors:

15. Unknown author: A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers (“Using Citations,” 2001). Organization as an author: According to the American Psychological Association (2000)… Two or more works in the same parentheses: (Berndt, 2002; Harlow, 1983) Citing indirect sources: (Johnson, 1985, as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102) Citing source with no date: (Johnson, n.d.)

16. B. Quote the following using correct APA in-text citations. 1. Bullying creates memories that often last a lifetime. Book title: Cyberbullying Year published: 2008 Page: 1 Authors: Robin M. Kowalski, Susan P. Limber, and Patricia W. Agatston _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. As children get older, their use of physical aggression typically decreases but it is sometimes replaced by verbal aggression such as name-calling or teasing. Book title: Aggression and Bullying Year published: 2002 Page: 5 Authors: Suzanne Cuerin and Eilis Hennessy _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

17. C. Paraphrase the following using correct APA in-text citations. 1. A bully is not simply a person acting aggressively, but one who does so in order to dominate someone less powerful, typically repeatedly and without justification. Book title: Children and Bullying: How Parents and Educators can Reduce Bullying at School Author: Ken Rigby Year published: 2008 Page: 170 _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Without adult leadership and actions required to enforce any anti-bullying prevention/intervention program bullying will continue. Research title: Adults Role in Bullying Year of Publication: 2013 Page: 296 Researchers: Charles E. Notar and Sharon Padgett _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. You already have selected your own research topic on a relevant social issue, then write your introduction with correct in-text citations. You may use another sheet of paper if the space below is not enough. OUTPUT 5 Research Topic: __________________________________________________________________ Introduction: ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

19. WRITING THE BODY

20. Body The body of a research report contains substantial amount of information that needs to be clearly and accurately presented and analyzed. The data that will be presented in this section are meant to address the research questions or objectives. In presenting the gathered information you can use pie charts, graphs, or tables. Note that you must introduce each illustration appropriately followed by an adequate discussion of the data presented.

21. Body You also need to use related studies to support or refute the findings. You can do this by incorporating the notes (summary, quote, paraphrase) that you have gathered in the pre-writing phase.

22. Body According to the Sacred Heart University Library (2020), there are two ways on how to present and organize the results: Present the results followed by a short explanation of the findings. Present a section and then discuss it, before presenting the next section then discussing it, and so on.

23. Tables, Figures, and Graphs - Tables and graphs are visual representations. - They are often used to report research findings as they show patterns and relationships (Fisher, et.al 2008).

24. WRITING THE CONCLUSION

25. Conclusion The conclusion is crucial in bringing home the highlights of the research paper (Almonte, et.al. 2015). A well-written conclusion allows readers to understand why your research should matter to them, as it does not only present the summary of the findings and the restatement of the research problem, but also offer synthesis of key points (Sacred Heart University Library, 2020). Remember that the conclusion should be concise and to the point. Highlight key findings and demonstrate implications (University of Southern California, 2021). Unnecessary details must be avoided and focus on highlighting the significance of the findings of the research. Recommendations based on the results of the study are also included in the conclusion.

26. Body. Present the result and discussion of your research data. Incorporate related studies to support or refute your findings. Cite your sources to avoid plagiarism. You may use another sheet of paper if the space below is not enough. OUTPUT 6 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

27. Conclusion. Summarize your findings. Write recommendations based on the findings. Conclude your research report with the highlights of the impact and significance of your research. 2-3 paragraphs are enough. You may use another sheet of paper if the space below is not enough. OUTPUT 7 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. FINAL TASK. Using what you have learned about writing a research report and the notes that you have gathered in the previous learning segments. Your research reports needs to have the following parts.

29. Introduction (Background Information, Objectives of the Study, Significance of the Study, Related Literature) Body (Present and analyze your research data or information. Incorporate the notes, summary, paraphrase, and direct quotations that you wrote during the pre-writing phase.) Conclusion (Summarize your findings. Include a set of recommendations to address the issue or concern that you have tackled in your research report.)