Theories on the origin of the Universe.

Theories on the origin of the Universe.

1. Earth Science 11 STEM

2. THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF THE universe

3. Cyclical or Oscillating Universe The Hindu ancient text “ Rigveda ” described the universe as a cyclical or oscillating universe in which a “cosmic egg” or Brahmanda , which contains the whole universe, including the Sun, Moon, and planets and all of space expands out of a single concentrated point called a Bindu before subsequently collapsing again

4. Primordial Universe The Greek Philosopher Anaxagoras believed that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all of its ingredients, which existed in infinitesimally small fragments of themselves.

5. Atomic Universe Formulated by Greek philosophers Leucippus and Democritus Founded the school of Atonism where they held that universe was composed of very small, indivisible and indestructible building blocks known as atoms. All of reality and all the objects in the universe are composed of different arrangements of these eternal atoms and an infinite void in which they form different combinations and shapes.

6. Aristotelian universe Aristotelian Universe  - The Greek philosopher  Aristotle , in the 4th Century B.C., established a geocentric  universe  in which the fixed, spherical Earth is at the centre , surrounded by concentric celestial spheres of planets and stars.

7. Stoic Universe The Stoic philosopher of ancient Greece believed that the universe is like a giant living body, with its leading part is being the stars and the Sun in which all parts ar interconnected. What happens in one place affects what happen elsewhere.

8. Heliocentric Universe The Greek astronomer and mathematician Aristarchus of Samos was the first person to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun , not the Earth at the center of the known universe.

9. Ptolemaic Universe The Roman-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Cladius Ptolemaus described a geocentric model of the universe based on the theory of Aristotle in which the planets and the rest of the universe orbit a stationary Earth in circular epicycles.

10. Abrahamic Universe Christian philosopher John Philoponus of Alexandria was the first to argue that the universe is finite in time and therefore had a beginning.

11. Partially Heliocentric Universe Somayaji Nilakantha of the Kerala School of astronomy and mathematics in southern India developed a computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model in which the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn orbited the Sun, which in turn orbited the Earth.

12. Copernican Universe The polish Astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus adapted the geocentric Maragha of ibn al- Shatir to meet the requirements of the heliocentric universe of Aristarchus.

13. Cartesian Vortex universe The French Philosopher René Descartes outlined a model of the universe with many of the characteristics of Newton’s static, infinite universe. His model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter producing what would later be called gravitational effects .

14. Static or Newtonian Universe Sir Isaac Newton published his “Principia” which described a static, steady state, infinite universe. In Newton’s universe, matter on the large scale in uniformly distributed and the universe is gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable.

15. Hierarchal universe and the nebular hypothesis This was proposed by the Swedish scientist and philosopher Emmanuel Swedenborg and developed further by Thomas Wright in 1750, Immanuel Kant in 1755, Johann Heinrich Lambert in 1761, and a similar model was proposed by Frenchman Pierre-Simon Laplace in 1796.

16. Einsteinian Universe The model of the universe assumed by Albert Einstein in his theory of gravity was not dissimilar to Newton’s in that it was static, dynamically stable universe, which was neither expanding or contracting. But later abandoned this theory when Hubble in 1929 showed that the universe was not static.

17. Big Bang Model of the Universe Formulated by Abbe Georges Edouard Lemaître (1894-1966) Belgian cosmologist and priest Born in 1894 in Charleroi, Belgium This theory explains that the universe developed 13.7 billion years ago and started as a very dense and hot “ singularity ” which eventually cooled and began to form different particles.

18. ½ Crosswise 1. In your opinion, which of the theories do you believe the most? 2. What is the fate of the universe? Will the universe continue to expand or will it eventually contract because of gravity?