Theory & Psychology of Adults by Israr.ppt

Education lays the foundation for political, social and economic development
of any country. A viable education system enables the nation to achieve its
national goals. Pakistan as a developing country has faced critical problems
of education since its inception and therefore, the system of education has
failed to deliver according to the aspirations of the nation. There are various
factors responsible for this situation. This paper explores some of the critical
problems that have so far plagued the education system of Pakistan. On the
basis of critical review of available literature, the paper presents solutions to
the existing problems of the education system of Pakistan.
Keyword:
Education system
Critical problems
Solutions
Copyright © 2014 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science.
All rights reserved.
Corresponding Author:
Kahil ur Rehman,
University of Education,
Lahore, Pakistan.
Email: [email protected]
1. INTRODUCTION
Education is the road to national development. It creates sense of responsibility among the people.
On the basis of education people not only realize their duties but also know how to achieve their national,
societal and individual rights. One of the goals of education is to enable the people by enhancing their
general consciousness regarding their national and international position as global citizens. This realization
creates an atmosphere of trust and cooperation in the society. Education promotes economic development
and consequently people become prosperous and play their respective roles in the overall national
development [1]. Pakistan is a developing country. Its economy is weak. There is lack of political stability in
the country. Besides, the country is in the deep grip of increasing political turmoil, expanding terrorism,
incessant sectarian violence, social instability, and economic degeneration. All these problems are directly or
indirectly the offshoot of a weak, polarized and non-unified education system.
Today Pakistan is faced with many problems such as poverty, insecurity, sectarianism and terrorism
[2]. The reasons for these problems are lack of tolerance, lack of general awareness and illiteracy promoted
by an ineffective education system. The vital role of education has been neglected in Pakistan which has led
to low development in all fields of life. Education has been treated like a step child. The lowest budget has
been awarded to the system of education since the establishment of Pakistan which has weakened the
foundation of the quality in the education system. The education system, hence, has failed to raise the nation
economically, politically and socially. After lapse of half a century years and adoption of more than 25
educational polices, still the education system has badly failed to take the nation out of the increasing
economic, political and social quagmire [3].
� ISSN: 2252-8822
IJERE Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2014 : 79 – 83
80
The problems associated with the education system of Pakis

1. Theory and Psychology of
Adults
Presented by: ISRAR AHMED
(Ph D Scholar Sarhad University Peshawar)
Presented to : DR. NIAZ MUHAMMAD AAJIZ
(HoDEducation Deptt Sarhad University
Peshawar)

2. What is Adulthood?

3. What is Adulthood?
“Adulthood usually refers to the transition to
adulthood and occurs when 'young people
are not dependent upon parental
support."(Nilsen, & Brannen, 2002)
Its when physical growth of men or women
has stoppedand one is fully developed.
The state and responsibilities of a person
has reached maturity in the state of adulthood.
When formal education finishes…..!!!!!

4. Physical….
Physical Development –people are at the height
of their physical powers & at their reproductive
peak.
As people enter their 40s:
–Men may start to lose their hair
–Eyesight begins to deteriorate
–Skin loses elasticity so wrinkles appear
–Women continue to have periods until about 45
years old when they reach the menopause
(fertility declines)
–Sperm production in men declines although they
can continue to father children in to their 80s

5. Intellectual….
Intellectual development keeps one’s brain thinking
and motivates one to carry out a variety of life skills.
Being able to fully utilise their skills
Some intellectual tasks may include:
Reading,
Writing,
Watching TV and Listening to the radio etc and
More inclination towards religion. . . etc

6. Emotional….
•Emotionally adults look for stable and
satisfying relationships.
•They will also have greater intimacy skills
•Some may try and achieve their goals in
life
•They are now at the stage of coming to
terms with there body image

7. Social….
Adults at this stage will now feel
comfortable socializing with new
people
•There can be many changes in adults
social life.
•This is also the period when many
experience stress at home or at work.

8. Characteristicsof
Adulthood?

9. Characteristics of Adulthood?
What constitutesemotionalmaturity,andthus
adulthood?Hereare20definingcharacteristicsofatrueadult:
1.Realizing that maturity is an ongoing process, not a
state, and continuously striving for self improvement.
2.Able to manage personal jealousy and feelings of envy.
3.Has the ability to listen to and evaluate the viewpoints
of others.
4.Maintains patience and flexibilityon a daily basis.
5.Accepts the fact that one can’t always win, and learns
from mistakesinstead of whining about the outcome.

10. Characteristics of Adulthood?
6.Does not overanalyze negative points, but instead
looks for the positive points in the subject being
analyzed.
7.Is able to differentiate between rational decision
making and emotional impulse.
8.Understands that no skill or talent can overshadow
the act of preparation.
9.Capable of managing temper and anger.
10.Keeps other people’s feeling in mindand limits
selfishness.
11.Being able to distinguish between ‘needs’ and ‘wants’.
12.Shows confidence without being too arrogant.

11. Characteristics of Adulthood?
13.Handles pressure with self-control.
14.Takes ownership and responsibility of personal
actions.
15.Manages personal fears.
16.Able to see the various shades of greybetween the
extremes of black and white in every situation.
17.Accepts negative feedback as a tool for self
improvement.
18.Aware of personal insecurities and self-esteem.
19.Able to separate true love from temporary fascination.
20.Understanding that open communication is the key to
success.

12. Adult psychology

13. Adult psychology….
Adultpsychologyisdifferentfromchildpsychology.
Psychologyofadultsisbasedontheirbasicinterest,
urgesandcapacities(Rogers,1986).Thepsychology
ofadultsincludesthefollowing:
•Heorsheismoremature–thatis,morefully
developed.Butsincenoneofusiseverfully
developed,wemeanbythisthattheyareusingwhat
talentsoraptitudestheyhavealreadydeveloped.Of
course,weshallallcontinuetogrowanddevelop–
butadultshavealreadydevelopedconsiderable
skillsandtalents.
•Heorshehasdevelopedamorebalancedsenseof
perspective.Anadultismorebalanced.

14. Adult psychology….
•Heorsheisresponsiblefortheirownacts.Some
adultstrytorunawayfromthisautonomyorself
responsibility,andforothers(especiallywomen),the
society(especiallymen)denythemuchopportunity
toexercisethisresponsibilityforthemselves.Butin
theendweareallgrowingintomoreandmore
autonomy.
Indealingwithadults,onemustrecognizetheabove
characteristics.Ifanadultismotivatedproperly,he
canputforthhismaximumeffortstoachievethe
desiredgoal.Themotivatedbehaviourischaracterized
byincreasedactivity,willingnesstowork,overcoming
resistancetoachievethegoal,andlearningnew
instrumentalitiestoachievethegoal.

15. Natureof
adult learning

16. Nature of adult learning
•Adult learning is the acquisition of new
ideas, skills. Attitudes, experiences and
understandingby people whose primary
occupation in life is other than learning or
studentship.
•The adults’ need for learning is current, for
practical information,and not for delayed
gratification.

17. Nature of adult learning
•Largeamountofknowledgerelatingtosocialand
economiclifehavebeenlearnedthroughword-of-
mouthtransmissionandthroughmodeling.
•Socialroles,agriculturalandconstructionskills,
crafts,history,languageandsofortharepassedon
fromgenerationtogenerationthroughinformalbut
highlyrefinedsystemofinformallearning.
•Theinformallylearnedpersonwouldseemtobe
morediscovery–oriented,moreanorganic,and
moreholisticetc…

18. Nature of adult learning
Tofurtherunderstandthenatureofadultlearning,we
havetorecalltheprinciplesofadultlearning.Let’s
analyzethebasicprinciplesofadultlearningenlisted
byKnowles(1978):
•Adultsaremotivatedtolearnastheyexperienceneeds
andintereststhatlearningwillsatisfy;therefore,these
areappropriatestaringpointsfororganizingadult
learningactivities.Forexample,adultswilltypically
peruseformalcourseworkonlywhenthosecourses
becomemeaningful,beneficial,orrewarding.
•Anadult’sorientationtolearningislife-centered;
therefore,theappropriateunitsfororganizingadult
learningarelifesituations,notsubjects.

19. Nature of adult learning
•Experienceistherichestresourceforadults’
learning;thereforethecoremethodologyofadult
educationistheanalysisofexperience.
•Adulthaveadeepneedtobeself-directing;therefore,
theroleoftheteacherofadultsistoengageinaprocess
ofmutualinquirywiththem,ratherthantotransmithisor
herknowledgetothemandthenevaluatetheir
conformitytoit.
•Adultdesireteacherswhowilldirectorchanneltheir
thinkinginchallengingandcreativeways.
•Individualdifferencesamongpeopleincreasewith
age;thereforeadulteducationmustmakeoptional
provisionfordifferencesinstyle,time,placeandpaceof
learning.

20. Problemsof adults…

21. 21
–Physical Changes –wrinkles, skin
folds, decline in sense of smell, slower
reflexes
–Cognitive Changes –memory ability
declines
–Social Changes –new decisions such
as retirement and other future related
decisions…
Problems of adults…

22. •MENOPAUSE: the natural ending of a
woman’s ability to reproduce.
•There are physical symptoms led by a
lack of estrogen.
Men do not experience anything like MENOPAUSE.
Men can pretty much produce sperm forever.
Menopausehave different kinds of psychological
and physical etc effectson woman
Physical Milestones…

23. Sensoryabilities …

24. •Bad news:is as we get older our
immune system weakens, thus we
become more susceptible to life
threatening ailments (cancer etc).
•Good News: because older build up a
collection of antibodies throughout the
years, they get minor colds less often.
Health…

25. •The brain processes information at
slower speeds.
Age and driving…

26. •A progressive and irreversible brain
disordercharacterized by gradual
deterioration of memory, language and
physical functioning.
•Runs its course in 5 to 20 years.
•Deterioration of neurons that produce
the neurotransmitter….Acetylcholine
Alzheimer’s disease…

27. CognitiveChanges
•We tend to remember events from our
teens and twenties.
•Difference between recognition and
recall. Recognition remains stable.
Recall declines with old age.

28. different types of intelligence in adults...
•Crystallizedintelligence: one’s
accumulated knowledge and verbal
skills; tends to increase with age.
•Fluid Intelligence: one’s ability to
reason speedily and abstractly; tends to
decrease during late adulthood.

29. references….
•Dahama, O.P. & O.P. Bhatnagar. 1980. Education and
Communication for Development. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co.
•Dharmvir. 198 1. Adult Psychology and Educational Methods.
New Delhi: Institute of Cooperative Alliance.
•Freire, Paulo. 1970. Education for Awareness. Risk. Vol.VI,
No.4, pp.6-7.
•Freire, Paulo. 1972. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York:
Penguin Books Ltd.
•Illich, Ivan. 1970. The Need for Cultural Revolution. Risk. Vol.VI,
No.4, 32-42.
•Jayagopal 1.984. Adult Learning: Psycho-social Analysis.
Madras: University of Education Madras.
•John B. Watson. 1930. Behaviourism, p.82
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_B.Watson).

30. references….
•John Dewey 1884. The New Psychology. Andover Review, 2,
pp.278-289 -
•Knowles, M. 1978. The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species (Pd
Edition). Huston: Gulf Publishing.
•Kurt Koffka 1886-1941. Gestalt Psychology.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt-Koffka).
•Maslow, Abraham H. 1998. Towards a Psychology of Being,
(3rd ed). New York: Wiley.
•Mc Clelland, David. 1985. Human Motivation. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
•Mc Dougall. 1973. An introduction to social Psychology.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_McDougalll(Psychologist).
•Pavlov, Ivan. 1960. Conditional Reflexes. New York: Dover
Publications.

31. references….
•Reddy, M. C. R. 2005a. "Adult learning: Theories and
principles", Unit-7 of Core
•Paper-1:Alternative Learning Systems and Adult Learning
Methods. of P G
•Diploma in Continuing Education and Management, Dept. of
Adult, Continuing
•Education and Extension, University of Mumbai, Mumbai
(Mimeo).
•Reddy, M. C. R. 2005.-"Motivating adults for Continuous
Learning", Unit-9 of
•Core Paper-1 : Alternative Learning Systems and Adult
Learning Methods, of P.
•G .Diploma in Continuing Education and Management, Dept. of
Adult,

32. references….
•Continuing Education and Extension, University of
Mumbai, Mumbai (Mimeo).
•Rogers, Alan. 1986. Teaching Adults. New Delhi: Sterling
Publishers.
•Skinner, B. F. 1969. The Contingencies Reinforcement: A
Theoretical Analyses.
•New York: Appleton Century Crofts.
•Skinner, B. F. 1974. About Behaviourisim. New York:
Vintage.
•Thorndike, E. L. 1932. The Fundamentals of Learning.
Retrieved from: http:// en.wikipedia.org.www.nwlink.com
•Wolfgang Kohler. 1929. Gestalt Psychology. Retrieved
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology.