THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT.pptx

Psychosocial development is just a fancy phrase that refers to how a person's individual needs (psycho) mesh with the needs or demands of society (social). According to Erikson, a person passes through eight developmental stages that build on each other. At each stage we face a crisis. Erikson's theory postulates that people advance through the stages of development based on how they adjust to social crises throughout their lives. These social crises instruct how individuals react to the surrounding world. Erikson impacted psychological theories by expanding upon Sigmund Freud’s original five stages of development.

1. THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PRESENTED BY PAHARI SHARMA M.SC NURSING 1 ST YEAR

2. CONTENT : INTRODUCTION BIOGRAPHY OF ERICK ERICKSON BASIC PRESUMPTION BY THE ERIK ERIKSON ERICKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT TRUST VS MISTRUST AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT INITIATIVE VS GUILT INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION INTIMACY VS ISOLATION GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE CRITIQUES OF THE THEORY CONCLUSION

3. INTRODUCTION

4. BIOGRAPHY OF ERIK ERIKSON

5. BASIC PRESUMPTION BY THE ERIK ERIKSON Erikson proposed that we are motivated by the need to achieve competence in certain areas of our lives . According to psychosocial theory, we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. Erikson's theory posits that every human being passes through several distinct and qualitatively different stages in life, from birth to death. The key idea in Erikson's theory is that the individual faces a conflict at each stage, which may or may not be successfully resolved within that stage.

6. STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

7. 1. TRUST VS MISTRUST (BIRTH TO 18 MONTHS):

8. THE IMPORTANCE OF TRUST T rust help children build a strong base of trust that's crucial for their social and emotional development. Trust essentially shaping their personality and determining how they will view the world.

9. HOW TO BUILD TRUST Affection C omfort Food

10. CONSEQUENCES OF MISTRUST Unreliable U npredictable P arents who fail to meet these basic needs eventually develop an overall sense of mistrust Mistrust can cause children to become fearful, confused, and anxious It can lead to poor  social support , isolation, and  loneliness .

11. The trust versus mistrust stage serves as a foundation of development. The outcomes of this stage can have effects that influence the rest of an individual's life. Because of this, it is essential for parents to provide responsive, dependable care.

12. 2. AUTONOMY VS SHAME AND DOUBT (1- 2 YEARS):

13. Overview- Psychosocial Conflict:  Autonomy versus shame and doubt Major Question:  "Can I do things myself or am I reliant on the help of others?" Basic Virtue:  Will Important Event(s):  Toilet training

14. Important tasks:

15. The first stage of development, trust versus mistrust, is all about developing a sense of trust about the world. The next stage, autonomy versus shame and doubt, builds upon that earlier stage and lays the foundation for the future stages to come. 

16. 3. INITIATIVE VS GUILT ( 3-5 year)

17. OVERVIEW

18. During this stage, it is important for caregivers to encourage exploration and to help children make appropriate choices. Caregivers who are discouraging or dismissive may cause children to feel ashamed of themselves and to become overly dependent upon the help of others.

19. Play and imagination take on an important role at this stage. Children have their sense of initiative reinforced by being given the freedom and encouragement to play . When efforts to engage in physical and imaginative play are stifled by caregivers, children begin to feel that their self-initiated efforts are a source of embarrassment.

20. 4. INDUSTRY VS INFERIORITY (6-12 years):

21. OVERVIEW

22. School and social interaction play an important role during this time of a child’s life. A child's social world expands considerably as they enter school and gain new friendships with peers. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

23. According to Erikson, this stage is vital in developing self-confidence. During school and other social activities, children receive praise and attention for performing various tasks such as reading, writing, drawing, and solving problems.

24. 5. IDENTITY VS ROLE CONFUSION (13-19 year):

25. OVERVIEW

26. Identity : Erikson defines identity as a “fundamental organizing principal which develops constantly throughout the lifespan.” Identity involves the experiences, relationships, beliefs, values, and memories that make up a person's subjective sense of self.

27. Identity provides the following : Self-sameness Uniqueness Psychosocial development

28. Benefits of Identity: Commitment Self-confidence Sense if independence Fidelity

29. Causes of Identity: Friends Family Social groups Schoolmates Societal trends Popular culture

30. Strengthen of Identity : Identify your values- Core values are those things that are really important and meaningful to you and that motivate you and guide your decisions . Spend time alone to get to know yourself better- Adding some quiet moments where you can be alone can help you focus on your priorities and improve your sense of self.

31. Practice self-compassion - Self-compassion can help you better understand and accept your flaws and limitations . Become skilled at things you enjoy- Taking time to find and practice hobbies can help you get greater acquainted with yourself.

32. Role Confusion: Erikson referred to as role confusion, which can result in the following : Being unsure of who you are and where you fit Drifting from one job or relationship to another Feeling disappointed and confused about your place in life

33. Consequences of Role Confusion : Difficulties with commitment : A stable personal identity allows individuals to have better relationships with others. Worse mental health and well-being : Research has linked a strong sense of identity to better emotional and psychological well-being in adolescents. Weak sense of self : Role confusion has been found to lead to a weak sense of self. Lack of confidence : A lack of self-identity can make it difficult to have confidence in yourself and your abilities.

34. Decrease of Role Confusion : Build on your strengths Try new things to discover what you like Make commitments and set goals Participate in activities that are related to your interests

35. 6. INTIMACY VS ISOLATION ( 20-39 years):

36. overview

37. Intimacy: Erikson believed that it was vital to develop close, committed relationships with other people . It includes romantic partners, but it can also encompass close, enduring friendships with people outside of your family.

38. Benefits of Intimacy Close romantic relationships Deep, meaningful connections Enduring connections with other people Positive relationships with family and friends Strong relationships

39. Causes of Intimacy or Isolation Childhood experiences including neglect or abuse Divorce or death of a partner Fear of commitment Fear of intimacy Inability to open up Past relationships Troubles with self-disclosure

40. Build of Intimacy Being intimate Caring for others Making commitments Self-disclosure

41. Consequences of Isolation Few or no friendships Lack of intimacy Lack of relationships Poor romantic relationships Weak social support

42. The sixth stage of Erikson's psychosocial theory of development focuses on how these critical relationships are forged. Those who are successful at this stage are able to forge deep relationships and social connections with other people.

43. 7. GENERATIVITY VS STAGNATION (40-64 YEARS):

44. overview

45. Generativity: Generativity refers to "making your mark" on the world by caring for others as well as creating and accomplishing things that make the world a better place. Characteristics of generativity include: Making commitments to other people Developing relationships with family Mentoring others Contributing to the next generation

46. Benefits of Generativity Better health More positive relationships Greater productivity Greater fulfilment Increased community involvement

47. Causes of Generativity Pride in Work and Family Feeling Included Taking Responsibility Feeling Productive Making Contributions

48. Improvement of Generativity Participate in your community Assume responsibilities Learn new skills and share them with others Volunteer

49. Stagnation: Stagnation refers to the failure to find a way to contribute. These individuals may feel disconnected or uninvolved with their community and with society as a whole . Characteristics of stagnation include: Being self- centered Failing to get involved with others Not taking an interest in productivity No efforts to improve the self Placing one's concerns over above all else

50. Consequences of Stagnation Worse health Lower quality relationships Decreased life satisfaction

51. Decrease of Stagnation Explore a new hobby Learn something new Find new sources of inspiration Look for new opportunities

52. 8. INTEGRITY VS DESPAIR (65 ONWARDS ):

53. overview

54. Integrity: Integrity refers to a person's ability to look back on their life with a sense of accomplishment and fulfilment . Characteristics of integrity include: Acceptance A sense of wholeness Lack of regret Feeling at peace A sense of success Feelings of wisdom and acceptance

55. Benefits of Integrity: Ego integrity Peace and fulfilment Wisdom

56. Causes of Integrity Family Work Contributions

57. Improvement of Integrity Start early Seek meaningful relationships Reframe your thinking Practice gratitude

58. Despair Despair refers to looking back on life with feelings of regret, shame, or disappointment . Characteristics of despair include: Bitterness Regret Ruminating over mistakes Feeling that life was wasted Feeling unproductive Depression Hopelessness

59. Consequences of Despair Increased depressive symptoms Increased regret Decreased life satisfaction

60. Decreased Despair Reach out to others Focus on the positive Explore new experiences Engage in spiritual practice Get help

61. RELEVANCE OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY TO NURSING PRACTICE Erikson’s theory is particularly relevant to nursing practice in that it incorporates sociocultural concepts into the development of personality. This information can be used quite readily in psychiatric/mental health nursing. Many individuals with mental health problems are still struggling to achieve tasks from a number of developmental stages. Nurses can plan care to assist these individuals to complete these tasks and move on to a higher developmental level.

62. Application of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development helps in analysing patient's symptomatic behaviour in the context of traumatic past experiences and struggles with current developmental tasks . Erikson's stages of psychosocial development can help you communicate with a paediatric patient. When nurses can anticipate the child's reaction, it becomes easier to modify the response to improve communication

63. CRITIQUES OF THE THEORY

64. CONCLUSION

65. REFERENCES Tamayo U.A. Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stage of Development. Child and Adolescent Development Professional Education [Internet]. 2015 Sep 13[cited 2021 June 19]. Available from: https://www.slideshare.net/ricanice16/erik-eriksons-psychosocial-stage-of-development Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Good Therapy [Internet]. 2015 July 07 [cited 2021 June 20]. Available from: https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/erik-erikson.html

66. Townsend CM. Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. 9th ed. London: The health sciences Publisher; 2020. Basavanna M. Psychology for Nurses. New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers medical Publishers(p); 2015. Cherry Kendra. Psychosocial Psychology. Verywell mind [Internet]. 2021 April 21 [cited 2021 June 20]. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/integrity-versus-despair-2795738

67. Ramkumar Suchitra . Erik Erikson's Theory of Development: A Teacher's Observations. Journal of the Krishnamurti School [Internet]. 2002 July [cited 2021 June 22]. Available from: http://www.journal.kfionline.org/issue-6/erik-eriksons-theory-of-development-a-teachers-observations . Cramer Craig, Flynn Bernadette, LaFave Ann. Erik Erikson's 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development. Erikson Tutorial [Internet]. 1997 [cited 2021 June 22]. Available from: https://web.cortland.edu/andersmd/erik/crit.html Erik H. Erikson. Theory of psychosocial development. Nursing Theories [Internet]. [cited 2021 June 23]. Available from: https ://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/theory_of_psychosocial_development.html