Therapeutic-Models-Part-2 for educations

study guides for nursing students

1. Interpersonal Relationship in Nursing Practice Orientation Nurse and patient meet, establish trust. Identification Patient identifies problems and seeks help. Exploitation Patient uses nursing resources for recovery. Resolution Patient becomes independent, relationship ends.

2. Peplau's Four Levels of Anxiety 1 Panic Extreme distress, disorganized behavior 2 Severe Narrowed perception, difficulty focusing 3 Moderate Increased alertness, selective attention 4 Mild Heightened awareness, enhanced learning Hildegarde Peplau, a pioneer in psychiatric nursing, identified four distinct levels of anxiety. These levels range from mild, which can be beneficial for learning, to panic, which can be debilitating. Understanding these levels is crucial for nurses in assessing and addressing patient anxiety effectively. Each level presents unique challenges and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Nurses can use this framework to tailor their approach and communication style, ensuring optimal patient care and anxiety management.

3. Cognitive Model Thought Processes Focuses on how people think, perceive, and remember information. Problem-Solving Examines strategies for processing and using information. Mental Schemas Explores organized patterns of thought and behavior.

4. Jean Piaget: Cognitive Development Theory 1 1896 Born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. 2 1920 Begins research on cognitive development in children. 3 1952 Publishes "The Origins of Intelligence in Children". 4 1980 Dies, leaving a profound impact on developmental psychology.

5. Cognitive Stages of Development 1 Formal Operational Abstract reasoning (12-15 years) 2 Concrete Operational Logical thinking (6-12 years) 3 Preoperational Symbolic thought (2-6 years) 4 Sensorimotor Object permanence (0-2 years)

6. Aaron Beck: Father of Cognitive Therapy 1 1921 Born in Providence, Rhode Island. 2 1960s Develops Cognitive Therapy while at University of Pennsylvania. 3 1976 Publishes "Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders". 4 2021 Dies at 100, leaving a revolutionary impact on psychotherapy.

7. Cognitive Therapy (CT) Beck identified specific cognitive distortions or patterns of thought that can lead to emotional distress All-or-nothing thinking : Viewing situations in black-and-white terms, with no middle ground. Catastrophizing Expecting the worst possible outcome. Overgeneralization Develop more balanced, realistic perspectives. Emotional reasoning Believing that negative emotions reflect objective reality (e.g., "I feel worthless, therefore I must be worthless").

8. The Cognitive Triad Beck proposed that individuals with depression tend to have a negative view of 1 View of Self Self-worth and personal abilities 2 View of World Interpretation of experiences and environment 3 View of Future Expectations and long-term outlook These interconnected beliefs influence our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, forming the basis for cognitive interventions in therapy.

9. Albert Ellis: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) Ellis (1913-2007) is a pioneer in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). His work has revolutionized the way we understand and treat emotional distress. Focus on Thinking REBT challenges irrational beliefs that contribute to emotional distress. Behavioral Change REBT aims to modify maladaptive behaviors and develop healthier coping mechanisms.

10. Key Concepts of RET/REBT Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) is a cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) developed by Albert Ellis. It challenges irrational beliefs and helps individuals develop more rational thinking patterns. ABC Model This model explains how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are interconnected. Irrational Beliefs REBT identifies specific beliefs that cause emotional distress, such as "I must be perfect" or "I should be loved by everyone." Disputing Beliefs REBT encourages clients to challenge and question their irrational beliefs. Cognitive Restructuring This process involves replacing irrational beliefs with more rational and helpful ones.

11. Understanding Stress and Coping: A Comprehensive Overview Stress Models The Stress Model refers to frameworks that explain how stress develops, its effects on individuals, and coping mechanisms.

12. Stress Models: Selye and Lazarus Selye's Stress Adaptation Syndrome Focuses on the body's physiological response to stress, regardless of the stressor type. Lazarus' Interactional Model Emphasizes the role of cognitive appraisal in determining stress responses.

13. Lazarus' Transactional Model This model highlights the crucial role of cognitive appraisal in determining stress responses. It emphasizes how our thoughts and interpretations influence our emotional and physiological reactions. Primary Appraisal Individuals assess the significance of the stressor. Is it a threat, a challenge, or irrelevant? The interpretation determines the individual's perceived level of stress. Secondary Appraisal Individuals evaluate their coping resources to deal with the stressor. Do they have the necessary skills, knowledge, and support to manage the situation?

14. General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Alarm Stage Body's initial reaction to stress, triggering fight-or-flight response Resistance Stage Body attempts to cope with stressor, returning to balance Exhaustion Stage Prolonged stress depletes resources, leading to burnout

15. Understanding Stress: A Multifaceted Approach Physiological Body's physical reactions to stressors 1 Psychological Mental and emotional responses to stress 2 Behavioral Actions and coping mechanisms employed 3 Environmental External factors contributing to stress 4

16. Acute and Long-term Effects of Stress 1 Immediate Increased heart rate, sweating, heightened alertness 2 Short-term Headaches, fatigue, sleep disturbances 3 Long-term Cardiovascular issues, weakened immune system, chronic anxiety

17. Physical Responses to Stress Cardiovascular Increased heart rate and blood pressure Muscular Tension and potential chronic pain Digestive Upset stomach, acid reflux, changes in appetite

18. Psychological Responses to Stress Cognitive Difficulty concentrating, memory problems, negative thinking patterns Emotional Irritability, mood swings, feelings of overwhelm or helplessness Behavioral Changes in sleep patterns, social withdrawal, increased substance use

19. Psychoneuroimmunological Model Psychological Stress 1 Nervous System Activation 2 Hormonal Changes 3 Immune System Response 4 This model explores the complex interplay between psychological factors, the nervous system, and immune function in stress responses.

20. Measuring Stress and Coping Styles Stress Measurement Physiological indicators Psychological assessments Self-report questionnaires Coping Styles Problem-focused coping Emotion-focused coping Avoidance coping

21. Diagnoses – DSM-IV / V The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV and DSM-5) is a classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose psychological disorders. The DSM-IV was published in 1994 , while the DSM-5 , its updated version, was released in 2013 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). Here’s a breakdown of key aspects:

22. DSM-IV (1994) A look into the previous diagnostic framework. 1 Multiaxial System Used five axes for comprehensive evaluation. 2 Axis I Clinical disorders such as depression and anxiety. 3 Axis II Personality disorders and mental retardation. 4 Axis III General medical conditions influencing mental disorders. 5 Axis IV Psychosocial and environmental factors. 6 Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) score (0–100 scale).

23. DSM-5 (2013) The current standard for mental health diagnoses. It offers refined criteria and a spectrum approach. 1 Revisions Elimination of the multiaxial system. It integrates diagnoses with more detailed assessments. 2 Enhanced Specificity Provides clearer and more precise diagnostic criteria. Aims to improve diagnostic accuracy. 3 Dimensional Assessments Incorporates dimensions to rate severity and frequency. It provides a more nuanced view.

24. Thank You Thank you for your attention and participation.