thinking geographically Ap human geographically

thinking geographically AP Human Geography

1. Thinking Geographically

2. Geography as a Field of Inquiry 1. What is Human Geography? 2. Who is the father of geography? 3. Who is the father of history? 4. What are the concepts of geography?

3. What is human geography? It is the study of spatial variation in the patterns and processes related to human activity.

4. Who is the father of geography? Eratosthenes

5. Eratosthenes i s credited with many first: 1.The first one to use the word geography. 2.The first person to compute the circumference of earth by using a measurement called “stades ”

6. Watch the video about the circumference of earth

7. 3.He was the first to calculate the tilt the earth’s axis.

8. He invented the system of latitude and longitude 4. He was first to measure equator 25000 miles.

9. Who is t he father of history? Another ancient Greek scholar herodotus is the father of history he drew the first map h

10. The first map by Herodotus

11. Cartography : is the art and science of making maps It is the central of the study of geography.

12. Core Geographic concepts

13. Main Concepts Space Site Place “ Location” Scale Region

14. Space is the extent of area that is occupied by something. It can refer to physical and cultural objects on the surface of the Earth. Relative space is concerned with where something is in relation to something else and changes constantly as interrelationships between people, places, and things change. e.g * I live next to the school.( You are relative to another place. Means your address) Absolute space is a measurable area with definite boundaries. e.g * I live 34.729 degrees N and 86.585 degrees W. ( where you are in exact terms is about longitude and latitude)

15. Watch a movie about Relative space and absolute space

16. Site: is the physical location of a place, and situation refers to the location of a place based on its relation to other places. e.g : The site of Aswan is on the banks of the Nile river in southwestern Egypt.

17. Place : includes both the location and the meaning, identity, and human experience associated with that location. *e.g: Paris, France, is more than just a location on a map; it is a *place* known for its art, culture, history, and significance as a global city. The sense of place includes how people experience Paris, what it represents, and the meanings attached to it. •The Eiffel Tower in Paris is a famous place that attracts millions of visitors every year. It is a landmark with cultural and historical significance

18. Places have similar attributes, some of them are listed below: Have location, direction, and distance from other places Change over time Interrelate with all other places in some way Have size and scale Possess a physical aspect and a cultural aspect Can be grouped into regions based on how they are alike and how they are dissimilar. r

19. In Summary • Space : Abstract, general area. • Site: Specific area, usually with planned or actual use. • Place /Location: Particular position, often with significance

20. Location: refers to the exact position of something on the Earth's surface. It can be absolute location or relative location It related to the global grid system of latitude and longitude. Latitude: is the distance north and south of the equator and is measured in equidistant lines called parallels, which decrease in length as they get closer to the north and south poles. Longitude: is the distance east and west of the Prime Meridian in meridians, or lines of equal length that meet at the north and south poles. e.g: The location of a house might be described as being at 123 Main Street, New York, NY. This is its specific geographical location.

21. Scale: Scale also can mean t he size of a unit on a map as a ratio of its size on the map to the same units on the Earth's surface. e.g: Verbal scale: anit 1:250,000 T he scale of a map stated as a ratio of a unit of distance on the map to distance measured in the same unit on the ground. In this example, 1 map unit is equal to 250,000 of the same units on the ground. Scale The agricultural practices Global scale A community Local scale A region Regional scale

22. Maps and Models How maps usually display data? 1- Projections: are visions of maps that try to minimize one attribute, causing distortions in location, distance, direction,scale and area.

23. Map Projection

24. Conformal Projections (e.g., Mercator, Lambert Conformal Conic) are used when relationships between points based on angles are important, such as in navigational or meteorological charts. Types of projection map: Equidistant Projections (e.g., Equidistant Conic, Equirectangular) are chosen when accurate distances from the center of the map are required. Azimuthal Projections (e.g., Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area) are used when directional relationships from a central point (or azimuth) are significant. All projections require a compromise in one or more map attributes: shape, area, distance, or direction. Why is it important? To display data spatially in a flat, two-dimensional manner, which means all maps are_ flawed in some way. To minimize one attribute of the map but do so at the expense of the other attributes.

25. it means maps in our minds. These mental maps help us navigate daily life, like finding our way to a friend’s house or school. Mental maps are influenced by our experiences, feelings, and how we view places we visit regularly. 2-mental maps

26. Mental map

27. Reference map

28. Thematic map ( Graduated circl e)

29. A graduated circle map uses circles of different sizes to represent the number of occurrences of a particular event or phenomenon in a given area. The size of the circle corresponds to the quantity being measured. For example, a graduated circle map could be used to show the distribution of COVID-19 cases in different cities, with larger circles indicating higher numbers of cases.

30. Thematic map ( Dot)

31. A dot map represents data by using dots to indicate the occurrence or concentration of an event in a particular area. Each dot typically represents a fixed quantity. This type of map is best used for visualizing patterns of population distribution or the spread of diseases. • Advantages: It is useful for showing the density or distribution of a phenomenon across a region. • Disadvantages: It may not provide exact quantities, and in areas with high concentrations of data, the dots may overlap, making it hard to read.

32. Thematic map ( Choropleth)

33. A choropleth map: uses different colors or shades to represent the average value of data within specific geographic areas, such as regions, states, or countries. It visually communicates the intensity or frequency of a particular variable across areas. For example, a choropleth map would be useful for showing income levels across different regions of a country, with darker shades representing higher incomes and lighter shades representing lower incomes.

34. A model is a simplified generalization of something in real life. Maps are a special form of model that depict information in two dimensions and usually on paper . Model

35. Why do we use the satellite images ? to study and map "The earth” Remote sensing: Observing an area from The process distance of a distance to understand its features. This way is very old it has been used for more than 150 years, They attached Cameras to air planes Kite and hot air balloons to take photo from far away.

36. Geographic Information system (GIS): C ombine mapping software with a database.

37. Spatial Behavior and Interaction

38. Why GIS is important for geographers? To Study questions about regional, social, one economic p roblems . Analyzing physical processes as they impact human behaviour.

39. Human Geography Why Where Places activities Spatial interaction Diffusion

40. Spatial interaction : refers to the relationships between community members, which are influenced by the type and kind of human interactions within the community.

41. Diffusion: is described as the movement of people, ideas, customs, and information from one place to another. Spatial diffusion: specifically refers to the spread of something over time or space, and it can occur in two basic forms: Relocation Expansion Spatial distribution: refers to how items are arranged on Earth’s surface. All spatial distributions are characterized by their density, dispersion, and some type of pattern.

42. Density is the number of an item within a unit of area. It is more than just a count of an item. it refers to how many of that item are in a limited space or area. One million people in a country the size of Switzerland will look a lot different than one million people. F or example: in the People's Republic of China, Density is an important concept when studying spatial issues.

43. What are the rural human settlement forms? Nucleated or cluster, settlements: consist of houses grouped closely together with a central feature such as a church, pub, town square, or village green at the center. (The nucleated, or cluster, settlement is found all over the world) Dispersed settlements: feature houses and buildings spread over a wide area of land, and they are usually the homes of farmers. The dispersed settlement is found almost solely in Anglo America, northern and eastern Europe, Australia, and New Zealand.

44. Look at this photo then answer the following questions: Identify three expressions of human activity in this photo? What do we call this visible record of human activity on the environment?