THORAX SPOTTERS Helpful for MBBS 1st Proff students This pdf will help you in OSPE of Thorax

The thorax is a complex anatomical region that is central to various physiological processes, including respiration and circulation. It is bounded by the ribcage, diaphragm, and thoracic vertebrae and contains the heart, lungs, major blood vessels like the aorta and vena cava, the esophagus, trachea, and lymphatic system, among others. Understanding the spatial relationships, anatomical variations, and functional implications of these structures is essential for any medical practitioner.In medical education, particularly during the first year of MBBS, students are introduced to the thorax through both theoretical lessons and practical sessions. While theoretical knowledge provides the foundational understanding, practical exposure, such as dissection and examination of cadavers, solidifies this knowledge by allowing students to observe and interact with real anatomical structures. The ability to identify and correctly name the various structures within the thorax is not only necessary for passing examinations but also for developing the practical skills needed in clinical practice.The Role of Spotters in Anatomy Practical ExaminationsSpotters are a well-established method of testing in anatomy practical examinations. They involve the identification of specific structures within cadaveric specimens, models, or images within a limited time frame. The spotter examination is designed to assess a student's ability to quickly and accurately identify anatomical structures, their relations, and their clinical relevance.For first-year MBBS students, who are still acclimating to the rigorous demands of medical education, spotter exams can be particularly challenging. The ability to recognize and name structures in the thorax, where multiple organs and systems converge, is a skill that must be developed through repetition and careful study. A Thorax spotters PDF, which includes real images of cadaveric dissections, is an invaluable resource in this regard. It allows students to familiarize themselves with the appearance and positioning of structures as they exist in real life, beyond the stylized representations found in textbooks.
Ethical Considerations and Respect for Cadaveric MaterialWhile the educational value of a Thorax spotters PDF is clear, it is important to approach the use of cadaveric images with a sense of respect and ethical responsibility. Cadavers are donated by individuals who have made the noble decision to contribute to medical education after their death. Students must recognize the gravity of this gift and treat the images and associated materials with dignity.Educational institutions typically have guidelines for the ethical use of cadaveric material, including how images should be shared and used. Students must adhere to these guidelines, ensuring that the images are used solely for educational purposes and not distributed beyond the intended audience.
In summary, a Thorax spotters PDF is a critical resource for 1st year MBBS student

1. THORAX
SPOTTERS
PART -1
SHERIN SARA VARGHESE
FIRST YEAR MBBSBENGAL MBBS

2. SPOTTER–01
A)Identifythecoloredstructure?
B)Whatisitssignificance ?BENGAL MBBS

3. ANSWERS –01
A) Sternal angle (angle of Louis)
B) *At this level, 2
nd
costal cartilage articulates with the sternum, hence
it is an important landmark for counting the ribs.
*Ascending aorta ends, arch of aorta starts and ends, descending
aorta begins at this level.
*Trachea bifurcates into right and left principal bronchi.
*Azygos vein arches over the root of right lung to end in SVC.
*Marks the plane of separation of superior and inferior mediastinum.
*Pulmonary trunk divides into right and left pulmonary arteries at this level. BENGAL MBBS

4. SPOTTER –02
A) Identify the probed space ?
B) Give its boundaries ?
C) Mention its contents ?
ProbeBENGAL MBBS

5. ANSWERS –02
A) Intercostal space
B) Above : Sharp lower margin of the upper rib and its cartilage.
Below : Blunt upper margin of the lower rib and its cartilage.
Infront : Lateral border of the sternum between the costal notches.
Behind : Body of the corresponding thoracic vertebrae.
C) * 3 intercostal muscles : External intercostal, internal intercostal, intercostalis intimus.
* Intercostal vessels and nerves.
* Intercostal lymph vessels and lymph nodes.BENGAL MBBS

6. SPOTTER –03
A) Identify the pinned structures ?
B) Give its attachments ?
C) Mention its nerve supply ?
D) Give its actions ?BENGAL MBBS

7. ANSWERS –03
A) Yellow = External intercostal muscle ; White = Internal intercostal muscle.
B) * External intercostal muscle :
Origin –Lower border of rib above.
Insertion –Upper border (outer lip) of rib below.
* Internal intercostal muscle :
Origin –Floor of the costal groove of rib above.
Insertion –Upper border (inner lip) of rib below.
C) Both are supplied by intercostal nerve of the same space.
D) * External intercostal muscles elevates the rib during inspiration.
* Internal intercostal muscles elevates the rib during expiration. BENGAL MBBS

8. SPOTTER –04
A) Identify the structure ?
B) Give its attachments ?
C) Mention its nerve supply ?
D) Give its actions ? BENGAL MBBS

9. ANSWERS –04
A) Innermost intercostal muscle (Intercostalis intimus).
B) * Origin –inner surface of rib above.
* Insertion –inner surface of rib below.
C) Intercostal nerve of the same space.
D) Elevates the rib during expiration. BENGAL MBBS

10. SPOTTER –05
A) Identify the structure ?
B) What it is a branch of ?
C) Give its terminal branches ?
D) Give its level of termination ?
E) Mention its applied aspect ?BENGAL MBBS

11. ANSWERS –05
A) Internal thoracic artery (Internal mammary artery).
B) 1
st
part of subclavian artery.
C) Musculophrenic artery and superior epigastric artery.
D) 6
th
intercostal space.
E) Used for coronary artery bypass grafting. BENGAL MBBS

12. SPOTTER –06
A) Identify the structure ?
B) Mention its formation ?
C) Give its termination ? BENGAL MBBS

13. ANSWERS –06
A) Internal thoracic vein.
B) Formation –From superior epigastric vein.
C) Termination –Into brachiocephalic vein. BENGAL MBBS

14. SPOTTER –07
A) Identify the structures marked by the arrows ?
B) Give their development ?
C) Give their blood supply ?
D) Mention their nerve supply ? BENGAL MBBS

15. ANSWERS –07
A) Grey = Fibrous pericardium ; Orange = Visceral layer of serous pericardium.
B) Development : Fibrous pericardium –Derived from septum transversum.
Visceral pericardium –Derived from splanchnopleuric layer of lateral plate
mesoderm.
C) Blood supply : Fibrous pericardium –Internal thoracic arteries, musculophrenic arteries,
descending thoracic aorta and their corresponding veins.
Visceral pericardium –Coronary arteries.
D) Nerve supply : Fibrous pericardium –Phrenic nerves (somatic nerve fibres).
Visceral pericardium –Branches of sympathetic trunks and vagus nerves
(autonomic nerve fibres).BENGAL MBBS

16. SPOTTER –08
A) Identify the probed space ?
B) Give its boundaries ?
C) Give its clinical importance ?BENGAL MBBS

17. ANSWERS –08
A) Transverse sinus
B) Anterior : Aorta, pulmonary trunk.
Posterior : Superior vena cava , left atrium.
Above : Bifurcation of pulmonary trunk.
Below : Upper surface of left atrium.
C) To ligate the great vessels during surgery. BENGAL MBBS

18. SPOTTER –09
A) Identify the probed space ?
B) Give its boundaries ?
C) Give its function ?BENGAL MBBS

19. ANSWERS –09
A) Oblique sinus
B) Anterior : Left atrium.
Posterior : Parietal pericardium covering posterior part of fibrous pericardium.
Right side : Right pair of pulmonary veins and IVC.
Left side : Left pair of pulmonary veins.
Above : Upper margin of left atrium.
C) Permits distension of left atrium during return of oxygenated blood in it from lungs.BENGAL MBBS

20. SPOTTER –10
A) Identify the colored structure ?
B) Give its surface marking ?
C) Which part of the heart forms this ?
D) Give its clinical significance ?BENGAL MBBS

21. ANSWERS –10
A) Apex of the heart (apex cordis).
B) Lies at the level of 5
th
left intercostal space, 9 cm lateral to the midsternal line, just
medial to the midclavicular line.
C) Formed by the left ventricle.
D) Cardiac apex or apex beat is normally on the left side but in dextrocardia, the apex is
on the right side. BENGAL MBBS

22. SPOTTER –11
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) What are the structures opening into it ?
C) Give its development ? BENGAL MBBS

23. ANSWERS –11
A) Right atrium
B) SVC, IVC, Coronary sinus, Venae cordis minimae, Anterior cardiac veins.
C) Development : *Rough anterior part : Derived from right half of primitive atrium.
*Smooth posterior part : Derived from right horn of sinus venosus. BENGAL MBBS

24. SPOTTER –12
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Name the structures present in it ? BENGAL MBBS

25. ANSWERS –12
A) Anterior interventricular groove.
B) *Anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery (left anterior descending artery).
*Great cardiac vein.BENGAL MBBS

26. SPOTTER –13
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Name the structures present in it ? BENGAL MBBS

27. ANSWERS –13
A) Posterior interventricular groove.
B) *Posterior interventricular branch of right coronary artery (posterior descending artery).
*Middle cardiac vein.
*Anastomosis between interventricular branches of both coronary arteries. BENGAL MBBS

28. SPOTTER –14
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Name the structures present in it ? BENGAL MBBS

29. ANSWERS –14
A) Right anterior coronary sulcus (Right anterior atrioventricular groove).
B) *Trunk of right coronary artery.BENGAL MBBS

30. SPOTTER –15
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Name the structures present in it ? BENGAL MBBS

31. ANSWERS –15
A) Posterior coronary sulcus (Posterior atrioventricular groove).
B) *Coronary sinus.
*Anastomosis of right and left coronary arteries. BENGAL MBBS

32. SPOTTER –16
A) Identify the pointed area of the organ ?
B) Describe about that area ?
C) Give its contents ?
D) Mention its clinical significance ? BENGAL MBBS

33. ANSWERS –16
A) Crux of the heart (crux cordis).
B) It is the meeting point of interatrial groove, posterior interventricular groove and
posterior part of atrioventricular groove.
C) Anastomotic point of right and left coronary artery.
D) *Anatomical landmark used in angiography.
*Surgically important because AV nodal artery arises from the right coronary artery at
the level of crux cordis. BENGAL MBBS

34. SPOTTER –17
A) Identify the red colored structure ?
B) Give its branches ?
C) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

35. ANSWERS –17
A) Ascending Aorta
B) Branches : Left and right coronary arteries.
C) Development : Left limb of aortic sac (part of truncus arteriosus). BENGAL MBBS

36. SPOTTER –18
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Give its branches ?
C) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

37. ANSWERS –18
A) Arch of aorta.
B) Branches : *Brachiocephalic trunk.
*Left common carotid artery.
*Left subclavian artery.
C) Development : *Left horn of aortic sac.
*Left 4
th
aortic arch.
*Left dorsal aorta. BENGAL MBBS

38. SPOTTER –19
A) Identify the structure marked by the arrow?
B) What are the divisions of the structure ?
C) Give its development ? BENGAL MBBS

39. ANSWERS –19
A) Pulmonary trunk.
B) Divisions : Left and right pulmonary arteries.
C) Development : Right limb of the truncus arteriosus divided from aorta by spiral septum.
Left pulmonary artery : Ventral part of left 6
th
aortic arch.
Right pulmonary artery : Ventral part of right 6
th
aortic arch. BENGAL MBBS

40. SPOTTER –20
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Give its formation ?
C) Give its termination ?
D) Give its tributaries ?BENGAL MBBS

41. ANSWERS –20
A) Superior vena cava.
B) Formation : By the union of right and left brachiocephalic veins.
C) Termination : Posterior part of right atrium.
D) Tributaries : *Right and left brachiocephalic veins.
*Azygos vein.
*Pericardial veins.
*Mediastinal veins.BENGAL MBBS

42. SPOTTER –21
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Give its termination ?
C) Which structure provides passage for it to
enter into the abdomen ? BENGAL MBBS

43. ANSWERS –21
A) Inferior vena cava.
B) Terminates into the right atrium.
C) Diaphragm through vena caval foramen. BENGAL MBBS

44. SPOTTER –22
A) Identify the red colored structures ?
B) Give its formation ?
C) Give its termination ? BENGAL MBBS

45. ANSWERS –22
A) Pulmonary veins : *Right superior and inferior pulmonary veins.
*Left superior and inferior pulmonary veins.
B) Emerges from hilum of the lungs (2 from each lung).
C) Terminates into left atrium. BENGAL MBBS

46. SPOTTER –23
A) Identify the tied structure ?
B) Give its embryological significance ?
C) Which nerve hooks around it ?
D) Give its applied aspect ?BENGAL MBBS

47. ANSWERS –23
A) Ligamentum arteriosum.
B) Embryological significance : Remnant of ductus arteriosus, which acts as a channel
connecting pulmonary trunk with arch of aorta in foetal life.
C) Left recurrent laryngeal nerve.
D) Applied aspect : Patent ductus arteriosus. BENGAL MBBS

48. SPOTTER –24
A) Identify the tied structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?
C) Give its branches ? BENGAL MBBS

49. ANSWERS –24
A) Right coronary artery.
B) Branch from anterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta.
C) Branches : *Ventricular rami –Right conus artery, right marginal artery.
*Atrial rami –SA nodal artery.
*Posterior interventricular artery. BENGAL MBBS

50. SPOTTER –25
A) Identify the tied structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?
C) Give its terminal branches ? BENGAL MBBS

51. ANSWERS –25
A) Left coronary artery.
B) Branch from left posterior aortic sinus of ascending aorta.
C) Terminal branches : *Circumflex artery.
*Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery).BENGAL MBBS

52. SPOTTER –26
A) Identify the tied structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?
C) Give its branches ?BENGAL MBBS

53. ANSWERS –26
A) Anterior interventricular artery (left anterior descending artery).
B) Branch from left coronary artery.
C) Branches : *Anterior ventricular rami –Diagonal artery.
*Septal rami.BENGAL MBBS

54. SPOTTER –27
A) Identify the tied structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?
C) Give its branches ? BENGAL MBBS

55. ANSWERS –27
A) Posterior interventricular artery.
B) Branch from right coronary artery.
C) Branches : *Ventricular branch.
*Septal branch. BENGAL MBBS

56. SPOTTER –28
A) Identify the red colored structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?BENGAL MBBS

57. ANSWERS –28
A) Right marginal artery.
B) Branch from right coronary artery. BENGAL MBBS

58. SPOTTER –29
A) Identify the red colored structure ?
B) What is it a branch of ?
C) Give its branches ? BENGAL MBBS

59. ANSWERS –29
A) Circumflex artery.
B) Branch from left coronary artery.
C) Branches : *Left marginal artery.
*Atrial branches.
*Ventricular branches.
*SA nodal branches.
*AV nodal branches.
*Kugel’s artery.
*Posterior interventricular branches.BENGAL MBBS

60. SPOTTER –30
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Name its tributaries ?
C) Give its termination ?
D) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

61. ANSWERS –30
A) Coronary sinus.
B) Tributaries : *Great cardiac vein.
*Middle cardiac vein.
*Small cardiac vein.
*Posterior vein of left ventricle.
*Oblique vein of left atrium (vein of Marshall).
*Right marginal vein.
*Left marginal vein.
C) Terminates into posterior wall of right atrium
D) Develops from the left horn of sinus venosus and a part of the left common cardinal vein. BENGAL MBBS

62. SPOTTER –31
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Which arteries are accompanied by it ?
C) Give its location ?BENGAL MBBS

63. ANSWERS –31
A) Great cardiac vein.
B) Accompanies anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery.
C) Runs along the anterior interventricular groove. BENGAL MBBS

64. SPOTTER –32
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Which artery is accompanied by it ?
C) Give its location ?BENGAL MBBS

65. ANSWERS –32
A) Middle cardiac vein.
B) Accompanies posterior interventricular artery.
C) Runs along the posterior interventricular groove. BENGAL MBBS

66. SPOTTER –33
A) Identify the blue colored structure ?
B) Which artery is accompanied by it ?
C) Give its location ?BENGAL MBBS

67. ANSWERS –33
A) Small cardiac vein.
B) Accompanies right ventricular artery.
C) Runs along the right posterior coronary sulcus. BENGAL MBBS

68. SPOTTER –34
A) Identify the structure marked by the arrow ?
B) What does it represent ?
C) Give its physiological importance ?BENGAL MBBS

69. ANSWERS –34
A) Crista terminalis.
B) Represents the interior demarcation of sinus venarum (smooth posterior) and
atrium proper (rough anterior) parts of right atrium.
C) SA node (Sinuatrial node) is present within the upper part of crista terminalis.BENGAL MBBS

70. SPOTTER –35
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Give its development ?
C) Give its embryological significance ?BENGAL MBBS

71. ANSWERS –35
A) Fossa ovalis.
B) Development : Septum primum.
C) Embryological significance : Represents the site of foramen ovale in the foetus.BENGAL MBBS

72. SPOTTER –36
A) Identify the pinned structure ?
B) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

73. ANSWERS –36
A) Limbus fossa ovalis.
B) Development : Septum secundum.BENGAL MBBS

74. SPOTTER –37
A) Identify the colored structure ?
B) Give its significance ?BENGAL MBBS

75. ANSWERS –37
A) Chordae tendineae.
B) Significance : *Connects papillary muscles to the valve leaflets.
*Regulates closure of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves.BENGAL MBBS

76. SPOTTER –38
A) Identify the colored structure ?
B) Give its significance ?BENGAL MBBS

77. ANSWERS –38
A) Papillary muscles.
B) Significance : *Attached to the valve leaflets.
*Regulates closure of the mitral (bicuspid) and tricuspid valves during systole. BENGAL MBBS

78. SPOTTER –39
A) Identify the colored structure ?
B) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

79. ANSWERS –39
A) Interior of left ventricle.
B) Development : *Rough inflowing part –Left half of primitive ventricle.
*Smooth outflowing part –Left half of bulbus cordis. BENGAL MBBS

80. SPOTTER –40
A) Identify the colored structure ?
B) Give its development ?BENGAL MBBS

81. ANSWERS –40
A) Interventricular septum.
B) Development : *Ventricular septum proper (muscular part).
*Proximal bulbar septum.
*Septum intermedium (membranous part).BENGAL MBBS

82. WISHING YOU GOOD HEALTH
HAVE A GREAT DAYBENGAL MBBS